<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><xml><records><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1240</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1240</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zondag, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (F.) with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Deladenus siricidicola</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Bedding - Part I: 1967 field trial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four methods were used in a trial to establish </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Deladenus siricidicola</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Bedding, parasitic nematodes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (F.), in three forests in the South Island. All gave positive results. The most promising and the easiest for future use is to extract the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Deladenus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from wood, to place them in test tubes filled with wood chips and subsequently to insert the contents of the tubes in holes drilled in trees that have been successfully attacked by the woodwasp. &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1053</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1053</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollmann, M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal growth of the female strobilus in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of female strobili of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don from central North Island of New Zealand is described and illustrated with photographs. The two-and-a-half year period from strobilus emergence until cone maturity comprises a seasonal period of growth in which pollination occurs, a second period of seasonal growth in which fertilisation occurs, and finally a period of cone maturation. The periods of rapid growth do not appear to result directly from either pollination or fertilisation, and the seasonal growth periods have some similarity to those of vegetative growth. The time taken to reach cone maturity in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (a closed-cone pine) is six months longer than that frequently described for other species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>664</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">664</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pot trial evaluation and comparison of six potential sources of phosphate for forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relative effectiveness of six phosphorus (P) fertilisers for growth of radiata pine seedlings was examined by means of an intensive cropping technique in which three successive crops of pine seedlings were raised, under glass (a) in pots of a P-deficient clay soil without added P fertiliser, and (b) in pots of the same soil, each with one of the six fertilisers applied at a rate equivalent to 120 kg total P per ha, or 1,250 kg superphosphate per ha (10 cwt superphosphate per acre). &#xD;&#xD;The net percentages of applied P recovered from the soil of the various treatments and the order of fertiliser effectiveness based on yields, height growth, P concentration, and P uptake from fertiliser for successive crops were: &#xD;(1) dolomite-reverted superphosphate (1:1 mixture)</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 20;&#xD;(2) superphosphate</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 15;&#xD;(3) calcined Christmas Island &quot;C&quot; phosphate ore (Calciphos)</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 11;&#xD;(4) spent bone char</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 8;&#xD;(5) Christmas Island &quot;C&quot; phosphate ore</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 4;&#xD;(6) red phosphorus, 2. &#xD;&#xD;The trial results suggest that Calciphos, with a higher total P content than superphosphate (about 13% compared with 9%), would be slightly more effective than superphosphate on a fertiliser weight-for-weight basis. This is of particular interest since outlets are sought for the stockpiled &quot;C&quot; phosphate ore, which is unsuitable for superphosphate manufacture. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>879</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">879</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patel, Rajni N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy of stem and root wood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-49</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids are much longer and wider in the root wood than in the stem wood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The tracheids in the root, in contrast to those in the stem, are larger in the rings close to the organic centre than in outer rings. The occurrence of spiral thickening, callitrisoid thickening, and true axial parenchyma are recorded. The axial resin ducts are associated with a single layer of epithelium together with inner short and outer long parenchyma cells. Compression wood is absent from the root wood. The occurrence of a perforated axial tracheid in a horizontal root is recorded. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution of aerially applied fertiliser in New Zealand forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ground distribution of aerially applied fertiliser was studied by means of line and random sampling points. The pattern varied considerably. Application rates over sampling areas, flown at an intended rate of 5cwt/acre, varied from 0.56 to 14.16 cwt/acre in one forest and from 1.59 to 7.16 cwt/acre in another. Uneven spacing between successive flight lines accounted for most of the variation, but an uneven release rate from the hopper contributed to a lesser extent. Multiple applications failed to improve distribution patterns appreciably. &#xD;&#xD;Half Value, a new criterion for testing the evenness of ground distribution during aerial topdressing is proposed and examined. It is defined as &quot;the percentage of sampling points which receive less than half the designated rate of application.&apos;&apos; Values of 10 or less are proposed as acceptable. Those for several aerial topdressing operations ranged from 5 to 65. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>359</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">359</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture and management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for framing timber production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-73</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The major requirements for framing timber are restriction of knot diameter to under 1.33in., straight grain, minimal distortion, and lengths of 16ft to 18ft. Silvilculture to ensure these requirements over two 18ft log lengths, if logs are not pruned, needs close (8ft X 5ft or 6ft X 6ft) initial spacing to be maintained until stand height is at least 60ft. Current framing production is from stands grown without thinning, but No. 1 Framing grade out-turn rarely exceeds 40%. On site indices of 95ft, about 850 bd ft of No. 1 Framing grade can be produced per acre per year from either a &quot;framing regime&quot; of 8ft X 5ft spacing, thinning to 150 s.p.a. at 60ft, and clear-felling at 19in. d.b.h., age 34yr; or from finger-jointing clearwood from a board regime. As with Douglas fir, the suppressed growth rate of the &quot;framing regime&quot;, that accompanies restriction of branch size reduces final log size, with concomitant increases in logging and sawing costs. A rational solution would be to concentrate framing timber production on sites where branch size is naturally limited. The best framing grade potential appears to be in Northland. &#xD;&#xD;The apparent reluctance of industry to season framing is considered to account for the negligible volume (200,000 bd ft) exported annually. Present supplies of framing timber from the 500,000 acres plus of first rotation stands of all species are abundant. &#xD;&#xD;The future cost of production and proportion of framing timber required remain to be evaluated. Different methods of building construction may be a more favourable alternative for second rotation plantation utilisation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1169</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1169</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sectional measurement of trees: A rationalised method. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2), 246</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-79</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypothetical diameters of geometric solids are used to compare volume estimates when frusta are considered in turn to be paraboloidal, conoidal, or neiloidal. Comparison shows that only very small differences exist between estimates, that the traditional concept of a generalised tree shape has no bearing in this context, and that it is better to choose representative and repeatable measuring points along a stem at regular drops in diameter, if a reproducible and realistic index of volume is to be obtained. A procedure for taking sectional measurements is suggested. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardle, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbert, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests and scrublands of Northern Fiordland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The composition and structure of the forests and scrublands of northern Fiordland were recorded at 1,053 sample points. The vegetation at each sample point was classified into one of 16 associations using a combination of Sorensen&apos;s &apos;k&apos; index of similarity, and a multi-linkage cluster analysis. The associations were related to habitat and the distribution of each was determined. &#xD;&#xD;The influence of the introduced ungulates, red deer and wapiti, on the forests and scrublands was determined. Stand structure was analysed to provide information on the susceptibility of the vegetation to damage from browsing and on the history of ungulate utilisation of the vegetation. Browse indices were calculated to provide information on current ungulate utilisation of the vegetation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>191</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">191</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butterfield, B. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meylan, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Perforation plates - observations using scanning electron microscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">245</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corson, S. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Application of size reduction theories to disc refiner pulp production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>659</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">659</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kininmonth, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of steaming on the fine structure of  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-139</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst was examined in transmission and scanning electron microscopes to determine the effect of steaming on the fine structure of green wood; the implications of this in drying were considered. The most obvious changes were seen in materials lining cell lumina and pit areas; in natural condition, these occluding materials formed relatively uniform layers whereas, after steaming, they were more irregular because of flowing, blistering, or formation of rounded bodies. These changes could account for the increase found in drying rate after steaming. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>360</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">360</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tustin, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood yields from tended 26-year-old, second-crop, radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fifteen pruned dominants (mean d.b.h. 23.4in.) of a 26-year-old radiata pine second rotation stand were sawn predominantly to boards. The stand sampled had received intensive silvicultural management following natural regeneration but the results presented are not representative of the stand as a whole. Altogether, seventy-four 18ft logs were sawn, the average conversion factor being 6.7. Butt logs yielded a percentage average grade out-turn of 37% Clear and 32% Factory grades. The entire sample yielded 13% Clear and 23% Factory grades. A regression for the total clear wood available from the butt logs was calculated:&#xD;&#xD;clear wood volume (in bd ft) = 92.26 B.A. - 44.49 &#xD;&#xD;where B.A. = tree basal area (in sq ft). &#xD;&#xD;The incidence of defects was generally consistent with earlier studies on older crops but large bark encased knots were few. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">453</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilmour, J. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noorderhaven, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of time of application of cuprous oxide on control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle blight</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160-166</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The degree of control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary was determined for 16 different monthly spray schedules of high volume applications of cuprous oxide at 0.2% active ingredient copper. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. seedlings exposed to heavy natural infection for one year were hand sprayed and the differences in the degree of defoliation with treatment were compared. For a single spray schedule it was found that the most effective time of application was November, and December was almost as effective. Applications in either August, September, or October were too early and those in January, February, or March were too late to be effective. &#xD;&#xD;Only those two-spray schedules which included a November or December application provided effective control and the best of these was the October + December schedule. The combination of an October spray with the December application improved its effectiveness but the combination with a February spray did not enhance the effect of the December application. Similarly the September + November schedule was more effective than the single November application while the combination with a January application had little effect. This increase in effectiveness of the two-spray schedules as against the single sprays was due to a more gradual build-up in initial defoliation levels rather than to a large difference in the final levels reached. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>718</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">718</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mackay, J. F. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal flow and sap displacement in green sapwood stems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-173</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End-grain pressure treatment of green softwood poles has been shown by previous workers to be improved by cutting away discs equal in thickness to the tracheid length. Xylem sap in the conducting sapwood of young trees which are felled for use as poles is under a hydrostatic tension and therefore retreats away from the cut surface and is replaced by air. In hardwoods with long xylem vessels this air forms a barrier to any solution forced in under pressure and is demonstrated to be very difficult to remove. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding populations for recurrent selection: Conflicts and possible solutions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding populations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Requirements for advanced generation breeding populations in forest trees are considered in terms of initial selection of parent genotypes, mating designs, and the nature of progeny plantings. &#xD;&#xD;Large numbers of parent genotypes, 200 or more, are considered desirable, to minimise inbreeding, and to avoid loss of uncommon genes which might eventually prove valuable. &#xD;&#xD;Mating designs should combine immediate efficiency of genetic gain with maintenance of effective population size. Several mating designs, commonly used to test parent genotypes or to estimate genetic parameters, are unsuitable for producing advanced generation breeding populations. &#xD;&#xD;The most promising designs appear to be single-pair matings, and some modifications of the polycross. These are considered in detail, but further study is needed of the effects of non-additive genetic variance on their expected efficiencies. Final choice of mating design, however, may depend on availability of certain information from existing progeny trials, and on the possible need to fulfil other objectives, such as testing parental genotypes. &#xD;&#xD;Progeny plantings could, in some circumstances, be designed entirely for efficient evaluation of individuals in relation to their family means. Clonal replication of seedlings should be explored as a procedure in selecting for traits with &quot;all-or-none&quot; expression. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clarke, C. M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liberations and dispersal of red deer in northern South Island districts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-207</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data are presented on liberations, establishment, dispersal, and increase of red deer during the period 1851-1988 throughout northern South Island districts. Thirty-two liberations, at 20 places, between 1851 and 1922 of five different strains of red deer, are recorded. Red deer were initially established at Nelson in 1861 from Thorndon Hall stock, England, and later, three comparatively small herds were established near Reefton, Bainham, and Westport from Windsor, Thorndon, and mixed stocks respectively. Distributions are mapped for the period 1861-1900, at decade intervals until 1940, and for the period 1940-68. By 1920 almost 70% of the total area of 14,234 sq miles had been occupied and the remainder was colonised by 1950. Maximum rates of dispersal occurred between 1910 and 1920 at 7 linear miles, or 637 sq miles per year. Prior to 1915, but rarely thereafter, stags were commonly seen outside the range of hinds. Routes and rates of dispersal were influenced primarily by topography and vegetation; in the Marlborough Sounds, Kaikoura region and the Paparoa range a considerable delay in occupation occurred. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>66</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">66</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winter activity in the cambium of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light and electron microscope studies of cambium in young trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don sampled during the few weeks following the winter solstice have shown that this tissue does not become completely dormant. Cell division is actively proceeding throughout this period in the fusiform and ray initials of the secondary meristem. Evidence suggests that no tracheids aife being formed, and that cell divisions are actively involved in the production of phloem. The cytoplasm of developing tracheids is markedly different from that of young phloem cells, the former being involved mainly in wall thickening, the latter in production and storage of protein in addition to wall formation. P. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is different both in appearance and degree of activity during the winter, from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. strobus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. growing in the United States, and described by other authors. Preliminary work has suggested that New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. strobus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is similar in appearance and activity to that grown in USA. This work suggests that dormancy in the pines is as dependent on internal factors which vary among species as on climatic or day length factors. &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>342</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">342</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of X-rays in measuring ring widths from increment borings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An X-ray source was used to produce a radiograph of 5.1mm wood cores. Ring widths were measured much faster and more accurately from the radiograph than directly from the wood core. Where the density variation between earlywood and latewood was not great enough, radio-opaque solutions were infused into the latewood cells to improve contrast on the radiograph. A wood moisture content of 30% gave the best results without any shrinkage. The radiographic method had a maximum inherent error of less than 0.3%, due to linear deformation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1046</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1046</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of low pruning selection methods in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-237</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A possible explanation for the failure of much past pruning to achieve the objective of having all final crop trees pruned is that the method of selecting trees for pruning could have excluded many potential final crop trees. This study compares two variants (including and excluding missing trees) of six selection methods for low pruning (below </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ca.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 2.4m (8 ft) in two stands of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don). &#xD;&#xD;As measured by the total number of normal dominants selected, the order of efficiency of the methods tested was: best of 2 trees in 4; best of 1 tree in 2, and 1 tree in 3 &quot;Queensland&quot; (both more or less equal); best of 1 tree in 4 &quot;Queensland&quot;; best of 1 tree in 3; best of 1 tree in 4. Even when perfectly applied no method could guarantee that every normal dominant would be selected. The only means of ensuring this would be to adopt a system in which all acceptable stems are selected irrespective of spacing. Including or excluding missing trees had little effect on the comparisons. &#xD;&#xD;An analysis of the reasons for variations between experienced workers showed that misinterpretation of priorities was the most common fault. Also important were failure to see malformation, choices between trees of more or less equal status, and differences in the assessment of the relative significance of types of malformation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smart, D. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Resistance of particle board to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Poria monticola </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lenzites trabea</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-239</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>763</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">763</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Log parameters: length, diameter, taper, form</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1168</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1168</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Measurement of trees: A rejoinder</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1346</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1346</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Whyte. A.G.D. 1971: Sectional measurement of trees: A rationalised method. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1), 74-79</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1420</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1420</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, A.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>366</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">366</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tustin, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of radiata pine afforestation for the export log trade - on Site Index 95</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-68</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) afforestation for the export log trade are evaluated for characteristic scrub-covered Taupo pumice land, of relatively easy topography. Site index is 95. Twenty thousand eight hundred acres net of the 25,000 acres gross are initially planted in 11 yr, felling begins in the 19th year, and major yields fluctuate between 4.5 and 9 million cu ft annually until formal normality is reached in the 51st year. The yield for the normal rotation of 23 yr is 8,235 cu ft per acre net. Silviculture aims at producing two 39-ft logs to a 6-in. small-end diameter top by planting at 10 x 7 ft, thinning (probably to waste) to 150 stems per acre at 35 ft top height, and clearfelling at 110 ft. &#xD;&#xD;Costs are based on 1987 levels and are charged from the mid-point of the year of origin. Interest rates from 3% to 14% are evaluated. &#xD;&#xD;Ninety-seven men are employed at normality, 59 of them on logging, giving an average production of 76,750 cu ft per man per year. The approximate proportion of costs to a loaded-on-truck basis at 7% interest are: logging 40%; administration 19%; establishment 11.5%; protection 8%; tending 7%; and social 15%. A net price-on-truck of 20.8c per cu ft is obtained after allowing 8.8c for port handling costs and 8.7c for a single log haul of 89 miles. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses are made on the effects of altering costs and returns; the most important effects (expressed at 7%) are: &#xD;&#xD;1. Differences in yield of 500 cu ft per acre alter net land expectation values (LEV) by 18%. &#xD;&#xD;2. Differences of le per cu ft in realisations alter LEV by 12.5%. &#xD;&#xD;3. Break-even growing costs - excluding logging - are about 7.7c per cu ft on stump. &#xD;&#xD;4. Locating the forest 40 miles nearer the port increases LEV by 42% to $135 per acre, and reduces haulage from 16.5 million to 9.3 million ton-miles annually. &#xD;&#xD;Net LEVs at 7% are $95 when social costs are included and $115 when they are excluded. Corresponding internal rates of return are 11.2% and 12.8%. &#xD;&#xD;The high accident rate in logging, the demand for a fit male labour force, and the volume of road traffic are the main non-financial costs. Non-financial benefits from protection and lack of pollution are considerable. &#xD;&#xD;The actual area has been farmed since 1947 and dairy units are now being replaced by sheep farms. No large-scale afforestation for the log trade has been planned; nor is there other evidence that land use decisions, or investments, are being taken on economic grounds.  </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>370</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. Merle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of radiata pine afforestation for the export log trade - on Site Index 80</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) afforestation for the export log trade are evaluated for easy to rolling scrubland of site index 80. Twenty thousand eight hundred net of the 25,000 acres are initially planted by year 13, felling begins in year 25, and yields fluctuate between 4 million and 8.4 million cu ft annually until formal normality is reached in year 58. The yield for the normal rotation of 29 yr is 8,235 cu ft per acre net of utilisation losses. Silviculture aims at producing two 39-ft logs to a 6 in. s.e.d. by planting at 10 x 7 ft, thinning (probably to waste) to 150 s.p.a. at 35-ft top height and clearfelling at 110 ft. &#xD;&#xD;Interest rates from 3% to 14% are evaluated; 1967 costs are used. &#xD;&#xD;Eighty-two men are employed at normality, 49 of them on logging, giving an average production of 72,000 cu ft per man per year. &#xD;&#xD;The proportions of major costs to a loaded-on-truck basis at 7% interest are logging 32%, administration 24%, establishment 13%, tending 7%, and social 16%. &#xD;&#xD;A net price-on-truck of 20.8c per cu ft is obtained after allowing 8.8c for port handling and 8.7c for a single log-haul of 89 miles. &#xD;&#xD;sensitivity analyses are made on the effects of altering costs and returns, the most important effects (expressed for a 7% interest rate) being differences in yield of 500 cu ft per acre altering land expectation values (LEV) by 45%, differences in realisations of le per cu ft altering LEV by 23%, breakeven growing costs being 11.3c per cu ft on stump, and the effect of locating the forest 40 miles nearer the port increasing LEV by 74%. The net LEVs at 7% are $31 and $48 when social costs are included and excluded respectively. The corresponding internal rates of return are 8.5% and 9.6%. &#xD;&#xD;Compared with results from site index 95, growing costs are 47% greater (at 7%); productivity per man decreases by 6.5%, and a 25% greater area would be required to obtain the same volume. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>367</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">367</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. Merle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of radiata pine afforestation for the export log trade - on Site Index 110</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) afforestation for the export log trade are evaluated for scrub-covered country of easy topography of site index 110. Twenty thousand eight hundred net of the 25,000 acres gross are initially planted in 11 yr, felling begins in the 16th year, and yields fluctuate between 4 million and 10 million cu ft annually until normality is reached in year 47. The yield for the normal rotation of 20 yr is 8,235 cu ft per acre net of utilisation losses. Silviculture aims at producing two 39-ft logs to a 6-in small end diameter (s.e.d.) by planting at 10 x 7 ft, thinning (probably to waste) to 150 stems per acre (s.p.a.) at 35-ft top height, and clearfelling at 110 ft. &#xD;&#xD;Interest rates from 3% to 14% are evaluated; 1967 costs are used. &#xD;&#xD;At normality 108 men are employed, 64 of them on logging, giving an average production of 79,300 cu ft per man-year. &#xD;&#xD;The proportions of major costs at 7% interest are: logging, 45%; administration, 16%; social, 14%; establishment, 11%; and tending, 7%. &#xD;&#xD;A net price-on-truck of 20.8c per cu ft is obtained after allowing 8.8c for port handling and 8.7c for a single log haul of 89 miles. &#xD;&#xD;Comprehensive sensitivity analyses are made on the effects of altering costs and returns; the most important effects (expressed for a 7% interest rate) are: &#xD;1. Differences in yield of 500 cu ft per acre alter land expectation values (LEV) by 16%. &#xD;&#xD;2. Differences in realisations of le per cu ft alter LEV by 10%. &#xD;&#xD;3. Break-even growing costs are 6.4c per cu ft on stump. &#xD;&#xD;4. The effect of locating the forest 40 miles nearer the port increases LEV by 36%. &#xD;&#xD;The net LEVs at 7% are $145 and $166 when social costs are included and excluded respectively. The corresponding rates of return are 13.3% and 15.7%. &#xD;&#xD;Compared with results from site index 95, growing costs are 17% less; productivity per man increases by 3%, and volume production per acre is 13% higher. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>363</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">363</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. Merle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Import costs and overseas earnings of afforestation models for the export log trade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results of afforesting land of three site indices, 80, 95, and 110 with radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) are evaluated at interest rates of 3% to 14% in terms of export dollars earned by sale of logs per import dollar. Customs duty is excluded. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At 7% interest rate, results for the three site indices are 8.2, 9.9, and 10.7 export dollars per import dollar, if social costs of roading and accommodation are included; these figures rise to 9.6, 11.2, and 11.9 respectively if social costs are excluded. At 7% interest rate imports comprise 15%, 16%, and 17% of total costs for site indices 80, 95, and 110 respectively. Logging is overwhelmingly the most important forest import-dollar cost, at interest rates up to 13% on all site indices. &#xD;&#xD;Results are sensitive to yields and export prices. &#xD;&#xD;Location affects results and further studies should be made on a free-at shipside and free-on-board basis. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>361</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">361</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. Merle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significance of the profit studies of afforestation for the export log trade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability evaluation of non-normal afforestation by the budget method has the disadvantage that: only one time stream is investigated; it is difficult to maintain comparability between different site indexes; and work is laborious. Advantages are: results are easy to follow and directly applicable to current afforestation rates; the weaker points and significant variables are identified; and results are easily updated as costs and prices change. &#xD;&#xD;The profitability of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) on three site indexes, whether assessed by internal rate of return (IRR), present net worth (or land expectation value (LEV)), benefit/cost ratio, cost of production per cu ft criteria, or export dollars earned per import dollar required, at interest rates of 3% to 14%, showed the same ranking. Site index 110 was the most, 95 the intermediate, and 80 the least profitable. The IRR on all sites exceeded 8%. &#xD;&#xD;Risks could not be quantified, but the degree of marketing, biological, and physical risk increases with longer rotations. The faster tempo of work on the highest (110) site index incurs a higher management risk, and hence requires staff of better calibre. &#xD;&#xD;The greater and earlier yields from high site qualities increase profits, and are particularly valuable to national forest strategy in filling target gaps. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While forest location greatly affects profit within one site index, the greater profit of 110 against 95 is outweighed only by a 60-mile closer proximity of the forest to the port. But more favourable forest location considerably increases the ratio of export dollars earned by the forest. &#xD;&#xD;The relative costs of clearing heavy initial forest cover on different site qualities at different distances from the port, and of steeper country are indicated, and a means of finding effects of other significant variables on profitability is provided. &#xD;&#xD;Profitability is high throughout and market prospects are good; the cost of prohibiting log exports can now be calculated. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McQuire, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goudie, K. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accelerated boron diffusion treatment of timber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small-scale trials showed that the time required for treating freshly sawn radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) timber with boron could be reduced greatly by using a hot and cold bath followed by diffusion at elevated temperatures. Results obtained were close to theoretical predictions and with 100 x 50 mm timber, the total treatment time required was 7-9 days compared with a normal treatment time of about 60-80 days for timber treated by momentary immersion plus diffusion. Subsequent trials with a commercial prototype plant confirmed these results and demonstrated that accelerated diffusion had many technical and economic advantages over the momentary immersion process. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>284</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">284</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cummins, N. H. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood differentiation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species - a modified azo-dye test</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A modified azo-dye reaction test for heartwood in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species using a non-carcinogenic dye precursor para-amino-NN-dimethylaniline (PANDA) in place of benzidine or ortho-tolidine is described. Sensitivity and ease of differentiation of heartwood and sapwood are essentially similar to those of the ortho-tolidine reaction. The presence of boron and copper-chrome-arsenic preservatives does not adversely affect the test.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>311</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">311</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dingley, Joan M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilmour, J. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colletotrichum acutatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Simmds. f.sp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> associated with &quot;terminal crook&quot; disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colletotrichum acutatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, Simmds. f.sp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> n.f. sp. has been shown to be the fungus associated with &quot;terminal crook&quot; disease of seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Dougl., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. elliottiI</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Engelm., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pinaster</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ait. in New Zealand forest nurseries in Northland, Central Auckland, South Auckland- Bay of Plenty, and East Coast. It is shown also to be a primary pathogen in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. angustifofius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. Laboratory inoculation tests have shown that it is capable of infecting seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus odoratus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vicia sativa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and is a wound pathogen of ripe tomato fruits (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lycopersicon esculentum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mill.). Isolates obtained from naturally infected plants of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus odoratus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> did not infect seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of a heavy phosphate dressing and subsequent radiata pine response on the properties of a Riverhead clay soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-216</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study was carried out in 1970 to determine the differences in soil physical and chemical properties between two 0.04 hectare (ha) plots growing radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) in Riverhead Forest; one plot received the equivalent of 2.5 tonnes of superphosphate per ha in 1952 and the other no treatment. During the period 1958-69 the basal area of trees per ha in the treated plot increased by 44.70 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compared to an increase of only 4.52 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in the control plot. &#xD;&#xD;Analyses were made on soil samples taken from three depths in three profile pits in each plot. The water table depth in the treated area was generally 500 mm lower than that in the control area; there was a considerable improvement in the structure of the treated soil; and the aggregates from the topsoil of the treated profiles were found to be much more water stable than those from the untreated profiles. Associated with the improved structure was a decrease in bulk density (0.93 to 0.82 gm/cc) and an increase in the macroporosity (7.3% to 20.4%) in the topsoil of the treated area. The major changes in the soil physical properties were attributed to the effect of the growth response rather than to a direct fertiliser effect. &#xD;&#xD;for phosphorus levels, there were only minor differences in chemical properties between the two plots; a small reduction in the pH of the treated topsoil (4.67 to 4.46), and an unaccountable increase in exchangeable sodium levels in the treated soil. &#xD;&#xD;Abundant mycorrhizas were seen in the treated soil but virtually none in the untreated soil. Carry-over effects on the establishment and growth of second rotation crops are discussed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copper deficiency in radiata pine planted on sands at Mangawhai Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-221</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twisting of branches and leaders in radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) in Mangawhai Forest has been relieved by applications of copper. The growth distortion is accompanied by a flatter branch angle, needle tip burn, and needle fusion. Levels of copper in the foliage of deficient trees are less than ca. 3 ppm.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of waterlogging on mycorrhizas of radiata pine and Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">222-226</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizas</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) and Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco.) seedlings were subjected to waterlogging periods of 1, 2, 4, 3, and 16 weeks. Phosphorus-32 uptake and succinic dehydrogenase activity of waterlogged mycorrhizas were measured and compared with non-waterlogged mycorrhizas. After 2 weeks of waterlogging Douglas fir mycorrhizas absorbed less </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">32</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P than control mycorrhizas; radiata pine mycorrhizas were not significantly affected. Waterlogging periods of 4 to 16 weeks reduced </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">32</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P uptake and succinic dehydrogenase activity in both species.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1170</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1170</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of first rotation radiata pine in Golden Downs State Forest, Nelson, for comparison with subsequent crops</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Normal records of growth and yield of eight unthinned permanent sample plots of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) were supplemented to provide direct estimates of total stem volume under bark from sectional measurements. Volume/basal area lines were used to assess standing volume at time of felling, and stand volume lines based on stand height and basal area per unit area were computed from these data and from similar data based on stem analysis, to estimate standing volume at different ages. These basic data are intended to provide a reliable record of how the first crops grew, so that productivity in second and successive crops tended in the same way may be compared. Thus, each permanent sample plot has been relocated in the naturally regenerated second rotation and their initial stockings have been reduced to the same level as in the first crop.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>534</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">534</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedley, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modified soil/block technique for assessing wood decay</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood decay</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A modification of the standard soil/block technique for assessing the natural durability of timber is described. One block was buried flush with the soil surface and another was set directly on top of it. Lower blocks attained a moisture content suitable for decay more rapidly than did the upper blocks. Except for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don sapwood blocks decayed by brown rot fungi, all the lower blocks lost more weight than upper blocks. This was particularly noticeable when durable or moderately durable timber was tested against white rot fungi. Results from lower blocks showed a better correlation with field results than did those from upper blocks.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>536</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">536</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellawell, C. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laminated or solid New Zealand Douglas-fir scaffold planks and the standard specification for them</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From the results of bending tests of glued laminated planks of New Zealand Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) and solid planks of both New Zealand and imported Douglas fir, a breaking load criterion of 1050 lbf (4.67 kN) under a standardised laboratory test procedure is proposed for scaffold planks of Special Class (NZSS 1426: NZSI 1965). A single cross-section size of 10 x 2 in. (254 x 51 mm) nominal is considered rational for all scaffold planks. Other suggestions for improving the current Standard relate to the allowable defect and wood quality requirements for solid planks of Douglas fir. &#xD;&#xD;A manufacturing specification for laminated planks which passed the criterion in &apos; &apos;acceptance tests&quot; is appended for the guidance of those considering alternatives to kahikatea (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus dacrydioides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> A. Rich.) and imported Douglas fir for Special Class planks, in terms of the Standard. Binding the ends of this class of plank is mandatory. &#xD;&#xD;Information basic to mechanical stress grading of planks, an attractive alternative to visual grading, is also given. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>700</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">700</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libby, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fielding, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of hedging radiata pine on production, rooting, and early growth of cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-283</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic, physiological and morphological aspects of using rooted cuttings of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) for plantation forestry are reviewed. Techniques for providing low-cost cuttings which root and grow well have been investigated both at Berkeley, USA, and at Canberra, Australia. Over the 7-8 yr of the studies, the training of trees as hedges arrested the normal decline in rooting percentage quality of roots, and growth potential of cuttings taken from ageing tree-form plants. The hedges soon yielded over 100 straight cuttings per square metre of hedge top per year. The method could be a practical means of providing cuttings for raising large numbers of select stock for plantation establishment.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>451</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">451</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simplified apparatus for determining leaf water potentials in pine needles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">284-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>369</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">369</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. Merle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of &quot;normal&quot; afforestation for the overseas log trade on Site Indexes 95 and 110</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) at a normal rate of afforestation, for sawlog production are evaluated for scrub-covered land, of relatively easy topography. Site index is 95. The rotation of 26 yr produces 8248 cu ft net per acre. Silviculture reduces final crop stocking to 80 s.p.a. by 35 ft and pruning two 18 ft lengths concentrates production on high quality logs. The forested areas are grazed from age 3%. &#xD;&#xD;are based on 1967 levels and are charged from the mid-point of the year of origin. Interest rates from 3% to 14% are evaluated. &#xD;&#xD;Net land expectation values (excluding grazing returns) at 7% are $99 when social costs are included and $117 when they are excluded. Corresponding internal rates of return are 10.5% and 11.5%. &#xD;&#xD;Comprehensive sensitivity analyses are made on effects of altering costs and returns. At interest rates up to 10% sawing is the greatest single cost, then logging. Total costs of five pruning lifts and two thinnings to waste exceed logging costs at interest rates above 8%%. Pulpwood returns are minor. &#xD;&#xD;Timing of tending steps is critical, otherwise risks are low. &#xD;&#xD;The concept of concentrating production on high quality stems (64% of the sawn outturn is of high quality timber) and grazing stands may alter the class of land available for forestry. &#xD;&#xD;The 10 yr reduction in sawlog rotations would help close the forest sector target gaps in national development. The regime evaluates where one of New Zealand&apos;s comparative advantages lies-the rapid production of high quality logs. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>368</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">368</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics of radiata pine for sawlog production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-347</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) afforestation on site index 95 are evaluated for a &quot;normal&quot; tempo of management of a regime prescribing a production thinning. One hundred and thirty of the initial 900 stems per acre (s.p.a.) are pruned in three lifts to 18 ft, stands being thinned to waste to 200 s.p.a. at 40 ft. Thinning to 80 s.p.a. at ca. 90 ft produces 2100 cu ft net per acre of pulpwood. The final crop is felled at ca. 136 ft, age 36 yr, the 23.5 in. diameter-at-breast-height (d.b.h.) trees producing 9440 cu ft per acre net on truck. &#xD;&#xD;Values are based on mid-1967 levels and are charged from the mid-point of the year of origin. Interest rates of 3% to 12% are evaluated. &#xD;&#xD;Net land expectation values (LEV) at 7% are -$5.7 when social items are included and $6.0 when they are excluded. Corresponding internal rates of return are 6.7% and 7.4%. The equivalent values for a direct (no production thinning) regime are $99 and $117, and 10.5% and 11.5% respectively. In comparison the production thinning regime needs the same labour; produces much the same total volume, but in poorer grades; incurs greater managerial and physical risks; delays most returns for a decade; and is fundamentally inefficient in timing the reduction of stand basal area. &#xD;&#xD;An open ended pulp commitment can be met at increased profit by combination of pulpwood and direct regimes, in preference to production thinning. &#xD;&#xD;Forest Service policy is to pursue those regimes prescribing production thinning. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>362</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">362</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics of sawlog silviculture which includes production thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">348-368</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results of afforesting land of site index 95 with radiata pine are evaluated at interest rates of 7% to 12% in terms of export dollars earned per import dollar, and by weighting all overseas transactions by 10%. An export log, and two sawlog regimes-one direct, and the other requiring production thinningwere evaluated for &apos;&apos;normal&quot; rates of afforestation and felling. At 7% interest rate optimistic results for the three regimes are 9.3, 13.1, and 6.9 export dollars earned per import dollar, if social costs of roading and accommodation are included; these rise to 10.3, 14.9, and 8.3 if social costs are excluded. Corresponding &apos; &apos;medium&apos;&apos; and &apos; &apos;pessimistic&apos;&apos; results for the direct, and the production thinning sawlog regimes are 11.0 and 5.0; and 12.5 and 6.1. &#xD;&#xD;At 7% interest rate, imports comprise 17, 14 and 13% of total costs for the three regimes respectively. Logging and other vehicles are the highest overseas costs. &#xD;&#xD;The effect of a 10% weighting raises the internal rates of return of the project by 0.5 to 0.75%. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Location affects results and further studies should include all steps until the export produce is loaded on ship. &#xD;&#xD;Results continue to reinforce the marked superiority of the direct regime over one prescribing production thinning, and to demonstrate the economic attractiveness of the export log trade at current prices. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>365</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">365</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Import costs and overseas earnings of sawlog and export log afforestation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-377</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results of afforesting land of site index 95 with radiata pine are evaluated at interest rates of 7% to 12% in terms of export dollars earned per import dollar, and by weighting all overseas transactions by 10%. An export log, and two sawlog regimes-one direct, and the other requiring production thinningwere evaluated for &apos;&apos;normal&quot; rates of afforestation and felling. At 7% interest rate optimistic results for the three regimes are 9.3, 13.1, and 6.9 export dollars earned per import dollar, if social costs of roading and accommodation are included; these rise to 10.3, 14.9, and 8.3 if social costs are excluded. Corresponding &apos; &apos;medium&apos;&apos; and &apos; &apos;pessimistic&apos;&apos; results for the direct, and the production thinning sawlog regimes are 11.0 and 5.0; and 12.5 and 6.1. &#xD;&#xD;At 7% interest rate, imports comprise 17, 14 and 13% of total costs for the three regimes respectively. Logging and other vehicles are the highest overseas costs. &#xD;&#xD;The effect of a 10% weighting raises the internal rates of return of the project by 0.5 to 0.75%. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Location affects results and further studies should include all steps until the export produce is loaded on ship. &#xD;&#xD;Results continue to reinforce the marked superiority of the direct regime over one prescribing production thinning, and to demonstrate the economic attractiveness of the export log trade at current prices. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>364</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">364</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications of radiata pine afforestation studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">378-388</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interest rate is the dominant variable for evaluation of a given afforestation project.&#xD;&#xD;The costs of producing export logs by simple silviculture, and of two sawlog regimes, assuming competent standards of management, are high compared with current stumpages. If export log type regimes are used to produce pulpwood, costs to mill will be as high, or higher than those in Scandinavia and North America. Costs are reduced by rapid establishment, and by concentrating on high quality sites.&#xD;&#xD;New Zealand management has to decide whether the extra cost of producing high quality pruned logs, with versatile end uses and which are unlikely to be produced overseas, is warranted, when compared with export log type regimes. Production thinning regimes are expensive and incur high risks. The direct, quality log regime plus grazing could provide a likely source of comparative advantage to New Zealand.&#xD;&#xD;The economics of pruning rather than production thinning, emerge as the significant study.&#xD;&#xD;On current returns, the internal rates of return of both the export and direct log regimes are over 10%; that of the production thinning regime is 6.66%.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1139</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1139</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardle, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbert, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of ungulates on the forests and scrublands of South Westland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The composition and structure of the forests and scrublands of South Westland were recorded at 834 sample points. The vegetation at each was classified into associations using a combination of Sorensen&apos;s &quot;k&quot; index of similarity, and a multi-linkage cluster analysis. The associations were related to habitat and the distribution of each determined.&#xD;&#xD;Fourteen associations of which 10 were subclimax in nature were recognised; one included all the sub-alpine scrub, three were in high altitude silver beech forest, three were in mid altitude silver and mountain beech forest, and three were in low altitude silver beech forest. Four seral forest associations were recognised. These were variously dominated by lacebark, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Olearia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species, fuchsia, wineberry, kamahi, and pate.&#xD;&#xD;The influence of red deer on the forests and scrublands was examined. Stand structure was used to determine the degree of modification and the susceptibility of the vegetation to damage from browsing. Browse indices were used to determine current ungulate use.&#xD;&#xD;The associations most susceptible to damage by red deer were shown to be the serai ones and the most susceptible catchments, the Turnbull, the Waipara, and the upper Arawata. The associations which have been most modified by red deer are those at low altitudes, especially in the Waiatoto catchment, and the least modified are those at high altitudes, particularly in the lower Arawata. Present use of the forests and scrublands is most pronounced in serai areas and on the mid and lower-mid slopes. It is least at high altitudes, in the sub-alpine scrub and upper forest, and in the vicinity of the low level terraces. The catchments currently receiving the greatest use are the Arawata and upper Waiatoto, while those receiving least use are the Turnbull and Okuru.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>568</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">568</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Xyleborus saxeseni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, its life-history and flight behaviour in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Xyleborus saxeseni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Ratz.) in New Zealand is described and compared with that reported from the Northern Hemisphere. The life cycle occupies a minimum of 8 weeks with emergence most probable between September and February. Brood size and sex ratio vary greatly with a high proportion of nests producing no males. The significance of virgin females in nest failure is discussed. In the central North Island two and possibly three generations occur annually. Emerging adults attack radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) logs one week after felling.&#xD;&#xD;Flight never occurred before noon. During mid-afternoon, provided that temperatures exceeded 21°C beetles flew readily, but above 32°C flight ceased. Following flight exercise the initially positive phototropic response of the beetles was reversed. Thirty-one indigenous and exotic tree species are recorded as hosts; the insect was very selective of the condition of host material it utilised.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>946</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">946</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conditioning radiata pine seedlings to transplanting, by restricted watering</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) growing in a temperaturecontrolled greenhouse at day/night temperatures of 26/23°C were pre-conditioned for 6 weeks prior to transplanting, by one of the following watering regimes: D, watered daily; W, weekly; or F, 2-weekly. After transplanting, 24 seedlings of each pre-conditioning treatment were placed into one of the following environments: (a) the pre-transplanting environment, but watered every 8-10 days; (b) artificially-lit cabinet at 23°/20°C (day/night temperatures), and watered every 10-14 days; (c) as (b), but watered every third day.&#xD;&#xD;After transplanting, the D seedlings exhibited high rates of transpiration which fell to about 10% of the original value after 2 days. When the seedlings were actively transpiring, their stomata remained wide open even though the plants were experiencing increasing water deficits. The F and W seedlings on being transplanted, opened their stomata only partly, and thus initially used less water than the D seedlings, and developed smaller water deficits. In the pretransplanting period D seedlings had significantly higher rates of stomatal and cuticular transpiration than the W plants which in turn had higher rates than the F plants, but 3 weeks after transplanting, this order was reversed. Eighteen days after transplanting, the F seedlings had more new root growth than the W seedlings. The D seedlings had the least new root growth. These differences in root growth had disappeared 40 days after transplanting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>596</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">596</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobbs, I. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daily transpiration rates of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-81</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The factors affecting daily transpiration rates of individual trees are briefly reviewed, together with models of their relationship. Using experimental data for ramets of seven radiata pine clones growing in volcanic sandy loam, the following equation is constructed:&#xD;&#xD;t/E = 25.036 — 33.93 exp (0.07(5 —S)) + 1.311/E — 0.0074(S —5)</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;for which t is daily transpiration per tree in ml per g o.d. wt of foliage; E is open-tank evaporation in cm/day; and S is soil moisture content expressed as percentage of soil o.d. wt. This equation accounts for 53% of the overall variation. The residual variation may be reduced by a further 11% if coefficients are fitted to the individual clones. Differences of transpiration rates between clones are highly significant.&#xD;&#xD;Comparative data for soil water potential and needle pressure potential are also presented.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1055</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1055</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thulin, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graft incompatibility in radiata pine in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has been generally considered that the incidence of graft incompatibility in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">is low compared with other genera. This paper cites an example of a sudden increase to more than 50% incompatibility in a 14-year-old seed orchard of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The types of incompatibility present are examined and the implications for New Zealand&apos;s clonal seed orchard programme are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>512</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">512</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical properties, resin content, and tracheid length of lodgepole pine grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-109</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed source</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two increment cores were taken at breast height from 50 trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Dougl, on each of 16 sites, to assess variations in outerwood density between trees and between sites. On the basis of this preliminary survey five trees, stratified with respect to stem diameter and wood density, were felled on each of eight selected sites for detailed examination of wood physical properties, resin content and tracheid length. Most attention was directed towards two &quot;green strains&quot; (of subspecies </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">contorta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critchfield) derived from Cpt 2 Waiotapu Forest (origin unknown) as one seed source, and from seedlot R26/26 (Manning Seed Co., Washington) as the other, though other stands of the same subspecies and of &quot;yellow&quot; strains (subspecies </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">murrayana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critchfield) were also examined. No other seed source is producing wood with properties markedly superior to that of the two preferred &quot;green&quot; strains. Of the two, the &quot;Manning green strain&quot; is producing consistently denser wood than the &quot;Waiotapu green strain&quot;, and the wood is not inferior in other respects. In general the wood density of trees grown on sites with low mean annual temperatures is lower than that produced on warmer sites: densitometer studies show that this is mainly due to the production of low density latewood on cold sites. The resin content of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">is rather high (average more than 3%) which may restrict its use for groundwood pulp. In other respects its wood properties are those of a general-purpose softwood very suitable for sawn timber or chemical pulping.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>153</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">153</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of site on expression of cone characters in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cone samples were collected from a trial with 18 clones of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) replicated within and between four contrasting sites, of which one was deficient in soil phosphate. The cones were assessed for length, breadth, volume, length : breadth ratio, number of scales, and mean seed weight. One objective was to evaluate the influence of site on cone characters and on taxonomic information that they afford.&#xD;&#xD;Cone dimensions, number of scales, and mean seed weight all showed significant clonal repeatabilities within sites (0.35 to 0.85, P &lt; 0.001), confirming the genetic control of these characters. Cone volume and mean seed weight were about one-third less at the phosphate-deficient site than elsewhere. Number of scales varied little between sites. The only important clone-site interactions appeared to reflect differences between clones in response to the phosphate deficiency.&#xD;&#xD;Cone size and seed weight, although differing widely between natural populations, are of restricted diagnostic value as a guide to the ancestry of stands in New Zealand, owing to their environmental plasticity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilmour, J. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noorderhaven, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needle blight by low volume aerial application of copper fungicides</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two-year aerial spray trials of copper-based fungicides were undertaken to control </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needle blight in heavily infected, young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Two applications, 3 months apart, of cuprous oxide at 2.24 kg copper metallic equivalent in 56 litres water per ha (2 lb/5 gal/ac), provided adequate control for 2 years. Over 1 year a single application in December was almost as effective as the double application, but the single application in February was only half as effective as the December application. Evidence suggests that the effect of the copper fungicides was independent of the initial disease intensity. &#xD;&#xD;Fungicide formulation in water or oil made no difference to its effectiveness, nor did diluent dosage rates of 56 and 112 litres per ha (5 and 10 gal per ac). A summer spraying oil had no effect; cuprous oxide at 1.12 kg copper metallic equivalent per ha (1 lb/ac) was effective, but less so than 2.24 kg (2 lb).&#xD;&#xD;There were appreciable residues of copper on pine needles after 2 months and 254 mm (10 in.) of rain, but not after 3 months and 432 mm (17in.) of rain.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>540</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">540</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbert, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of silver beech in northern Fiordland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The growth patterns of silver beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst.) in natural forest conditions in northern Fiordland, New Zealand, are described. &#xD;&#xD;Growth rates differed significantly between some forest associations. The reasons for this were related to site quality (particularly below 610 m altitude) and the effects of altitude. Growth rate was compared for three altitude zones and found to decrease at higher altitudes.&#xD;&#xD;Growth rate/diameter relationships for trees growing on &lt; 610-m-altitude slopes and terraces followed a negative exponential curve to reach a maximum growth rate at about 40 to 50 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). Trees from &gt; 610-m-altitude slopes showed a steady increase in growth rate to a maximum at about 40 cm d.b.h. There was no reliable evidence for a decrease in growth rate in larger diameter stems.&#xD;&#xD;Diameter/age relationships showed that at any given diameter, terrace trees were youngest and high altitude trees oldest. The differences in age increased with increasing diameter.&#xD;&#xD;At high altitudes, a greater proportion of large trees (&gt;30c m d.b.h.) fell into the 30 to 70 cm d.b.h. size classes than at low altitudes where there were more stems &gt; 70 cm d.b.h.&#xD;&#xD;The regression, y = 0.070 ( ± 0.025) + 0.011 (± 0.001) X, for bark thickness on d.b.h. was calculated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>289</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">289</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, M. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characteristics, liberation and dispersal of sika deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus nippon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-179</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphological characterisation of sika deer is attempted by using a discriminant function analysis based on autopsy data from a mixed population of sika and red deer. There is evidence of hybridism between the two species. The history of liberation and dispersal from the northern Kaimanawa Mountains is illustrated by two dispersal maps based on sighting records and roar data. Spread was predominantly through shrubland or shrubland/forest ecotones. Dispersal rates varying from 0.6 to 1.5km/yr are estimated for the period 1905-30, and then for decades to 1970, showing an acceleration after 1950 (possibly due to human activity pushing the deer westwards into indigenous forest regions).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1207</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brittain, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas exchange measurements of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) seedlings have been used to study diurnal patterns and responses to temperature, subjection to drought, flooding, and decapitation of the shoot.&#xD;&#xD;The diurnal patterns of net photosynthesis and transpiration in a controlled environment showed a rapid initial increase followed by a slower increase to a maximum after about three hr of illumination. This was followed by a gentle decrease, consistent with an increasing leaf water deficit, until the end of the photoperiod. This diurnal pattern exhibited by plants grown in a controlled environment should be taken into account in planning short term experiments.&#xD;&#xD;The effects of temperature included an increase in maximum photosynthetic capacity between 11° and 23°C, possibly due to effects on the enzymatic reactions, and a depression at elevated temperatures attributed to disorganisation of the photochemical systems.&#xD;&#xD;Repeated cycles of droughting produced expected stomatal responses and less obvious cumulative effects on gas exchange, some of which seemed non-stomatal. Plants which were flooded behaved in most respects as though suffering a water deficit.&#xD;&#xD;Gas exchange of the shoots of seedlings severed from their roots suggested that whilst subsequent transpiration was much affected, photosynthesis was only slightly affected.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1054</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1054</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of maturation on the growth and form of vegetative propagules of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reports the assessment, three yr after planting, of a trial designed to examine the effect of the age of parent ortets of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) on the growth of vegetative propagules taken from them. Seedlings were compared with grafts made from ortets aged 6, 15, 25, 43 and 66 yr, and cuttings rooted from ortets aged 6, 10, 19, 23 and 43 yr at the start of the trial.&#xD;&#xD;A number of parameters were assessed and, after necessary covariance adjustments, it was shown that juvenile propagules (seedlings, and grafts and cuttings from six-yr ortets) differed widely in both growth rate and form from mature propagules (grafts or cuttings from ortets aged 19 yr and upwards). There were significant differences between the juvenile groups, and there were intermediates between the juvenile and mature groups; but there were few differences between the mature propagules. These data are interpreted to suggest that the process of maturation or phase change occurs progressively during the early years, but is a finite process which does not continue through the life of the tree.&#xD;&#xD;The implications of these findings to a programme of plantation establishment with cuttings, combined with genetic improvement, are examined; and it is concluded that, at least in the early stages of the rotation, the use of vegetative propagules may mean a loss in stem volume of up to 40% compared with seedlings. This must be offset against improvements resulting from the reduction of defects associated with the juvenile habit.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>154</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">154</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed production in radiata pine clones on four different sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-219</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed production was studied in cones from 18 clones of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) replicated within and between four contrasting sites. At one site which was phosphate-deficient, number of full seeds per cone, along with cone volume and mean seed weight, was about one-third less than elsewhere. Empty seeds, although never completely absent, were prevalent only in occasional cones. Such cones were common at the phosphate-deficient site, but were not a consistent feature of particular clones. All clones showed inherently high fertility within cones.&#xD;&#xD;There was indirect evidence of a high incidence of ovule abortion: firstly, number of seeds per cone showed much more non-genetic variability than number of scales, and secondly, within-clone correlations between these two characters were not high. Such ovule abortion is believed to resemble conelet drop, which was prevalent within the experiment, in being often not caused by inadequate pollination.&#xD;&#xD;Almost without exception the cones contained totals of 40 or more seeds, suggesting that satisfactory cone development is related to a threshold frequency of either ovule abortion or ovule survival.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of beating and wood quality on radiata pine kraft paper properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">220-239</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimension</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimensions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of beating on radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) kraft fibre properties are assessed in terms of fibre dimensions, and surface and intrawall structure. Wood quality effects are discussed with reference to pulps and handsheets prepared from young, mature and compression wood, and earlywood and latewood samples.&#xD;&#xD;Mature earlywood, latewood and composite pulps have similar handsheet properties except for elastic modulus and tear factor. Corresponding young wood pulps give greatly different paper properties. The range of young wood paper properties is associated with readily flattened earlywood fibres in which beating produces extensive intrawall dislocation and layer separation. &#xD;&#xD;Compression wood paper properties vary with fibre dimensions and density in the same way as normal wood, except for stretch. Exceptionally high compression wood stretch values are associated with the unique intrawall structure of reaction wood fibres, i.e., spiral checking within the S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> layer, absence of an S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> layer and an anomalous S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> layer.&#xD;&#xD;Breaking length and scattering coefficient are affected by beating to similar extents which indicates that both parameters are equally affected by web consolidation and intra- and interfibre bonding. Apparent density, however, appears to be affected only by the nature of fibre packing within a sheet. Most paper properties attain maximum values after extended beating treatments. These maxima coincide with a scattering coefficient of about 150 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/g which indicates that maximum fibre flattening, and intra- and interfibre bonding occur at this scattering value. Any further decrease in the number of light interreflections is explained by the filling of interfibre voids with fines.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>129</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">129</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyd, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood force generation and functional mechanics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evidence shows that lignification causes significant dimensional changes during differentiation of wood cells. Because lignin occupies sites in the cell wall similar to those occupied by water, the theory of anisotropic shrinkage can be used to deduce that compression wood tends to expand longitudinally during lignification. Consequently, large forces are generated on the underside of a leaning stem; with assistance from forces in tissue elsewhere in the cross-section, these cause reorientation movements. The characteristic mechanical properties of compression wood cells contribute to maximising their functional value in supporting the displaced tree, and in its reorientation movements.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abel, D. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear programming and its application to the locational planning of wood-processing industries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-269</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear programming techniques can be used by industry to optimise the allocation of resources to processing units and to rationalise the distribution of production from these processing units to markets. Since transportation costs are a significant variable cost factor in wood-processing industries, linear programming methods are a valuable tool for assisting in the planning of the location and functional integration of individual plants. Although there is little published evidence of these procedures being adopted in New Zealand, it is apparent from this study that such objective approaches could be usefully applied to many of the location problems of major forest owners and wood-processors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>537</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">537</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellmers, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air temperature and growth of radiata pine seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271-285</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root/shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don), from a wind-pollinated Cambria (California) stand and control-pollinated trees in New Zealand, were germinated under uniform conditions. The seedlings were grown in the Duke University Phytotron under 30 combinations of day and night temperatures ranging from 5° to 32°C. The experiment covered 1080 seedlings, i.e., 36 seedlings, 18 from each source, in each of 30 treatments. Half the seedlings were harvested at the end of 3 months and the remainder at 6 months.&#xD;&#xD;Although the tallest 3- and 6-month-old seedlings had grown under warm day (20° to 29°C) and night (17° to 23°C) temperatures, the relative growth rates between 3 and 6 months showed that the older seedlings at cold night temperatures (5°C) were growing the fastest.&#xD;&#xD;Growth of shoot, root and total plant dry weight and diameter was significantly greater at a 5°C night temperature at both times and for both sources. The effect of day temperature, except at the extremes of the range, was minor compared to that of a 5°C night temperature. A trend, particularly apparent from the relative growth rate data from 3 to 6 months, showed increasing growth at the cool night (5° and 11°C) and cool day (17° to 23°C) temperatures. The temperature regime affected also the distribution of growth within the seedling, with higher root/shoot ratios and lower height/diameter ratios being observed at the colder night temperatures. The Cambrian seedlings grew better than the New Zealand seedlings only at the high day temperatures of 32° and 29°C. The 6-month-old New Zealand seedlings were on average 12% larger than the Cambrian seedlings owing to differences in relative growth rates over the first 3 months, although the Cambrian seed was 13% heavier than that from New Zealand.&#xD;&#xD;The temperature requirements for growth of radiata pine are compared with those of other species, and with the climate in its native habitat and in New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>152</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">152</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density in radiata pine clones on four different sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">286-303</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density was studied in 18 clones of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) replicated within and between four contrasting sites.&#xD;&#xD;Clonal repeatabiiities were high, generally 0.75 or greater, and it appears that the standard deviation of genotypic values is about 6-10% of the population mean. Notwithstanding appreciable clonal differences in the density gradient, clonal correlations were high between density in the first and second five rings from the pith.&#xD;&#xD;Site effects were large, but not altogether consistent among different parts of the tree. Expression of site and genotypic differences was generally greater at breast height than higher up.&#xD;&#xD;Clone-site interactions, although statistically significant, were minor, the most important involving a phosphate-deficient site and elsewhere. The clones which were severely distressed on this site showed a slightly greater density increase, in relation to another site, than the remainder.&#xD;&#xD;Within sites density was very little affected by non-genetic differences in ring width, which accounted for less than 5% of the phenotypic variance at standard sampling positions.&#xD;&#xD;Evidence for clonal relationships between density and growth rate in general is inconclusive. However, it appears that outside the first five rings there is a positive effect of height coupled with a negative relationship with diameter. This accords with mechanical considerations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">394</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth rates in South Westland terrace rimu forest. Part 1: Growing stock and increment in virgin forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a 500 ha block of terrace rimu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydum cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb.) forest in Ianthe Forest, South Westland, 194 plots each of 400 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were established systematically to determine growing stock and increment. The average growing stock was 309 m3 of rimu and 10 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> of other merchantable species (mainly miro </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus ferrugeneus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G. Benn. ex D. Don) per hectare, but it was found that there was probably a serious shortage of striplings, saplings and poles if the forest was to be managed as a selection forest. The gross mean annual increment, determined from increment cores, was estimated to be 1.45m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha of rimu and 0.05 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha of other merchantable species. Two plots, each of 2 ha, were remeasured after 5 years and found to have mean annual increments of 3.43 and 2.81 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, but it is likely that these plots are on sites which are of better quality than is typical of terrace forest. Because it is considered that the 500 ha block contains about 85% of the stocking of a fully stocked selection forest, it would be unwise to assume that this block, and probably most terrace forest, has a potential mean annual increment of more than 1.75m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha until more extensive remeasurements prove otherwise.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>371</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of second log pruning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-322</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning of a second log length (in addition to a butt log) was carried out over 3030 ha of State plantations in 1959-70 but only over 0.4 ha in 1971-72. Change in log form following thinning and pruning and the potential of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) to be grown to 60 cm d.b.h. in 26 years on a site index of 29 m have recently been demonstrated. This, and results from grade studies, suggest that the profitability of second log pruning should be re-examined. Profits of $72/ha land expectation equivalent are made at 7% interest, after allowing costs of $39.5/ha for each of two pruning lifts of 5.5-8.5 and 8.5-11 m, for trees of the size and age given. Uninodal second logs should remain unpruned. Profitability is naturally sensitive to all cost, return and silvicultural variables. &#xD;&#xD;Second log pruning of short rotation sawlogs is a special, simple case in which the comparison between pruned and unpruned logs of the same age is valid, as the rotation and other treatments stay constant. Pruning profitability should normally be calculated by comparisons with the most profitable alternative regimes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1047</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1047</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in tree dominance and form in a young radiata pine stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-330</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a low-stocked, unpruned and unthinned radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) stand on malformation-prone scoria soils, the proportion of dominants increased from 35% at height 5 m to 50% at 9.5 m, but had decreased to 37% by 12.5 m. There was some interchange of dominance; only 63% of the final dominants were dominant at all assessments. Some trees dropped in status to regain it later.&#xD;&#xD;Of trees of acceptable form at 5 m only 49% were still of the same form and dominance by 12.5 m, yet the total number of such trees at 12.5 m was the same as at 5 m. This anomaly is explained by the unexpected result that half of the original terminally defective stems outgrew their malformation.&#xD;&#xD;Experienced officers differed in their opinions of the best 400 stems/ha at height 5 m. Despite this and the subsequent interchanges of both dominance and malformation status, 35-40%? of the selected stems were still of good form by height 12.5 m. This suggests that these stands can be reduced to 500-600 stems/ha at the time of first pruning and still provide adequate selection for a final crop of 200 stems/ha.&#xD;&#xD;These results suggest that current priorities in pruning selection are not correctly based. Dominance can be maintained by adequate thinning; leader malformation has an even chance of recovery; therefore, stem malformation, as it is permanent, should be the primary basis for selection. The condition of the leader should be the second basis and relative dominance the third.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discolouration associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wounds in living </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331-341</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discoloration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds similar to those made by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetles were drilled in living red beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook, f.) Oerst.) trees. Sapwood discolouration associated with such wounds was found to be due to the presence of microorganisms. Results also suggested that this discolouration is a tree response to toxic substances produced by micro-organisms.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of stain and decay in unseasoned Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-362</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Douglas fir sawn timber was dipped in an aqueous solution containing 0.6% sodium pentachlorophenate and 1.8% borax pentahydrate, within 48 hours of conversion. Almost complete control of decay and partial control of sapstain over a storage period of one year was obtained. Packets tightly wired for export and dipped for 30 seconds in this solution were protected from fungal attack equally with those where the individual pieces were momentarily dipped before before block-stacking and wiring.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>513</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">513</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain and xylem polarity in radiata pine microscopy microscopy of cambial reorientation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">363-378</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral girdling of young radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) was used to study the anatomical changes in cambium as initials move into alignment with the girdle. Light and electron microscopy showed that cambial initials are capable of considerable plastic deformation, initiated primarily by differential growth in fusiform initials. Ray initials appear to play a passive role in developing spirality, but eventually respond to pressures from the surrounding cambial elements. The frequency and directions of pseudotransverse divisions were also examined, but realignment of the daughter cells of multiplicative division could account for only a minor part of the grain angles that developed. It is believed that cytoplasmic stress arising during differential growth in fusiform initials determines the orientation of the mitotic spindle during anticlinal division. The spindle axis, in turn, determines the. direction of chromosomal separation at anaphase, and the direction of pseudotransverse division. Hence, the direction of pseudotransverse division is thought to be symptomatic of differential growth rather than a primary cause of spiral grain. Analysis of the component features of cellular reorientation gives support to the concept of a symplastic pathway being the route of auxin movement through cambial cells.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>251</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">251</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of severe thinning and pruning treatments on the intrinsic wood properties of young radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">379-389</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth rates and intrinsic wood properties were examined in 50 trees which had undergone severe silvicultural treatments. Wood density was measured with beta-ray densitometer, using samples from 10 mm increment cores. Tracheid lengths were determined from whole-ring macerations of the same samples. &#xD;&#xD;Stem diameter growth was reduced by pruning treatments, but the effect was short-lived even in the absence of thinning. Pruning tended to increase mean wood density by up to 7% for 2 to 3 years after treatment. These effects are of little technological significance.&#xD;&#xD;An inverse relationship appeared to exist between ring width and tracheid length, and hence thinning resulted in reduced tracheid length values—the effect this on strength needs to be considered with that of the higher proportion of corewood to be expected from possible shorter rotations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical soil magnesium levels for radiata pine nutrition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">390-394</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil magnesium (Mg) levels corresponding to the critical foliar Mg level in radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) of 0.06-0.08% (600-800 ppm) were investigated in a preliminary study of eight trees on the Ahaura stony fine sandy loam in the Inangahua Depression, South Island. Of the four measures of soil Mg studied, (1) total, (2) HN0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-soluble and (3) HCl-soluble, but not (4) exchangeable, were found to give significant correlations with foliar Mg levels. HN0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-soluble and HCl-soluble Mg appear to be potentially the most useful. Critical soil levels corresponding to the critical foliar levels are approximately 300 ppm for HN0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-soluble Mg and 500-600 ppm for HCl-soluble Mg. Further studies will assess the applicability of these values both to young stands and older stands over a range of soil types.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>597</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">597</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental variables influencing the increment of radiata pine - 1: Periodic volume increment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-26</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominant trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlier work expressing quantitative relationships between the growth of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) and environmental influences generally is reviewed. On the basis of a survey of 132 sites, selected to represent a maximum range of New Zealand climates, this paper then analyses the influence of over 50 site variables upon the periodic volume increment of individual dominant trees. After the effects of age had been removed, the following variables accounted for over 66% of the remaining variation: mean annual precipitation, seasonal rainfall distribution, effective soil depth, total nitrogen and available (Olsen) phosphorus in the topsoil, and the seasonal departures of ambient temperature from postulated optima of 5°C at night and 20° during the day. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of soil testing for predicting phosphate fertiliser requirements of radiata pine at time of planting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability of soil tests for extractable phosphorus to predict height growth and fertiliser requirements of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) seedlings at time of planting in the field was examined.&#xD;The Bray 2 and Olsen tests proved to be the most satisfactory of the tests examined for predicting height growth of radiata pine seedlings on unfertilised soils. The correlation coefficients improved as the length of the growth period considered was increased from 1 to 3 years after planting. The Bray 2 test accounted for 60% of the variability in 3-year height growth of seedlings. A value of 12 ppm P was found to correspond to minimal 3-year height growth on fertile soils.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">However, none of the soil P tests examined or other soil parameters (pH, silt, clay, P retention, bulk density, and loss on ignition) proved useful for accurately predicting the response of seedlings over a 3-year period to 85 g of superphosphate applied, at time of planting, on an individual seedling basis. Superphosphate requirements ranging from 170 g per seedling when the Bray 2 test shows less than 3 ppm of P to nil when the Bray 2 test shows more than 12 ppm were tentatively deduced.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>776</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">776</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of radiata pine to superphosphate and Christmas Island &apos;C&apos; phosphate fertilisers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christmas Island ‘C’ phosphate ore (0, 52, and 104 kg/ha P) was compared with ordinary superphosphate (52 kg/ha P) in a fertiliser trial in 7-year-old radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) regeneration growing on P-deficient soil in Maramarua Forest. Growth response and foliar P level confirmed that a soil phosphate deficiency existed, and indicated that the response was related to P availability, and that even the most effective treatment (104 kg/ha P as the ore) was insufficient for optimum growth. &#xD;&#xD;It was estimated that 30% more fertiliser ore (67% more P) would be needed to produce the same volume of wood as the particular superphosphate treatment. There was no indication that the phosphate ore was a longer-lasting source of P. &#xD;&#xD;Christmas Island ‘C’ phosphate ore shows promise as a fertiliser for trees on acid clay soils. However, at present its potential is limited because it is not available in a form suitable for distribution from the air. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trans-Tasman trade in forest products in the first five years of NAFTA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products exports from New Zealand to Australia increased in free on board value from NZ$22.7 million to $29.8 million in the first five years of Nafta. Sawn Douglas fir timber was the only commodity to increase markedly in trade volume, though initial failure to grade compromised these exports. Both as a proportion of total Australian forest products imports and as a proportion of New Zealand exports, New Zealand forest products exports to Australia fell. The reverse trade decreased in value. When devaluation and inflation are allowed for, the net increase in trade is negligible. Future expansion is likely to come from deals between the monopoly pulp and paper suppliers. &#xD;&#xD;New Zealand would do better to develop an efficient wood growing industry rather than to rely on tariff preferences in Australia. Forest processing industries should be exposed to world competition as the best incentive for achieving greater efficiency. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>806</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">806</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alma, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyhedral viruses infecting two forest insect pests, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Selidosema suavis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heliothis armigera</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-58</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inclusion bodies of the cytoplasmic virosis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Selidosema suavis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Butler) are equilaterally triangular in profile and have mean vertical height of 1.93 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m</style><style face="italic" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">s.e.m. 0.05 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m. The non-occluded virions are 59 nm in diameter.&#xD;&#xD;The inclusion bodies of two isolates of the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses found infecting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heliothis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ( = </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Helicoverpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">armigera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hübner) are square in profile. The dimensions of the polyhedra and the virions of the two New Zealand isolates are given. The epizoology of one New Zealand isolate is discussed.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>404</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">404</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora heveae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a pathogen of kauri</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora heveae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Thompson was isolated from discoloured sapwood and root tissue of unthrifty kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Salisb.) trees and from soil from affected and healthy stands. Laboratory tests showed that the fungus is capable of killing kauri seedlings. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>119</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">119</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boersma, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opossums in the Hokitika River catchment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-75</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The condition, status and trend of populations of opossums (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosurus vulpecula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Kerr) in the Hokitika River catchment and its tributaries were evaluated to assess the need for, and likely effect of, control campaigns. &#xD;&#xD;Records of the history of infestation were examined. Fat reserves of males and females, growth rates, theoretical asymptotic weight of adult females, percentages of breeding animals, second breeding cycle, start of the breeding season and density were determined. &#xD;&#xD;The opossums in the headwaters of Hokitika, Mungo and middle left of the Whitcombe catchment were in good condition; population density is high and is expected to increase further. Control operations in the Hokitika-Mungo headwaters are likely to be effective in reducing opossum numbers and protecting vegetation. In the headwaters and left bank of the Whitcombe, condition was very good and density very low, but expected to increase rapidly. In the rest of the area, animals were in fair condition, with moderate and generally declining densities.  &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>253</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">253</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical properties of Corsican pine grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-93</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The physical properties of Corsican pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, Arnold) were examined using increment cores and wood discs from 41 sites. Two main classes of stand were sampled:- (1) Grown from seed imported from overseas in the 1920s; lots HO 26/1, HO 27/27 and HO 28/112. (2) Second generation stands; i.e., from seed collected in New Zealand; lots NM 46/427 and NM 47/451. Apart from the age differences between the two groups, variation between seedlots was found to be small, probably due to the fact that crops grown in New Zealand seem to be of mixed var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">calabrica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">austriaca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> origins. Wood density was consistently higher than that found in other commercially grown exotic conifers, and outerwood densities were observed to decrease with increasing altitude and latitude. A strong correlation was found between outerwood density at breast height and tree mean density. Resin content was very high, particularly in the heartwood, where it was over 20% in individual stems; this will affect the economics of pulping the older crops. However, heartwood development commences late and progresses slowly. Tracheid lengths were intermediate between those previously found for radiata pine and lodgepole pine. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>248</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">248</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cousins, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of strain rate on the surface morphology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> broken by transverse tensile forces</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small samples of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were broken by applying transverse tensile forces at a variety of strain-rates in order to determine the effects of strain-rate, moisture content, and tracheid structure on the morphology of the surfaces produced during the fracture. Microscopical examination of the surfaces showed that all three variables were of importance. In saturated earlywood, the proportion of tracheids broken in transwall failure increased as strain-rate was increased, and reached 55% at the highest strain-rate of 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sec</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. In air dry earlywood, 20% of the tracheids were broken at all rates, and in latewood fewer than 5% of tracheids were broken at both moisture contents and at all strain rates. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>835</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">835</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholls, J. W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between ring width and wood characteristics in double-stemmed trees of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood specimens were taken at breast height from trees of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) which forked near ground level. From three trees on each of three sites specimens from major and minor stems were compared ring for ring. The specimens were examined for average tracheid length, spiral grain, maximum, minimum and average density, and latewood ratio. Overall no differences were demonstrated between major and minor stems for these characteristics.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1048</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of heavy thinning on wood density in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meylan, B.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Compression wood force generation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1258</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1258</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyd, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Compression wood force generation: A rejoinder</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-118</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>65</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">65</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnes, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air-layering of grafts to overcome incompatability problems in propagating old pine trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-126</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A technique of air-layering and subsequently deep-planting 20-month-old grafts has been developed as a practical method of propagating 20- to 35-year-old plus trees of eight pine species. The method has been used successfully to preserve incompatible clones and to produce ramets of these for seed orchards. Various modifications of technique were tried to improve the rooting rate of scions but yearly variation in environmental conditions appeared to be more important than any of the treatments. Success rates of more than 90% should be attainable with a controlled environment. It is relatively easy to induce roots to develop from rootstock tissue at the graft union and further experimental work is needed to assess the value of this.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boeijink, D. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broekhuizen, J. T. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under mist</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of current-year shoots (length 12-20 cm) from lateral branches of 5 to 10-year-old Scots pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) in a greenhouse under intermittent mist, at the end of May or early June, gives very variable results. The best clones in a favourable year root with a percentage of ca. 70% in about 15 weeks. Generally many cuttings die from attack by the fungus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Botrytis cinerea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and by rotting of the basal and apical parts of the cutting. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Botrytis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> can be controlled very well with a weekly treatment of 83% captan (1.5 g/L water) or with 50% euparene (2.5 g/L water). &#xD;&#xD;To prevent rot relatively dry conditions are necessary during the propagation period. Cuttings from normal shoots however need much water during times of high temperatures. Cuttings from shoots developed from needle fascicles (length 8-10 cm, inserted at the end of July or early August) are preferable in this respect. Other advantages of these fascicle cuttings are that they generally produce more roots per cutting, can be hardened off more easily and give a better shaped plant. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>134</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">134</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brix, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of cuttings from mature Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-140</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings from most mature Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) can be rooted with fair success (average 15%) if they are collected in the autumn, treated with in dole-butyric acid and Benlate fungicide, placed in a heated rooting medium (20°C) with no air heating and kept well watered in a humid atmosphere. Clonal variation in rootability is considerable and year-to-year variation has also been found. Cuttings from trees that will not root under these conditions may be induced to root if grafted to cuttings from seedlings. A simple outdoor propagation structure for rooting of cuttings is described.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Girouard, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation of spruce by stem cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-149</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because numerous factors influence rooting and early growth of spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.) cuttings, only the most important ones are mentioned in this paper. The factors considered are: species, population, individual, age of ortet, position of cutting on the tree and branch, type and length of cutting, time of year, chemical treatment, rooting medium, and temperature of the air and of the rooting medium.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>847</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">847</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ok Hong, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of brachyblast cuttings of pines in Korea</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-152</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of brachyblast cuttings (i.e., cuttings originating from needle fascicles) is a promising technique of vegetative propagation which can be applied to pines. The technique has some advantages in obtaining larger amounts of cutting material from a selected individual and easier rooting than the normal shoot cuttings. The latter advantage is considered to be due to the higher level of growth-promoting substances contained in brachyblast cuttings.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>634</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">634</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiang, Y. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogers, O. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pike, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of eastern white pine by cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-160</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rootability studies of eastern white pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus strobus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) cuttings taken from 17-year-old ortets showed, contrary to previous work, that cuttings taken in June consistently rooted best. Optimum concentration of indole-butyric acid (IBA) varied with the date cuttings were taken. With 0.1% IBA treatment, about 60% of cuttings taken in June rooted; with 0.4% IBA, about 50% of cuttings taken in May rooted; with 0.8% IBA, 42% of cuttings taken in April rooted. Cuttings taken in June produced significantly more roots than cuttings taken in other months. Approximately 60% of cuttings were rooted within 16 weeks when collected in May and June and treated with a suitable concentration of IBA + Benlate. On cuttings taken in June there was a positive correlation between the number of roots per rooted cutting and the number of young shoots. High mortality was observed in those cuttings with many young shoots. The results suggest that June cuttings with a medium number of young shoots are best for propagation. These findings make propagation by rooted cuttings practical for this species. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1219</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1219</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wunder, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of Japanese larch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-166</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seven provenances of Japanese larch which had been studied for their adaptability to local conditions in previous experiments were tested for their rooting ability as cuttings. The influence on the rooting process of the morphology and physiology of the cuttings is demonstrated as well as the role of the substrate and the physical and ecological conditions of the chamber in which the cuttings were raised. With a cuvette specifically designed for the experiment CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-measurements of root respiration were carried out to follow the progress of the rooting. A method is given for low cost mass production of Japanese larch by vegetative propagation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>89</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">89</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benea, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristescu, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation of  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platanus x acerifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  Willd. from cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-169</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A method of rooting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platanus x acerifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Willd. cuttings with a heel gave 60-80% success, as compared with 20-50% success with simple stem cuttings; the latter method was more economical of material. Mean annual height increments were about the same with both methods, i.e., 75-80 cm.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhatnagar, H. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation rooting practices with forest trees in India</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-176</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations of most of the economically important forest species in India are usually established with seedlings, either by entire transplanting of nursery stock or by stump planting. Willows (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.) and poplars (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) are the only forest trees which are widely planted as shoot cuttings. However, rooting of cuttings is also practised to propagate, on a small scale, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bursera penicillata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Sesse et Moc. ex D.C.) Engl., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Morus alba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and a few other forest tree species. Bamboos, which are an important forest component, are widely propagated by vegetative means. With forestry becoming more intensive the interest in vegetative propagation has increased. This has prompted laboratory and field studies, to improve existing techniques, and to extend vegetative propagation to other species, e.g., teak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tectona grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.f.). This paper outlines methods already in use, and reviews the research on vegetative propagation which has been done at Dehra Dun and elsewhere in India. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>113</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">113</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bilan, M. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-180</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past experience and current research on the rooting of sweetgum cuttings (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) is scanty. Sweetgum is a difficult-to-root species. Better results have been obtained with root cuttings than with shoot cuttings. Rooting success seems to vary with growing season and age of the tissue. A current study shows promise in certain combinations of root stimulants, shoot growth inhibitors, fungicide and sugar.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>181</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">181</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, I. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-184</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grafting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has not been successful in northern New South Wales because of delayed incompatibility. Attempts to root cuttings from seedlings and coppice shoots from the bases of older trees have been moderately successful.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>217</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">217</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chmelar, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation of willows by cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rooting capacity of a total of 107 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> taxa was tested. Most taxa rooted readily in two types-over the entire cutting surface, or concentrated at the lower end. Rooting was normally rapid, taking place in 15 to 18 days. Easy to-root species rooted when cuttings were one or more years old, but poorly rooting species survived only when older and thicker cuttings were used. Cuttings of almost any size can be used. No difference in type of rooting was related to the sex of the parent.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>286</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">286</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-203</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects on rooting ability of cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Blume of position in the seedling stem and ontogenetic age are described. In cuttings taken from 3-months-old seedlings position of the cutting on the shoot system had no effect on rooting or subsequent growth. Cuttings rooted very freely when taken from upper parts of trees up to 12 months old and they appeared to grow exactly like seedlings. Corresponding material from trees aged 5 years and more completely failed to root. Stem cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. deglupta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were used as bioassay materials to test extracts from tissues of various ontogenetic ages. Responses were clear-cut, and indicate that the failure of cuttings from older trees was due to a rooting inhibitor. &#xD;&#xD;A technique for rooting large numbers of cuttings is described. Almost 100% success in rooting is achieved after 8 weeks in a misting cabinet. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>287</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">287</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grafting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">204-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approach grafting, top-cleft grafting, bottle grafting and patch grafting as applied to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Blume in Papua New Guinea are discussed. Repeated failure of the stock occurred in methods other than patch grafting. It is postulated that an inhibitor of the stock is caused by adult scion material. Lines of further research on incompatibility are suggested. &#xD;&#xD;Patch grafting, when applied to seed orchard work, is sufficiently well developed and cheap enough to be used effectively.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>352</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">352</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farmer Jr., R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation and the genetic improvement of North American hardwoods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress and problems in vegetative propagation of important North American hardwoods are reviewed with emphasis on rooting cuttings and the application of propagation techniques in breeding research. Some problems in rooting physiology are discussed.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>564</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">564</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hook, D. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kormanik, P. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McAlpine, R. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sprouting and rooting on horizontally planted cuttings of sycamore</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-227</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sycamore (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platanus occidentalis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) cuttings, 1.2 m in length, were planted horizontally at depths of 7 and 15 cm to test this type of placement in the establishment of closely spaced plantings. Sprout origin and survival were observed during the first growing season, and sprout growth and root characteristics were observed in late autumn of the first, second and third year. Sprouting was influenced primarily by bud position. Buds facing downward seldom produced sprouts and most sprouts arose from buds nearest the apex. Neither planting depth nor cultivation affected the amount of sprouting, but both influenced time of sprouting. Cultivation to control competing vegetation was necessary for satisfactory survival and growth of young sprouts. The pattern of root development was influenced by number and position of sprouts, by depth of planting, and by cultivation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>677</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">677</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kormanik, P. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of some selected hardwood forest species in the south-eastern United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiologically juvenile softwood cuttings have been successfully used to vegetatively propagate individual trees from ten genera of commercially important hardwoods from the southeastern United States. They arise from epicormic buds, and the lower on the bole that the suppressed buds are released, the greater is the chance of favorable rooting response. Stump or root collar sprouts are preferable but forced epicormic branches from the lower 4 to 6 m of the bole also give good results. The diurnal temperature fluctuation and the difficulty of maintaining rooting media temperatures between 20 °C and 28 °C are two problems encountered in propagation of rejuvenated material from mature forest trees. With our present biological information and rooting technology the vegetative propagation of softwood cuttings from the crown of mature forest trees remains extremely difficult for most species. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1041</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filho, S. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yonezawa,  T.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grafted by different methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scions from selected trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> differed in survival following grafting. The best grafting method was the side graft and the worst was budding. Both the cleft and splice methods of grafting provided some degree of success.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1116</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Václav, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of birch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-241</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">All methods of vegetative propagation can be applied to birches. Both summer and winter cuttings will root but the winter cuttings take longer. Hormones are useful in stimulating rooting. In addition, birch can be rooted by layering. Virtually all methods of grafting can be applied to the birches. Following grafting suitable scions will flower quickly and produce large quantities of fruit.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1125</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vieitez, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of chestnut</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review is made of the principal methods used for the vegetative propagation of chestnut (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Castanea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.). Results obtained by classical grafting, nursery grafting, topworking and budding are reported, as well as those from special techniques such as nurse seed grafting, juvenile tissue grafting, inverted radicle grafting, and layering. For stooling, the stage of growth of shoots is discussed as well as the effect of maleic hydrazide and the effects of etiolation caused by wrapping shoots with aluminium foil. For cuttings, the effect of juvenility, ageing, auxins and growth inhibitors are examined. The physiology of rooting is discussed, and the content of growth promoters and growth inhibitors in different types of cuttings is reported. A possible relationship is also suggested between the rootability of cuttings, their anatomical features and their content of growth promoters and growth inhibitors. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonga, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation: Tissue and organ culture as an alternative to rooting cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-260</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting cuttings is often difficult, and alternative methods of vegetative propagation should be considered. A number of herbaceous plants have been propagated effectively using various techniques of tissue and organ culture. For tree species the potential of tissue and organ culture is evident, but success so far has been limited. Cell-suspension culture may potentially be the best method for large-scale propagation of tree species. There are a number of problems associated with this technique, however, that may take several years to solve. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> culture of buds, although missing some of the advantages of cell-suspension cultures, may become a practical method of vegetative propagation for most tree species, much sooner and with less research effort than cell-suspension culture. It therefore deserves immediate consideration. &#xD;&#xD;Tissue and organ cultures are good techniques for studying the physiology of root initiation and growth. Much of the knowledge gathered in this manner will help to improve methods of tree propagation, not only by tissue and organ culture but also by conventional rooting of cuttings. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>330</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">330</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durzan, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospects for the introduction of traits in forest trees by cell and tissue culture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell and tissue cultures offer the prospect of adding traits and producing genetic combinations which could not be obtained by sexual crossing. This would involve mutation, transcession, transduction, transformation, and somatic cell hybridisation. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> methods can also be used in forestry for preservation of gene resources, production of homozygous specimens, prediction of phenotypic expression, production of disease-free specimens, study of host-parasite relations and study of mycorrhizae. It is concluded that the techniques of cell and tissue culture have considerable scope for altering the genetic quality of trees.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">388</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Fossard, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitsch, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cresswell, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, E. C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue and organ culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-278</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stems and lignotubers is described, and the responses of calluses to various auxin-cytokinin modifications of the culture medium are summarised. Regeneration of plants from such calluses was not achieved. A cultural mixture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> callus and regenerating tobacco callus did not induce regeneration of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;&#xD;Organ culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is described. Axillary bud development and root development was most frequent in nodal explants at the basal end of seedlings, particularly with foliated explants. Successful root initiation and development of plants from nodal cultures has also been achieved with older (up to 7 month) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees, using a culture medium with 5 x 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-6</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M indole-butyric acid. These plants had more than 50 nodes, and these organ cultures were initiated from nodes considerably higher than the 15th node &quot;barrier&quot; experienced with classical methods of propagation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>676</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">676</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Konar, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagmani, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture as a method for vegetative propagation of forest trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-290</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of the world&apos;s literature indicates that almost all parts of a plant can be induced to form callus if given the proper stimulus. For some plants the callus can be redifferentiated to form shoots and roots. For others, it is possible to initiate embryoids. There appears to be no reason why forest trees can not be propagated by means of tissue culture.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>193</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">193</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting stem cuttings of radiata pine: Environmental and physiological aspects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-298</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in rooting promoters and inhibitors of stem cuttings of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) were followed and the influence of various environmental parameters on rooting examined. Hormonal changes occurred with season, but these are complex and are not yet well understood. Depletion of metabolic food reserves is considered to be important in determining health and survival, as rates of net photosynthesis of cuttings rapidly approached zero immediately after detachment and remained so until the cuttings had rooted. Alleviation of moisture stress is critical to rooting of cuttings and high humidities are required for at least the first week after setting. Cuttings take up water through the cut base of the shoot, through the basal foliage left in contact with the soil and probably through foliage wetted by dew or rain. Air temperatures of 20 to 25 °C during the day provide rapid rooting, and it is thought that cold night temperatures of 5 to 10 °C are advantageous. Photoperiod does not appear to influence rooting. &#xD;&#xD;Further work is required to determine how pre-severance conditions influence the quality of shoots used as cuttings and to examine the effect of soil temperatures and night air temperatures on rooting performance. In the application of the results of this study the discussion concentrates on low-cost installations for use in forest nurseries to speed up and improve propagation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>500</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">500</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haissig, B. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Origins of adventitious roots</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-310</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper reviews and interprets selected literature concerning the locale of formation, time of development, histological origins, and histological and cytological changes that occur during adventitious root initiation and development in twigs and branches of gymnosperms and dicotyledons.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>501</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">501</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haissig, B. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influences of auxins and auxin synergists on adventitious root primordium initiation and development</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation of the actions of auxins and auxin synergists on adventitious root primordium initiation and development suggests that cellular dedifferentiation that leads to primordium initiation requires one or more enzymatically synthesized auxin-phenolic conjugates. The &quot;predisposition&quot; of cells in easy-to root tissues to initiate root primordia apparently resides partly in the availability of active enzymes and substrates necessary for synthesis of the conjugates. On the other hand, difficult-to-root tissues lack necessary active enzymes or substrates, or both.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>502</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">502</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haissig, B. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metabolism during adventitious root primordium initiation and development</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-337</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The review compiles and discusses literature concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, nitrogen, nucleic acids, and proteins during adventitious root initiation and development. In addition, the review includes discussion of approaches to the study of metabolism during adventitious root initiation, and proposes potentially productive areas for future research.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>823</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">823</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanda, K. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kochhar, V. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of auxins, antiauxin and phenol in the production and differentiation of callus on stem cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Poplus robusta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus robusta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Schneid, were treated with 0, 10 and 100 mg/L each of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-butyric acid (IBA), triiodo- benzoic acid (TIBA) and carbolic acid (CA) at the apical and basal ends after 0, 7 or 14 days. Observations on rooting, callus formation and callus differentiation were recorded. Auxins increased rooting, the effect being more marked with IBA than IAA, and when applied on day 0 rather than after 7 or 14 days. Callus was formed at the apical end of the cuttings by treatment of that end on day 0 with water or any other regulatory substance. This also occurred when the basal end was treated with TIBA or CA. The amount of callus decreased with a delay in time of treatment. Callus developed on almost the whole length above the soil when cuttings were treated with 100 mg/L IBA at the apical end, and below soil level when cuttings were treated at the basal ends. In contrast to this, callus formed by IAA remained confined to a small part of the end to which it was applied. While callus formed at the apical end by IBA differentiated into roots, that produced by TIBA or CA differentiated into shoots. The number of differentiating cells increased when the treatment was repeated. It is considered that callus is produced at a time when differentiation of cambial derivatives is not able to keep pace with cell-divisional activity and that a proper balance between the supply of auxin and assimilates is needed for organogenesis. A high sucrose to auxin ratio leads to the production of phloem, and a low sucrose to auxin ratio to xylem, which is necessary for vascularization of root primordia. A schematic representation is proposed of the possible, self-catalysing and selfperpetuating mechanism that may be involved in callus formation and its differentiation into xylem and phloem, and thus to the production of roots or shoots. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>824</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">824</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanda, K. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhattacharya, N. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kochhar, V. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochemical basis of adventitious root formation on etiolated stem segments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segments (2.5-cm-long) of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. obtained from etiolated axillary branches did not root in water or auxin alone, but rooted in 0.5% ribose, glucose and sucrose and more profusely with 0.1 mg/L in dole-acetic acid (IAA) or in dolebutyric acid (IBA) added to the medium. 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), 5-fluorouracil (FU), actinomycin-D and cycloheximide inhibited rooting. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein contents of segments cultured in glucose plus IAA were higher than in water or in glucose/ IAA solutions containing cycloheximide or actinomycin-D. New isoenzymes of peroxidase and IAA-oxidase developed in solutions containing IAA and glucose, as did two new low-molecular-weight RNAs. New isoenzymes also developed in solutions containing actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. The physiological significance of these facts is discussed, and a biochemical explanation for the root initiation process is proposed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>662</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">662</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kleinschmit, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A programme for large-scale cutting propagation of Norway spruce</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The successful development of cutting propagation of Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Karst.)) now makes breeding programmes involving large scale vegetative propagation of younger stock plants economically feasible. &#xD;&#xD;In Lower Saxony, propagation is carried out in plastic green-houses, and the costs per cutting are roughly 30% above the costs of seedling plants. Selection of elite clones is undertaken from a very large number of seedlings, and about 21,000 clones with 400,000 plants are being tested at the present time. Clones which have already been through two selection stages are immediately handed over for use in practical forestry. &#xD;&#xD;Experiments show an estimated genetic gain in growth rate of 40%, from synthetic multiclonal varieties, compared with the population mixtures normally used for afforestation. In comparison with selected provenances, the gain would be approximately 20%. &#xD;&#xD;Especial value is attached to the maintenance of genetic variation in the synthetic varieties in order to withstand dangers which may arise, partly from the early age of selection (up to 20 years). </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>698</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">698</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lepistö, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successful propagation by cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Finland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-370</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation of Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Karst) by cuttings, begun experimentally on a small scale in 1962 at the Foundation for Forest Tree Breeding in Finland, was greatly expanded in 1969. The object is to evolve a method capable of producing planting stock in amounts large enough for forest establishment. At present rooting takes place in two plastic greenhouses which are automatically ventilated and irrigated. One of the greenhouses is also provided with a heating system. The material used in the experiments consists of the best individuals selected from young progeny tests with spruce. Rooting has been successful during the past years, increasing to 95% of a total of some 150,000 cuttings in 1972. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>880</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">880</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pawsey, C. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of grafts of radiata pine made with scions of various origins</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-372</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scions from seven sources were grafted onto seedlings of one full-sib family of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don). The object of the trial is to obtain data on juvenility/maturation and incompatibility effects, particularly the differential diameter growth of stock and scion. Ten months after establishment, grafts with scions of one-year seedlings showed the best survival and height growth. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>913</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">913</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rauter, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A short term tree improvement programme through vegetative propagation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-377</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A programme, originated in 1972, for selecting, vegetatively reproducing and testing nusery stock of black and white spruce in Ontario is described. Height, diameter and branching habit are the criteria used for selection. Results of experiments in terms of rooting and field performance will provide information on effectiveness of selection, the clonal repeatability and total genetic variation of certain characteristics, prior to selection of the best clones for large scale propagation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>953</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">953</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roulund, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative study of characteristics of seedlings and clonal cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">378-386</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper is concerned with the nature of the improvement that can be obtained from using cuttings in forestry. Potentially, this improvement represents both gain in the characters under selection and greater uniformity in the tree crop. &#xD;&#xD;One experiment involved both Sitka spruce and Norway spruce. In each species cuttings of eight clones and a population of seedlings were planted and studied during a three-year period. Each clone was highly uniform in date of flushing. With respect to height growth and stem form, however, the clones did not show consistently greater uniformity than the seedlings. &#xD;&#xD;In the other experiment a 29-year-old clonal planting of Norway spruce was compared with seven 16-year-old seedling families for height, diameter, and branching habit. In this material the effects of competition, and of the duration of the competition, appear to have had an over-riding effect on variability between trees. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>982</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">982</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thulin, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early results  from a clonal selection and testing programme with radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-398</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selections were made of 216 trees of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) in 6-year-old stands, from which rooted cuttings were propagated and planted in a clonal test. Assessment of growth rates and morphological characters at age 6 years from setting has provided estimates of clonal differences, clonal and phenotypic correlations between characters, and predicted gains from selection on clone means. &#xD;&#xD;Differences between clone means and clonal repeatabilities were substantial and therefore predicted gains from reselection on clone means were high for most characters, especially growth rate. Comparisons of rate of height growth between seedlings and cuttings gave some indication that cuttings have a lower growth potential than seedlings. The clonal correlation between growth rate and branch diameter was high, indicating the difficulty of selecting small-branched yet fast-growing clones. &#xD;&#xD;Fifty of the clones were repropagated from ramets in the first test and a second clonal test was planted. Assessment of the second test at age 2 years from setting gave preliminary indications of poor repeatability of results between the two tests. &#xD;&#xD;A possible way of maintaining high repeatability of growth rate in successive repropagations would be to maintain hedges of all clones. Before a clonal programme is applied to afforestation it is essential to verify that select clones retain their superiority through repeated repropagations. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1056</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1056</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wells, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of the growth of vegetative propagules and seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">399-409</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reports the results, during the first 5 years after planting, of a field trial designed to compare the growth of seedlings with that of grafts and cuttings taken from ortets of different ages. &#xD;&#xD;The difference in size at age 5 could be attributed mainly to differences in the size of the trees at planting. However, the calculation of relative growth rate (RGR) values, and the correction of these values for covariance on tree size, enabled growth rates to be looked at independently of planting size. The corrected data for the fourth and fifth years then showed that (i) grafts had lower RGRs than cuttings, apparently because of graft incompatibility; (ii) during the first three years the seedlings had higher RGRs than cuttings. &#xD;&#xD;The use of cuttings, rather than seedlings, in a plantation establishment programme will lengthen the time from planting to canopy closure. Information is not yet available on growth effects subsequent to that time. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toda, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation in relation to Japanese forest tree improvement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410-417</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In some regions of Japan, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and some other conifers have long been propagated by cuttings. This has resulted in the differentiation of cultivars in these localities, since vegetative propagation reduced genetic diversity and increased the number of ramets of certain genotypes when foresters recognised that some morphological traits indicated the superiority of the genotypes. The problem of &quot;varieties&quot; was the principal concern of Japanese silviculturists during the earlier half of this century. &#xD;&#xD;The planning of tree improvement programmes was also influenced by the practice of vegetative propagation and the existence of cultivars. Selected plustrees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were prescribed to be propagated by cuttings, and it was expected that the best clones of them would be designated as new cultivars after clonal tests. This objective has, however, been abandoned because uniformity of planting stocks, involving lack of genetic diversity, is not necessary or desirable in silviculture. Even when mixed clones are planted foresters will easily select their favourite clones out of the mixture. &#xD;&#xD;Vegetative propagation by cuttings is a useful tool in the study of forest genetics, but it is not prudent for a tree improvement project to employ ramets of a limited number of plus-trees directly in commercial forestry. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">155</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of vegetative propagules for obtaining genetic information</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418-425</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two or more vegetative propagules per clone can provide estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances and covariances in populations, and of the genotypic values of parent trees. When planted on several sites they can provide information about genotype-site interactions. In theory, at least, vegetative propagules from a set of clones can provide information far more efficiently and/or precisely than a set of seedling progenies. But this information, unless applied to a situation where vegetative propagation is used to produce planting stock, can be seriously biased by such factors as topophysis and non-additive gene effects. Topophysis, which is often irreversible, may be circumvented by the clonal replication of young seedlings. Cuttings are normally much more suitable than grafts for providing genetic information. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>401</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">401</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furukoshi, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is there an inverse correlation between sexual and asexual reproduction in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">426-432</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The possibility of an inverse correlation of sexual and asexual reproduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, suggested by the poor flowering of good-rooting clones, was investigated on three sets of suitable data. Clones with most reliable&apos;data showed such a relationship to be moderately strong. When forestwide data were analysed, no relationship was found, but tests of skewness and expected crown-cone bearing relationship raised questions of whether flowering and rooting records were adequate for the individual trees used. The data suggest that use of good-rooting clones should be discouraged in seed orchards if they show poor flowering ability. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holzer, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of cuttings of Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(L.) Karsten) in phenological research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">433-439</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the natural distribution and the genetic variability of Norway spruce. The variation is sufficient to allow the selection of physiologically distinctive clones which, after vegetative propagation, can be established on a number of divergent sites and used for phenological observations.&#xD;&#xD;The climate of the European Alps is extremely variable and an understanding of it in connection with the physiological behaviour of provenances will prevent many reforestation problems.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>701</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">701</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libby, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of vegetative propagules in forest genetics and tree improvement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">440-447</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation, in theory and in practice, offers advantages for research in several areas of forest biology. It also has a direct practical application in the use of rooted cuttings or other forms of vegetative propagules in afforestation. The most severe difficulties which presently prevent these theoretical advantages from being realised are associated with phase change and maturation of apical meristems. Many of these difficulties can be avoided by propagating from very young trees, or by manipulating clones to keep some members in the juvenile phase of growth. These latter can continue to serve as donors of vegetative propagules which will have a consistent stage of maturation at the time of planting. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1117</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1117</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Driessche, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reciprocal grafting between three spruce species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">448-453</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reciprocal grafting of Sitka spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bong.) Carr.), white spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. glauca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Moench) Voss), and Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Karst.) was carried out so that young and old scion material of each species occurred on rootstocks of all three species. Most mortality took place in the first 18 months; half or more of the ramets bearing young material survived for 5 years regardless of combination. Survival of ramets involving old material was generally poor, although 60% of old Norway spruce scions survived on white spruce stocks, and 40% of old Sitka spruce scions survived on Norway spruce stocks. &#xD;&#xD;Coning began in the fourth year on three old Sitka scions. Norway spruce rootstock reduced the number of branches per ramet, but no significant effect of rootstock on height or diameter was detected. Foliar nitrogen and potassium concentration of young material was related to scion species, but foliar calcium concentration was related to stock species. &#xD;&#xD;Inter-specific grafting within the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is possible although definite rootstock effects have so far been small. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>702</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">702</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libby, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A summary statement on the 1973 Vegetative Propagation meeting in Rotorua, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">454-458</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1140</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1140</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardle, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of introduced mammals on the forest and shrublands of the Grey River headwaters</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">459-486</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The forests of the Grey River headwaters are ecotonal between the mixed podocarp and large-leaved hardwood forests which prevail further south in mid- Westland, and the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests which prevail further north. At low altitudes, in the south and west of the survey area, the dominant species are kamahi and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quintinia acutifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, with some rimu, miro, kahikatea, Hall&apos;s totara, southern rata and mountain cedar. At high altitudes mountain cedar, pink pine, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dracophyllum traversii, Olearia ilicifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. lacunosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> dominate. In the north and east the dominant species are red beech, silver beech, and mountain beech. The sub-alpine shrublands are of more uniform composition and are dominated by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dracophyllum longifolium, D. uniflorum, Phormium colensoi, Podocarpus nivalis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and leatherwood in places. &#xD;&#xD;The forests and shrublands were divided into 17 associations by using a numerical procedure. The composition, structure and habitat of each is described. The influence of ungulates (particularly red deer) and of opossums on each association and on sub-units of the survey area was determined by considering the susceptibility of the vegetation to browsing, the extent of modification in the vegetation resulting from past use, and the pattern of use at the time of the survey. It was found that in most cases the seral lacebark-broadleaf and kamahi-broadleaf associations were the most susceptible to the ungulates, were the most modified from the original condition and were also receiving the greatest ungulate use at the time of the survey. The sub-alpine shrub associations were generally the least susceptible, the least modified and were receiving the least ungulate use. The kamahi-dominated associations were the most susceptible to opossum damage and were receiving the greatest opossum use at the time of the survey, while the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests were the least susceptible and were receiving the least use. &#xD;&#xD;The areas most susceptible to ungulate damage were in the south where the forest was predominantly mixed podocarp and large-leaved hardwood and the least susceptible were in the north where </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species dominate. The areas where the vegetation was most modified by ungulates were the Crooked and Haupiri Catchments and the Elliot Range while the least modified were in the vicinity of Mt Te Kinga, around Bald Hill and in the Upper Grey. Ungulate use at the time of the survey was greatest in the Crooked, Haupiri and Upper Grey Catchments and least around Mt Te Kinga and Bald Hill. The most susceptible areas to damage by opossums were in the south and at the time of the survey opossum sign was most evident in the Crooked and Haupiri Catchments and in the vicinity of Mt Te Kinga. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>841</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">841</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuttall, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhyssa lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), as a parasite of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-494</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhyssa lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Kirby), a native of North America, was found in New Zealand in 1955. It parasitises </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. and was initially the most plentiful rhyssine emerging from logs taken from forests in which it had been found. Although the total level of parasitism appears unchanged, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has since been almost completely superseded by the closely related </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhyssa persuasoria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.). Adult </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. persuasoria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> begin emerging a few weeks earlier than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and this seems to give them a competitive advantage. &#xD;&#xD;Between 1959 and 1964 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was liberated in nine forests but has not yet been recovered from any of them. It has, however, spread naturally to five forests in the southern half of the North Island. The furthest of these are 240 km apart. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. lineolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was exported to Tasmania in 1962 for insectary breeding and field release.  </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of temperature and leaf wetness period on infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">495-501</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conidia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistrorna pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary was studied at all combinations of four different temperature regimes (day/night temperatures: 24/16°C, 20/12°C, 16/8°C, and 12/4°C) and four leaf wetness periods (8, 24, 48hr, and continuous moisture). Germination of conidia, although favoured by higher temperatures, did not vary greatly between treatments. Successful infection occurred under all treatments and was greater on foliage more than one year old than on foliage less than a year old. Strornata appeared sooner with higher temperatures and longer leaf wetness periods. The incidence of infection, however, increased greatly under continuous moisture at 20/12°C and, to a lesser extent, at 24/16°C. No other significant differences between treatments in incidence of infection were detected. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>386</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florence, R. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamb, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of stand and site on radiata pine litter in South Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">502-510</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sand dune soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within plantations of radiata pine in the south-east of South Australia, variation in the soil type appears to have a greater effect on litter accumulation than variation in site productivity. Differences in litter accumulation are probably related to differences in rates of litter decomposition rather than litterfall. Relatively large accumulations of litter are found on most sand dune soils in the region, and this could contribute to problems of continuing site productivity on them.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>611</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">611</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in levels of indole-acetic acid and abscisic acid in stem tissues of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">511-519</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem tissue samples from young radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) trees growing in the forest were collected at intervals throughout one annual growth cycle, and the amounts of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) measured. The amount of IAA increased in late winter but was otherwise not well correlated with cambial growth patterns. ABA content fluctuated during the summer in apparent response to seasonal moisture stress and showed some correlation with cambial growth.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>726</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">726</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating crown weights of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from branch variables</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">520-528</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression analysis of two sets of sample branches indicated that branch sample position within the crown affects the relationships between branch size and the weights of needles and wood material. Clonal variation was statistically significant in equations for predicting needle weight. Traditional methods of estimating crown weights from branch size underestimated actual weights in an independent set of sample trees. The degree of underestimation was small for wood plus bark, but as large as 19% for foliage weights. Correcting estimates for bias in the regression technique only partially compensated for the discrepancy in foliage estimates. The remaining bias was apparently due to the effect of branch position in crown on estimating equations. However, incorporating the relative height of the branch within crown in regressions led to overcompensation with weight estimates up to 21% above actual weights. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of thinning in radiata pine plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-539</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominant trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of non-commercial and production thinning during the rotation of a commercial forest plantation are discussed. Such factors as log size, tree size and stand volume are considered briefly to emphasise the relative profitability of a management regime is a function of all costs and all benefits. The enhanced future value of the residual stand is a major benefit from all thinning. &#xD;&#xD;Economic analysis, using simulation to compare alternative management regimes, confirms non-commercial thinning to be profitable relative to delayed thinning. Production thinning might be even more profitable if done before intense stand competition develops. &#xD;&#xD;If, late in the rotation, there is no thinning then dense stands result, with intense competition on the dominant trees. Production thinning then could be beneficial, sustaining crop tree growth and resulting in both profitable and silviculturally desirable management. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of the effects of two thinning regimes on some wood properties of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">540-551</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stems from 25-year-old radiata pine trees, grown on the same site, were examined to determine the effects of moderate and heavy thinning on growth rate and several wood properties. &#xD;&#xD;Thinning caused a greater proportion of the volume increment to be accumulated near the base of the stem and effected a temporary decrease in log form. At the time of clear felling, 15 years after the first differential thinning, the heavily thinned stems had a mean tree volume 28% greater than the moderately thinned controls but there was no significant difference in log form. The mean percentage of heartwood was similar in both crops. &#xD;&#xD;Wood density and tracheid length levels were reduced by thinning but there were no significant differences between treatments in tree mean densities at age 25 years. Compared to older unthinned stands of the same mean diameter, the regimes examined here resulted in wood of 8% to 10% lower density and estimated tracheid lengths shorter by 10% or more. &#xD;&#xD;Compression wood formation was found to be related to the rate of growth after thinning and occupied up to 20% of the volume increment of the bottom log for the first 5 years following treatment. This was not associated with increased eccentricity in the stems, but appeared to be a response to the changed environment, possibly through increased auxin production or as a direct result of increased wind sway. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>636</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">636</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre and fibre network behaviour in strained wet webs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">552-558</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The behaviour of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) latewood fibres and latewood fibre networks in unstrained, strained, and ruptured wet webs at 22 to 32% solids were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Visible changes with pulp beating and web straining were examined with reference to fibre morphology, fibre collapse, fibre fibrillation, fibre orientation, and web consolidation. &#xD;&#xD;Extensively kinked and twisted unbeaten latewood fibres were irreversibly straightened in a strained wet web. Beating treatments fibrillated fibre surfaces and produced fines which formed interfibre fibrillar networks in wet webs. These fibrillar networks were progressively disrupted as wet webs were strained to rupture. Disrupted fibrillar material aggregated about individual fibre surfaces. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>70</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">70</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batcheler, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodder, R. A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tests of a distance technique for inventory of pine plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-17</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimates of stocking, basal area and volume of three Canterbury pine stands were made using a distance technique and the standard New Zealand Forest Service bounded plot sampling method. Although the two techniques gave similar estimates of all three parameters, several differences in sampling characteristics were found.&#xD;&#xD;The distance technique involves much less (1/28) time per sample, and about half the time to obtain estimates of equal precision, compared with the time required by plot sampling. Sample means of diameter at breast height (d.b.h.), stocking, and volume on basal area regressions all differed between the two methods, but these differences cancelled out in the determinations of average volume.&#xD;&#xD;Our main conclusion is that, assuming a given amount of time and money is available for field work, the distance technique gives a more comprehensive sample of variability within a stand, and therefore that this method is less prone to errors of inadequate sampling.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, T. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient relationships of radiata pine in Tasman Forest, Nelson</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-32</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A combination of soil and foliar analyses, simple correlation analysis, and stepwise linear multiple regression analysis was used to investigate growth differences within second rotation, regenerated radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) stands on Mapua hill soils in Tasman Forest, Nelson. The soils have very low levels of most plant nutrients but accumulation sites such as gully bottoms and steeper slopes have been rejuvenated by deposition and erosion processes respectively. These sites thus tend to have a slightly higher nutrient status than the eroded main and spur ridges. This is reflected in better tree growth. The data suggest that phosphorus deficiency, nitrogen deficiency, and high manganese uptake resulting from high soil acidity are the most important nutritional factors limiting growth of radiata pine on hard sites. A close relationship between phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition was indicated. It is suggested that with adequate additions of phosphate and lime, the nitrogen balance of the system could be improved by increasing the rate of mineralisation of soil organic matter to an extent where additions of nitrogen would be unnecessary. A critical foliar level of approximately 700 ppm is indicated for manganese toxicity in radiata pine in Tasman Forest. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>421</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">421</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-41</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments, designed to give more information about the suppression of litter decomposition by radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) roots and their associated microflora, were carried out. In the first, root activity was reduced by cutting the boundaries of small areas of the forest floor in an unthinned stand. Samples collected after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months showed that less litter accumulated in areas where root activity was reduced and that the development of mycelial mats in the litter was greatest where mycorrhizal roots were present. Soil moisture content was increased where treatment had involved soil disturbance, but no significant differences attributable to treatment were observed in net amounts of major nutrients or pH. In the second experiment, litter decomposition in the presence of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots was studied in the laboratory. Decomposition was slower when mycorrhizal roots were present. It was concluded that the presence of external mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi suppressed litter decomposition. The mechanism of suppression is not clear but moisture and pH did not play an important part in it. Competition for nutrients may have been involved. It is suggested that suppression of decomposition by mycorrhizas may be a major factor in the formation of raw humus. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alma, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of pupae of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heliothus armigera </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Paecilomyces farinosus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epizootics of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Paecilomyces farinosus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Dicks ex Fr.) Brown and Smith on overwintering populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heliothis armigera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hubner pupae in 1989 and 1970 are described. In the study area the disease patterns were similar in both years. 50% of the pupae were killed before the ends of the winters. It was concluded that it was unlikely to have a significant effect on the numbers of caterpillars in subsequent generations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>954</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">954</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowe, L. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall interception by mountain beech</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study of rainfall interception by mountain beech forest was carried out in the Craigieburn Range, Canterbury, for 6 summers. Of the gross rainfall, 60.1% was recorded as throughfall, 1.3% as stemflow and 38.6% as interception loss. High rates of evaporation from interception storage were inferred. Significant linear relationships were determined for gross rainfall and throughfall, and for interception loss. No significant differences could be detected between sites or years for these relationships. Loss of rainfall back into the atmosphere was about 250 to 275 mm for the period November to May.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>612</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">612</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, P. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal trends in translocation of </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C photosynthate and their association with wood formation in radiata pine seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-73</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don), in their first year after transplanting from nursery beds, were labelled with </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">2 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">then harvested 3 weeks or, in one case, 6 weeks later. The proportion of current photosynthate retained by main stem needles fell from summer to low levels throughout winter then a rise occurred at the time of elongation growth in spring. The share of photosynthate to the lower stem wood rose from summer to a peak in autumn then dropped to low levels in midwinter and at time of flushing.&#xD;&#xD;Cell measurements showed that maximum cross-sectional cell wall area coincided with the maximum relative labelling of the lower stem. When cell production is considered cell wall deposition was at a maximum slightly preceding this maximum relative labelling. The period of increase in relative labelling of the lower stem is prior to latewood formation and at a time of active cell division in the seedlings.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>960</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">960</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sands, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiata pine bark - aspects of morphology, anatomy and chemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The gross morphology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bark is quantitatively described and the periodicity of periderm development is discussed. Variability in anatomical components, and in extractives obtained with petroleum ether, ether, ethanol and hot water extraction of the bark is assessed.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preferential use of the bark from the butt log as a source of phenols for adhesives, and of cork is advocated.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1195</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1195</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water relations of three planting stock types of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">following transplanting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to water stress following transplanting was investigated in a series of experiments in a plant house with three types of planting stock, (a) bare-rooted and wrenched monthly, (b) bare-rooted and wrenched at fortnightly intervals, and (c) potted. &#xD;&#xD;Seedling response, as reflected in relative leaf water content, leaf elongation, and whole plant transpiration was monitored during a drying regime in an environment with a high evaporative demand maintained during daylight hours. Soil water potential and potential evapotranspiration were monitored in conjunction with plant response. Root density and the total length of root per plant were measured at the beginning and end of the drying regime. &#xD;&#xD;The results indicated large differences in the response of bare-rooted and potted planting stock to a regime of drying soil moisture following transplanting. Data for both leaf elongation and transpiration as a function of relative leaf water content indicated that these physiological properties of the three stocks were similar. Modification of the root systems did not greatly alter root density although it did produce large differences in the total length of root per seedling. As differences in the response of planting stock could not be accounted for by differences in root density and the volume of the root zone, it is implied that the seedlings&apos; initial response to water stress was dominated in these studies by the relative water content of the leaf following transplanting. &#xD;&#xD;Interpretation of results in terms of current theory for transfer of water to the root system implies that the effect of root density and the volume of the root zone on the plants&apos; response to water stress requires further study. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McQuire, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of wood density on preservative retention in fence posts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-109</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey of basic density in the retention zone of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don) posts has shown that there is considerable variation in material treated in commercial operations throughout New Zealand. With high density material a plant operator can fulfill the treatment requirements as set out in the specification of the Timber Preservation Authority (TPA) and yet can fail to meet the retention zone requirements when samples are taken for analysis and results are expressed individually as a percentage of the oven-dry wood weight. This problem is most likely to be met in North Auckland where mean wood density is markedly higher than in the rest of the country.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>637</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">637</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of beating, beaters, and wood quality on wet web strength</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-118</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of beating, beater type, and fibre quality on the wet web strength of several radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) kraft pulps were examined. &#xD;&#xD;Wet strength increased linearly with increasing dry strength except for unbeaten and heavily beaten pulps. Wet/dry strength ratios were unaffected by changes in wood density although beating developed wet strength more rapidly in long-fibred than in short-fibred pulps.&#xD;&#xD;Beating effects which influenced dry handsheet properties also affected corresponding wet web properties. Lampen mill beating gave lower wet and dry stretch than either PFI or Valley beating. The wet web behaviour of compression wood and Lampen mill beaten pulps indicated that the internal structure of fibres may influence wet web properties as well as dry handsheet properties.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1062</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweney, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods for sampling foliage and insect populations of the beech forest canopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-122</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>747</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">747</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manson, B. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protection forests of the Wairau catchment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-142</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structure and composition of the forests of the Wairau were determined from information collected at 365 permanently marked plots.&#xD;&#xD;The forests were classified into associations using a multi-linkage cluster analysis and Sorensen&apos;s &quot;k&quot; index of similarity. The structure and habitat of each of these associations were described, and their condition in relation to the influences of animals was evaluated.&#xD;&#xD;Forest condition was found to be poorest in the forests close to timber line, and those to the east of the catchment.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>685</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">685</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamb, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florence, R. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of soil type on the nitrogen and phosphorus content of radiata pine litter</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within plantations of radiata pine in the south-east of South Australia, soil type strongly influences both the weight of litter accumulated on the forest floor and the litter nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in litter are smaller, and rates of nutrient turnover are slower on sand podzol soils than on meadow podzols, humus podzols and terra rossa-influenced sands. The weights of nitrogen and phosphorus immobilised in the litter layers on the widely planted sand podzol soils may represent a large proportion of the total weights of these elements in the above-ground components of the plantation stands and could be associated with the problems of maintaining long-term productivity in these plantations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clones on four different sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toppling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood as indicated by opacity to light was studied in 18 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones replicated within and between four different sites. At all sites it was more prevalent in the lower bole. Differences between sites in compression wood occurrence could be related to exposure, toppling of trees after planting, and the presence of leaning trees at stand margins. It is suspected that soil phosphate deficiency reduced compression wood formation at one site. The percentage of compression wood, including very mild grades, was typically 30-45%, but differences between sites and up the stem occurred more in the amount of severe compression wood.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between ramets of a clone at a single site the sum of lean and butt sweep up to 4.25 m from the ground was more closely related to compression wood rating than any other measured crookedness parameter.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The clones differed in propensity to form compression wood. Stems that are initially very straight or very crooked will apparently contain either little or abundant compression wood respectively. However, moderately crooked stems may straighten with strongly developed compression wood or, at the other extreme, remain crooked with only slight compression wood, depending on genotype. &#xD;&#xD;At no site were sinuosity and compression wood correlated, within or between clones.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>705</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">705</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lill, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waid, J. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile phytotoxic substances formed by litter of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-170</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatiles from radiata forest litter were shown to inhibit seedling growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trifolium repens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (white clover), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lolium perenne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (perennial ryegrass), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Seed germination of ryegrass and radiata was also reduced. This effect was not due to CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, reduced O</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concentrations, or a compound soluble in water or paraffin wax. The authors have not yet shown that this effect occurs in the field.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1049</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1049</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crowe, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selective pruning of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-195</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To evaluate selective butt log (6 m) pruning 14 treatments (most combinations of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-lift pruning removing a nominal 20, 35, 50 and 60% of the green crown at each lift) were applied in unthinned (initial spacing 2.4 x 1.8 m) radiata pine stands. Selected trees were dominants in all treatments, except one. In application, the nominal pruning intensities were substantially exceeded. &#xD;&#xD;The size of the knotty core decreased with an increase in both the severity and the frequency of pruning. For a given severity, pruning to 6 m in three, instead of two, lifts decreased the knotty core by 2.5 cm. For a given pruning lift the size of the knotty core was related to the tree height at the time of pruning. An increase of 1 m in tree height was equivalent to an increase of 1.5 cm in the diameter of the knotty core-indicating the importance of timely pruning.&#xD;&#xD;The size of the largest branch and total basal area of branches removed decreased with an increase in both the intensity and frequency of pruning. &#xD;&#xD;Loss of dominance became important if over 40% of the length of the green crown was pruned. For those schedules considered most practical only 25-50% of the pruned dominants remained dominant. At these pruning intensities the proportion of good form stems increased.&#xD;&#xD;Some loss of height increment occurred in all pruning treatments. Losses increased with the increase in both pruning severity and frequency: basal area increment trends were similar but more marked. For the more practical pruning schedules height and basal area increments were respectively, 11-25%, and 38-57% lower than the controls. In the absence of thinning, restoration of normal increments was observed only in the least severe pruning treatments. Measurements of form at the end of the trial failed to reveal any trends between treatments.&#xD;&#xD;Adventitious (&quot;epicormic&quot;) shoots became more prevalent when either pruning severity or frequency increased. For the practical schedules at least 45% of stems can be expected to produce some adventitious shoots. Thinning of pruned stems favoured their development.&#xD;&#xD;Twenty percent of pruned codominants later became dominants.&#xD;&#xD;The major management implication is that since small knotty cores must be a prime pruning objective and since this necessitates intensive pruning in three lifts, heavy thinning at the time of pruning is desirable, in order to minimise losses in dominance and stem diameter growth. &#xD;&#xD;The suggested early tending regime to achieve a mean knotty core of 12.5 cm&#xD;is:&#xD;At height 5.0 m prune 4-500 stems/ha to 2.0-2.5 m (and thin out all unpruned stems at each pruning lift);&#xD;At height 7.5 m prune 300 stems/ha to 4.3 m; &#xD;At height 10.0 m prune 200 stems/ha to 6.0 m.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>282</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">282</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cserjesi, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of chlorinated phenols from concentrated boron solutions containing these phenols added as their sodium salts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-200</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium salts of chlorinated phenols are added to the solutions for boron diffusion treatment of timber for added protection against moulds and sapstain fungi. The evolution of chlorinated phenols from the treating solutions was studied under laboratory conditions and it was found that their concentration in air above the solutions can be reduced to a safe level by increasing the pH of a solution.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kershaw, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution and infection period of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-208</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ascospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since its discovery in the central North Island of New Zealand in 1959, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rohde) Petrak, a needle parasite of Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco), has spread over much of the country. It can now be found in most areas where Douglas fir is grown in the North Island and in a number of localities in the South Island, mostly in the northern half. In several North Island areas infected trees are now partly defoliated, but whether </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gaeumannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is the prime cause has yet to be determined.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In observations over three years, ascospores were first found within pseudothecia in late August or early September. The percentage of such mature pseudothecia increased to a maximum between September and December but then declined, becoming infrequent during January and February.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on trees and potted seedlings showed that foliage exposed to natural infection for several weeks following flush (late October-November) attained levels of infection exceeding 80%. Infection of foliage exposed after about mid-December to January was reduced to 6% or less. Emergence of pseudothecia was first observed in April and by June they were large enough to be seen with the naked eye.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>665</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">665</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copper deficiency in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in a peat soil nursery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-218</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A disorder which hitherto had affected radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) seedlings sporadically in Sweetwater Forest Service Nursery became more widespread in the summer-sown crop of 1973. Visual symptoms in 6-month-old seedlings were:&#xD;(i) Needle-tip necrosis, generally affecting all but the youngest needles in the apical tuft of primary foliage;&#xD;(ii) Depressed and wilted appearance of the seedling tops, resulting from abnormal downward curving of the outer apical tuft needles;&#xD;(iii) Apical tuft needles slightly darker than in normal plants; and&#xD;(iv) Stunted growth.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical analyses of shoots and foliage from normal and affected seedlings growing in this peat-based nursery showed that the affected seedlings were abnormally low in copper content, containing less than 2 ppm. Peat from an area with a high incidence of the disorder contained only 0.7 ppm total copper. Copper extractable by dilute hydrochloric acid was also low, amounting to 0.1 ppm. Foliage sprays and soil applications of copper oxychloride and cuprous oxide restored affected seedlings to normal appearance and vigour within 6 weeks.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1174</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1174</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General and specific combining ability in eight selected clones of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-225</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eight selected seed orchard clones of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) were mated together in a factorial mating design, with four clones as female and four as male parents. The progeny were planted at Kaingaroa Forest and measured 5 years after planting.&#xD;&#xD;Vigour, stem straightness, branching quality, and resistance to a needle cast disease associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Naemacyclus minor</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> all showed highly significant general combining ability effects. Only height, diameter, and volume showed important specific combining ability effects.&#xD;&#xD;The cross between clones 96 and 55 was the best of the 16 crosses tested. Its exceptional vigour resulted from high specific combining ability together with the good general combining ability of both its parents. This full-sib family also exhibited good stem straightness and excellent branching characteristics, and suffered little from needle cast.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>514</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">514</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Differentiated callus nodules in resin pockets of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laws</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-229</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1069</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1069</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Competition quotient in young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">230-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>229</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">229</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clarke, C. M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eruption, deterioration and decline of the Nelson red deer herd</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-249</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data are presented on population increase, physical deterioration and decline of red deer during the period 1900-1960, throughout the northern South Island region. Densities are mapped at decade intervals between 1910 and 1950. Population numbers increased rapidly after liberation in 1861; highest densities occurred between 1925 and 1940. Population peaks varied from 3-13 years in duration 10-30 years after colonisation and were primarily influenced by food supplies and speed of population increase in the different regions. Depletion of food supplies by deer is proposed as the reason for general physical deterioration of populations during the peak eruptive period. Decline of food supplies and associated population stress, coupled with harsh winter weather (especially in 1928-31 and 1939-42) resulted in overall herd decline.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>157</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">157</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar macronutrient concentrations and foliage retention in radiata pine clones on four sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-259</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) clones on four sites, at Glenbervie, Whakarewarewa (Whaka), Gwavas and Berwick State Forest, was analysed for N, P, K, Mg and Ca. Foliage longevity was recorded and crown density scored visually.&#xD;&#xD;At Glenbervie P deficiency was confirmed, and Ca deficiency was possible. Mg was just adequate at Whaka. Otherwise, available macronutrients appeared abundant.&#xD;&#xD;Clonal differences in concentrations of individual nutrients occurred within sites rather than persisting over several sites.&#xD;&#xD;Among clones, foliar nutrient concentrations were independent of growth rates; in particular, differences in P content were unrelated to large differences in tolerance of P deficiency. Hence foliar analysis, although reflecting average nutrient status of a population, appears less reliable for individual genotypes. &#xD;&#xD;Tree-to-tree correlations within clones between different nutrients showed few clear patterns, but there was a general positive association between P and K levels.&#xD;&#xD;Foliage was retained much longer at the sites which were drier and had no evident nutrient deficiency. Foliage longevity although differing between clones was unrelated to crown density or growth rate, except at Glenbervie.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>666</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">666</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zinc deficiency in nursery-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">260-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A disorder which affected the 1973/74 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedling crop locally in several areas of Sweetwater Forest Service Nursery, was found to be associated with abnormally low foliar zinc concentrations (&lt; 6 ppm).</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The visual symptoms generally corresponded closely to those described in the literature for pine seedlings raised in zinc-free solution culture.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Affected seedlings responded positively to foliar application of dilute zinc sulphate solution within 7-8 weeks of treatment, while control plants showed no improvement.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As several of the beds affected by the disorder were clearly divided along their length into &apos;good&apos; and &apos;poor&apos; halves, it is possible that the deficiency was induced by locally excessive fertilizer deposition during bed preparation.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>598</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">598</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chittenden, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental variables influencing the increment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 2: Effects of seasonal drought on height and diameter increment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparisons between well-watered and experimentally droughted trees of identical genotype, over a period of 5 years, showed that height and diameter growth of unstressed trees continued throughout the year at Rotorua, N.Z. Height increment attained maximum levels during October/November, followed by a peak of cross-sectional-area growth in February, and a secondary peak of height increment during March/April.&#xD;&#xD;Drought imposed during winter/spring reduced height growth considerably during late spring, resulting in an apparent shift of peak growth; while summer/ autumn drought virtually eliminated the secondary peak of height increment. Cross-sectional-area increment was most strongly reduced by imposed drought during the summer and autumn, and showed marked but over-compensating rehydration responses following removal of drought stress. However, the adverse effects of sustained drought on height increment continued for some time after rewatering. Effects on bud and shoot development are also discussed.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, W. R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water status and growth initiation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287-295</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water content and water potential in stools of three clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. were studied over the dormant period. To determine the site and magnitude of water loss, sealed and unsealed cuttings were held in a range of relative humidities and weighed periodically. Water status, growth initiation and early growth were determined using water culture techniques, and polyethylene glycol to produce differences in osmotic potential.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water content was at a minimum at leaf-fall, and rose thereafter until budbreak. Gradients along the wand tended to become reversed, indicating upward water movement. Water potential rose slowly until mid-winter and then declined, at least until bud-break.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overall water loss was proportional to relative humidity and duration of exposure. Cut ends were the major sites of loss. At low relative humidities, bud presence was associated with reduced water loss, with small but significant clonal differences.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root primordia and buds showed a restricted development below -11 bar, while subsequent growth of shoots and roots were severely limited below -4 bar. Water content and water potential were highly correlated with the osmotic potentials applied. Small osmotic potentials often induced greater growth responses than zero potential treatments.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The significance of the experiment is discussed in relation to water status, viability of cuttings and to larger material used in plantings in the field.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">948</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobbs, J. F. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil temperatures and growth of rooted cuttings of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings with well-developed shoot buds, of two clones, were grown for 15 weeks at root temperatures of 3°, 6°, 10°, and 15°C in a controlled environment cabinet at day/night air temperatures of 15°/13°C. Whereas leaf growth was restricted at the cooler soil conditions, there was no reduction in shoot extension growth. Root growth at the cooler conditions was confined to a few thick roots, while at the warmer conditions the new roots were thin with numerous laterals. Limited measurements of foliage relative water content showed no differences in water stress. Plants grown at the cooler soil conditions had higher ethanol-soluble sugar levels. Rates of transpiration and total photosynthesis with soil at 15°C were 300 and 125% respectively of those at 3°C. The two clones differed in their rates of transpiration and in the relative quantities of </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-photosynthate translocated to the roots.&#xD;&#xD;Other work has shown that shoot growth of young seedlings is retarded at low soil temperatures, but this does not appear to be so where shoot growth is determined by extensions of a pre-formed bud.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alma, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Boven, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect invasion and survival of Douglas-fir stumps in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival of Douglas fir stumps in thinned stands decreased irregularly until 6 years after felling and then tended to stabilise with about 20% remaining alive. These had produced extensive callus tissue and were presumably sustained by root grafts to living trees.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The most frequently occurring insects in the stumps, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pachycctes peregrines </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were the only wood-invading insects found. Insect attack was not found in stumps less than 4 years old, and was most active on stumps 4 - 8 years old. Evidence of insect attack was found in 50.8% of stumps older than 6 years while 29.2% of these were dead but showed no sign of insect damage. Initial insect invasion was limited to sapwood of dead or partly dead stumps which had not previously been colonized by sheets of fungus under the bark.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus apicalis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, which is frequently found attacking Douglas fir log stockpiles in thinned stands, was not found in the stumps in this study.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In view of the limitations imposed on insect attack by the survival of stumps, by their apparent resistance to attack when less than 4 years old, and by the unattractiveness to insects of stumps with mycelium under bark, it was concluded that Douglas fir stumps in thinned stands of the type examined are, as a source of insect pests, not a threat to forest operations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>468</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">468</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polynomial taper equations that are compatible with tree volume equations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-322</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The theory is discussed of individual tree compatible taper equations which predict the diameter along the stem as a function of tree height, diameter at breast height, and length, and which can be integrated to give a total volume equation equal to an existing volume equation. Existing non-linear forms of compatible taper equations were estimated for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don but were unable to illustrate the neiloid shape of the butt, common in old crop </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Polynomial compatible taper equations were developed to provide greater flexibility in defining tree shape. These had standard errors of estimate of diameter of 1.4 cm for young crop and 2.4 cm for old crop radiata pine, and they had all the desirable characteristics of compatible taper equations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>373</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">373</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Export log afforestation profitability 1973</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of radiata pine afforestation for the export log trade was re-evaluated for scrub-covered country of easy topography on site index 95 using normal management steps, and values as at 31 December 1973. Net yields of 576 m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">3 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">per hectare are obtained from 23-year rotations, with a silviculture aimed at producing two 11.9-m logs to a 15.25-cm top by planting at 2.1 x 3.05 m spacing, thinning (probably to waste) to 370 stems/ha at 10.7 m top height, and clearfelling at 33.5 m.&#xD;&#xD;Management changes since 1987 include different site preparation and complete replanting as opposed to reliance on seeding and natural regeneration in subsequent rotations.&#xD;&#xD;Break-even growing costs have increased by 27% (at 10% interest) but returns are 88% higher, hence internal rates of return (I.R.R.) have risen from 10.2 to 13.7% since 1967 (when social costs of roading and housing are included). Volumes 12% lower would reduce the I.R.R. to 13%, but the I.R.R. would still be 10% if the price-on-truck were to fall 46%.&#xD;&#xD;The profitability of the export forest-processing industries in New Zealand remains undemonstrated, and it is recommended that growing forests for log export should become a major objective of forest expansion as it is demonstrably highly profitable and has little management risk.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>515</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">515</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case for improving wood density in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-354</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine stress-grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-destructive testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nondestructive testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To date, most of the radiata pine harvested in New Zealand has come from untended &quot;old crop&quot; trees. Stands now being grown for the future will almost certainly be harvested at an earlier age than the 45 years which is current practice. This reduction in age will result in lower mean wood density compared with the &quot;old crop&quot;, and therefore in reduced intrinsic strength for timber sawn from these stands. The relatively low proportions of outer-wood produced under these regimes may be offset in the butt log by improved timber grades obtained from pruning. Lower average wood density and larger knots in some of the upper logs can and should be compensated for by selective tree breeding to improve wood density, which is highly heritable. Machine stress grading or similar non-destructive testing is seen as an essential concomitant of such an improvement programme.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1245</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1245</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, M.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Season of parturition and fawning percentages of sika deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus nippon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-357</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Median parturition (birth) date, spread of the season of parturition, and fawning percentages are given for a small sample from a wild population of sika deer in New Zealand. Results indicate that the reproductive cycles of sika and red deer are similar.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, C.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner Shaw, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Gilbertson, R.L. 1974: Fungi that decay ponderosa pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>777</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">777</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal and between-tree variation in the nutrient levels in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foliage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal trends in the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the foliage of 7- to 9-yearold </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were followed at four sites in New Zealand, revealing large seasonal changes which also usually differed with site. N, P, K, and Mg concentrations were low in mid-summer with a rise, except for P, later in the growing season. Ca levels rose steadily as the foliage aged.&#xD;&#xD;Between-tree nutrient variation was lower for first-year foliage than for that in its second growing season. In first-year foliage, N and P tended to have a lower coefficient of variation in summer than in winter but the opposite was true for K. For between-tree variation within seven dominants on each of 127 sites throughout New Zealand the coefficient of variation averaged 8.5, 13.8, 15.6, 24.0, and 20.4% for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Sampling intensity required to detect differences of 10 and 20% of the mean varied widely with the element; for most studies a minimum of 10 trees should be sampled at each site.&#xD;&#xD;For </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand collection of mature-length foliage of the current growth year from upper crown second-order branches is recommended. For N, the sample should be collected from late January to March; for P, from late January to May; for K, from March to May; for Ca, March to June; and for Mg in January. A compromise for all five elements is to collect between late January and March.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willcocks, K. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed yield in a radiata pine seed orchard following pollarding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-18</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because of increasing difficulty in collecting cones from taller trees in the Tallaganda seed orchard, two blocks of trees were pollarded at about 8 m in late 1970. The 1974 seed crop from these blocks was almost twice that of other blocks in the orchard. Pollarding has not only extended the productive life of the orchard, but may also have increased its average annual production.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>92</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">92</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benson, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of nursery practice on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedling characteristics and field performance - 1: Nursery seedbed density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-26</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery practice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings were raised at a variety of seedbed densities under otherwise routine nursery conditions. Planting stock characteristics were determined at the time of lifting using routine grading criteria. Increasing seedbed density reduced seedling size and quality.&#xD;&#xD;Field performance of the stock types was determined on a moderately severe site prepared for routine plantation establishment. Tree size and survival were significantly decreased for plants raised at higher seedbed densities. The effect persisted up to the fifth year after planting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>117</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">117</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blake, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of thermoperiod on seedling development in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus obliqua</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-32</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root/shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High day and night temperatures (28°C) inhibited elongation of the mainstem but not branches in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L&apos;Herit seedlings. Inhibition of stem growth was associated with amounts of growth inhibiting substances detected in the stem.&#xD;&#xD;A wide thermoperiod with nightly chilling (28/5° C and 24°/5°C day/night temperature) increased (a) branch number, (b) root/stem and root/shoot dry weight ratio and, (c) levels of cytokinin-like growth promoting substance. Results suggest that these environmental effects on branching and seedling development are mediated through effects on the amounts of growth promoting and inhibiting substances in the stem.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>420</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">420</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen distribution in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with and without lupin in the understorey</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-39</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marram grass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground dry matter and nitrogen distribution were estimated in 4-year-old stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">where lupin growth in the artificial ecosystem was normal (L), and where lupin had failed to regenerate after the trees were released at age 6 months (NL). Dry matter totalled 32 tonnes/ha in each case. In L the dry weight of litter and tree tops was lower, but slightly more non-lupin understorey growth was present. Biomass plus litter contained 90 kg/ha more nitrogen, much of which was in the lupin plants themselves. Litter and tree tops contained less nitrogen (5 and 15 kg/ha, respectively) than in NL, but the nonlupin understorey contained almost twice as much nitrogen as that in NL. Consideration of nitrogen concentrations in biomass components suggested that trees in NL were under nitrogen stress.&#xD;&#xD;Stocking differences between the two stands precluded investigations on tree growth after canopy closure.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>947</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">947</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partial defoliation and growth of 5-year-old radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-56</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Five-year-old trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don were artificially defoliated by removing needles of various ages according to 19 treatments ranging from no removal to complete defoliation. Growth was followed for up to two years after defoliation. Removal of 3- to 4-year-old foliage in early spring generally did not cause significant losses in increment, but in combination with removal of 2- to 3-year-old foliage caused losses of up to 15 percent. Removal of 1- to 2-year-old foliage reduced height, basal area, and volume growth by 20, 43 and 51 percent respectively; in combination with removal of 2- to 3-year-old foliage, losses increased to 26, 63, and 70 percent. Removal of the current year&apos;s foliage as it was formed caused height, basal area, and volume growth losses of 53, 73 and 77 percent respectively over the two years. Growth was most severely reduced for trees defoliated in September, less so in December, and still less so for March or. June treatments. Trees completely defoliated appeared to recover slowly, but further defoliation killed all the trees. Partial defoliations resulted in no mortality, but all treatments caused a drop in growth, the biggest with removal of the current year&apos;s foliage and the smallest with removal of 3- to 4-year-old foliage. An equation of the form of a slowly increasing parabola is presented to quantify volume increment losses in terms of degree of defoliation.&#xD;&#xD;Although results here are quantitatively different from other studies they show also that, with severe partial defoliation, basal area and volume growth are reduced more than height growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>993</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">993</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siemon, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of thinning on crown structure in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crown structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plots in a randomised block experiment in a 15-year-old plantation of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don) of nominal stocking 1700 stems/ha and basal area approximately 40 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, were thinned mainly from below to 11, 18, 23 and 28 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha respectively. Each plot was again thinned 2, 5 and 8 years later to its prescribed lower basal area. Plots given a single light thinning at age 20 years maintain stand hygiene were used as control.&#xD;&#xD;Total tree height, mean stem internode length and number of green branches per whorl were the only variables of the eleven sampled to be unaffected by treatment. Thinning caused a significant increase in branch diameter particularly the upper mid-crown, corresponding to 50-80% of total tree height, and altered the proportion of branches in the &lt; 1-cm and 3- to 5-cm diameter classes. These proportions decreased and increased respectively with increase in the severity of thinning.&#xD;&#xD;The relationship between cross-sectional area of the bole at the green crown base and total branch cross-sectional area within the crown is shown to be linear and independent of thinning.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>405</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">405</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of light intensity on infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conidia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cuttings (taken from 5-year-old plants and set 3 years previously) and seedlings of two different ages (3-year-old and 6-month-old) were inoculated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary conidia and grown for 3 months in growth rooms (temperature 20°C day/120 C night) under four different light intensities (181, 133, 94, and 58 W/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). Light intensity did not affect either germination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conidia or early growth of the fungus on the needle surfaces. The pre-reproduction period of the fungus was less than 2 weeks for all treatments, except on cuttings grown under the lowest light intensity  treatment where it was 6 weeks. The severity of infection of the cuttings decreased linearly with decreasing light intensity and seedlings were more severely infected than cuttings under all treatments. The degree of infection is related to the effect of light intensity on the host plant rather than on the fungus.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>220</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">220</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A shoot dieback in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> caused by  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodea pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 1: Symptoms, disease development, and isolation of pathogen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-79</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A locally occurring dieback, similar to previously reported &quot;red top&quot;, &quot;shoot blight&quot;, and &quot;tip blight&quot;, was investigated during 1971-73 in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tarawera Forest. Observations of symptoms and disease development, and isolation of fungi indicated that the dieback originated in necrotic stem lesions from which </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was invariably isolated. Succulent green shoots became infected in late spring and early summer while ripened shoots were apparently resistant, so dieback was restricted mainly to current season&apos;s growth. There was no evidence that infection was associated with wounds or frost damage, but there was every indication that it occurred through intact host tissue.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>375</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">375</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas-fir profitability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal rate of return</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of Douglas fir afforestation on a 55-year rotation, producing 186 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha from thinnings at age 35 and 932 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha from clearfelling for sawlogs, shows an internal rate of return (IRR) of 5.8% when social items are included, and 6.2% when social items are excluded. The biggest direct costs, at 6% interest, are for salaries and administration.&#xD;&#xD;Timber realisations are based on analysis of sales of 120 000 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from the largest producers, allowing 45% as export timber, with the price of thinnings being $9.00 and of clearfellings $18.21/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on truck. The IRR rise to 6.4% and 6.75% if logs are exported ($25.03/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on truck), but are relatively insensitive to considerable changes in cost and return levels.&#xD;&#xD;Results are similar to those calculated in 1967; radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don), because of its faster initial growth rate, is a far more profitable species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>660</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">660</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kininmonth, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of timber drying temperature on subsequent moisture and dimensional changes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-107</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawn timber of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and also tawa (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) was kiln dried at varying temperatures up to 115°C or was air dried. It was then assessed for rate of moisture uptake and swelling when exposed to high humidity in the laboratory or to fluctuating humidity outside under cover.&#xD;&#xD;There is a progressive reduction in both moisture uptake and swelling as drying temperature is increased but, under commercial conditions, high-temperature drying at 115°C for less than 1 day will lead to only slightly greater stability than drying at 77°C for 3 days. Timber dried at either temperature is substantially less responsive to high humidity after drying than air-dried timber, with reduction in swelling of 12-35 percent.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>628</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">628</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerr, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash, silica, and lignin in New Zealand beech</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ash, silica, and lignin content were determined for beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.) and other hardwood species (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quintinia acutifolia, Metrosideros robusta, Weinmannia racemosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) of the South Island beech forests. Wood samples from all species had moderately high ash content (about 0.6 percent). Bark from the four beech species had extremely high ash contents of 3-7 percent.&#xD;&#xD;Wood from all 15 mountain beech and one of the hard beech trees examined contained significant but only moderately large amounts of silica. All other wood samples were essentially free of silica.&#xD;&#xD;Acid-soluble lignin constituted about 20 percent of the total lignin and about 4 percent of the wood substance in all wood samples examined.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1057</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1057</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Seed-grown trees compared with grafts from different-aged ortets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-121</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of trees grown from seed are compared with those of grafts made from ortets aged 6, 15 and 40 years. With the change from seedling to mature state, diameter growth, bark thickness, wood density and shrinkage decreased in value, while tracheid length, extractives content and pith diameter increased in value. Marked clonal variation, which was independent of maturation state, occurred in many of the characters examined, making it desirable that wood properties be incorporated in clonal selection programmes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>484</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">484</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Local employment multipliers for the pulp and paper industry in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-130</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Local employment multipliers for new pulp and paper mills ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 are derived from a study of Kawerau, a town almost totally dependent on the pulp and paper industry.&#xD;&#xD;Estimates of local employment multipliers for new plants are shown to be highly sensitive to the extent of underemployment in the region prior to the plant&apos;s establishment. Any under-employment results in some of the servicing being undertaken by the existing servicing workforce, and in some of the jobs in the mills being taken, on a short-term basis, by farmers and workers in farm-associated occupations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1417</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1417</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowry, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>137</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">137</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background to thinning practice in Australia and New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-140</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper deals mainly with radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) in Australia. 1974, this species covered 65% of Australia&apos;s total plantation area of 560 000 ha. Thinning in forests other than plantations was negligible. In concentrating on radiata pine, the most important plantation species which will be neglected are slash and hoop pines (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ellottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Engelm. and A</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">raucana cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ait.); together these amounted to 20% of the plantation area in 1974. Attention is drawn to this exclusion because there are significant plantations of species other than radiata, and because a good deal of effort has been given to the thinning of these other species by staff of Queensland Forestry Department.&#xD;&#xD;No special reference is made to material which is to be presented in detail by other speakers over the next three days, so that, to the remarks which follow, the various position papers must be added in order to obtain a full summary of Australian past present practice, and likely future trends.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>661</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">661</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirkland, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of New Zealand thinning practices</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review attempts to cover past, present and future objectives of thinning and outline current practices with the emphasis on why and how they have evolved.&#xD;&#xD;First, to point out the obvious—thinning is only one of a number of devices available in New Zealand or elsewhere to shape production forests to particular end purposes. Others include choice of sites, rates of planting, initial spacing, pruning, tree breeding, and the approach to regulating cut. In attempting to achieve whatever end use objectives are laid down none of these means of manipulating the crop operates independently of the rest.&#xD;&#xD;Thus, one will not observe any uniform approach to current thinning practice in New Zealand. Sites range widely from nitrogen deficient coastal sands supporting radiata pine of fine branch and stem form to fertile pumicelands with a more malformed but swiftly growing crop. Superimposed on these physical differences there are, even State forests, widely varying management objectives from region to region and a large measure of local autonomy in how they are achieved. Moreover, except in the few areas where plantings are starting from scratch the forester inherits past planting rates, often in the form of a markedly abnormal set of age classes, the results good or bad past fashions in tending, and commitments of varying length and complexity to supply particular products to industry. He is thus commonly constrained, to a considerable degree, in his choice of management strategies. His task is usually to effect a transition from the existing forest to that which he conceives as the ideal. In so doing must meet existing commitments as efficiently as he can and create the most favourable opportunities for additional future market outlets. He seldom has sufficient mensurational data to predict with precision the quantitative and qualitative consequences of his choice of thinning and silvicultural schedules and even if the physical outcome were forecast with certainty he would still be faced with uncertainty of markets and hence of the relative return to be expected for various products, raw or processed, export or domestic, 20 years or more hence.&#xD;&#xD;The inevitable consequence of uncertainty is that, when all that can be has been made explicit, there remain various choices which are essentially value judgments and for this reason alone there will be no uniformity of approach in thinning practice unless decision making is completely centralised.&#xD;&#xD;Finally, despite the many constraints which he commonly faces, the forester can exert a major, lasting influence by the way he manipulates, through thinning or other practices, the younger age classes in his care.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>990</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">990</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological constraints to thinning practice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological factors, both inherent to the individual tree and due to tree-site interactions, impose constraints on thinning practice. The very fast early growth rate of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don makes early thinning desirable to avoid problems of competition, disease and insect susceptibility and instability to wind. Correct silvicultural techniques have been devised to meet many of these problems and tree breeding offers solutions to others. However, there are still many natural risk factors which cannot be avoided, only minimised through careful planning.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, T. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havel, J. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of moisture relationships on thinning practice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-170</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In south-western Australia, which possesses a strongly seasonal, Mediterranean type of climate, moisture availability is a very strong determinant of pine growth potential. This is in turn determined by the depth and moistureholding capacity of the soil, which limits the magnitude of moisture storage during the winter, and by the density of the stand, which controls the rate of exhaustion of the stored water during the spring and summer growing season. In stands which do not tap the regional groundwater table, the volume production is largely independent of density within a very wide range of basal area levels. By contrast, diameter growth is very strongly influenced by stand density. In dense stands, all readily available moisture is exhausted by November and diameter increment ceases. In heavily thinned open stands moisture availability and diameter growth continue until the following March or April. Application of fertilisers must be preceded by reduction in stand density to be effective. Success of density reduction by thinning is dependent on subsequent control of pine coppicing and of weeds.&#xD;&#xD;Moisture limitations manifest themselves, in order of increasing intensity, firstly in depression of diameter growth, secondly in predisposition to attack by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ips grandicolis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and finally in direct drought deaths. Prevention of this can be achieved either by early non-commercial thinning, or by planting of genetically improved stock at wider spacing.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>605</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">605</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, R. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications for silviculture from the Tarawera Valley regimes trial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-181</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A replicated spacing/thinning trial in the Tarawera Valley, New Zealand, illustrates some of the silvicultural aspects of thinning radiata pine. Stands which have not received a thinning are liable to volume loss through natural mortality and reduced increment through suppression. Malformed trees will be present in the stand and this may result in volume loss or restrict the choice of harvesting method. Piece sizes will be smaller in unthinned stands than for thinned stands of the same age and the work content per unit of wood extracted is therefore likely to be greater.&#xD;&#xD;Thinning offers a choice; firstly to remove malformed trees, and secondly to mould the residual crop according to the morphological features desired. Over the range of post-thinning stand densities quoted here (1000-375 stems/ha thinned at approximately 11.5 m) increment of basal area per hectare was uniform — individual tree growth being greatest in the lowest stocking. This allows the forester to determine the size of his crops at harvest. Piece sizes for the thinnings documented were small.&#xD;&#xD;Increasing the minimum length or minimum small end diameter regarded as harvestable decreased the volume potentially available. This effect was greatest for the earliest thinnings.&#xD;&#xD;When foresters are charged with providing a resource of raw material for industrial processes they can and should design the regimes they employ to achieve their objectives as efficiently as possible bearing in mind all the biological aspects mentioned here.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>533</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">533</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heather, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease as a consideration in the thinning of coniferous forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-186</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The consequences of thinning in coniferous forests are likely to differ according to the parasitic status, the life cycles and the mode of infection of pathogens. Each potential disease situation has to be considered individually before thinning regimes and intensities are recommended.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>339</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">339</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Kaingaroa growth model for radiata pine and its implications for maximum volume production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The continuing controversy with regard to the relative merits of heavy-early non-commercial thinning, and the more conventional regimes employing one or more productive thinnings, has been based predominantly on economic argument. Little consideration has been given to their relative performance in terms of yield. This is due to the absence of extended measurement of severely thinned stands and to the restricted relevance of currently available growth models.&#xD;&#xD;The paper describes the work being undertaken to derive a growth model for radiata pine from Kaingaroa growth plot data. While this study has not yet been completed an interim growth model has been derived. Preliminary checking has shown it to be reasonably accurate and unbiased when applied to a wide range of management practice and it has been used to derive criteria for the production of maximum yield.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of stand simulations has shown that in stands with low initial stockings, or in heavily thinned stands, short rotations will sacrifice volume production and that this loss is increased as site index decreases. It demonstrates that the reaction directly attributable to a thinning is relatively small, and that a wide range of management practice results in very little variation in total volume production. To obtain optimum yield, low initial stocking or very early thinning to waste is required on good sites (where Mean Top Height at age 20 exceeds 30 metres). On poorer sites and for short rotations (less than 30 years) pulpwood regimes with high stockings producing small piece size may be most productive, while a series of very light production thinnings may produce optimum total volume production on poor sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1419</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1419</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, D.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of disease and insect problems On management practice in Kaingaroa forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-192</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Both the wood wasp </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, the needle cast disease, have had a significant influence on management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Kaingaroa Forest. Neither have caused a serious reduction in the growth of that species. The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> epidemic of 1949/50 acted as a beneficial natural thinning of the first crop stands which would otherwise have been grossly overstocked today.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provided the impetus to thin the radiata young crop together with criteria for the selection of regimes. The serious </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ponderosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and the concurrent ill health of other old crop species has forced the introduction of severe thinning practice in the radiata young crop to bring forward their age of clearfelling so that the cut in the first crop can be accelerated.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandler, K. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraction thinning operations in young radiata pine at Kaingaroa Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193-199</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The past and present problems of extraction thinning on a large exotic forest of predominantly easy topography is discussed in relation to previous silviculture and other, competing logging operations. Despite a background of successful extraction thinning of other species and old crop radiata pine, thinning of young radiata pine has only recently become a silviculturally successful and economically viable operation. The relatively small tree size and high labour and capital content per unit volume produced are seen as the cause of poor past performances in this operation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>630</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">630</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerruish, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning techniques applicable to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">200-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the various thinning methods and equipment available to the forest manager for a range of silvicultural practices, including thinning to waste.&#xD;&#xD;Considerable increases in the productivity of conventional chain saw-based techniques have been obtained by variations to wood specification, the introduction of forwarders for extraction and the training of the cutter force. &#xD;&#xD;The introduction of more mechanised techniques has commenced but acceptance has been slow. It is considered that the mechanisation of early thinnings is most likely to be economic under favourable stand treatment and terrain conditions, where simpler and less costly machines can be used. &#xD;&#xD;The mechanisation of these operations can be facilitated by increasing the stem size of the trees to be removed or by reducing wood specification to permit multiple stem harvesting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>487</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">487</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grayburn, A. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinleith thinning operations of N.Z. Forest Products Limited</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper assumes the decision has been made to carry out production thinning at various ages. It traces the scope and development of the thinning operations in the Kinleith forests since they were first started on a production scale in 1958. The evolution of extraction techniques is discussed as well as the significance of the thinning volume in the overall wood supply to the Kinleith integrated mills. Crew production is discussed and the way in which the contract payment rates are determined is described. A table of the thinning prescription is included. The various limitations on such an operation are dealt with as they occur in the forest, during loading and transporting, as well as in the mill yard and plant. So long as labour can be obtained for this work and costs can be contained by overall efficiency, the higher cost thinning wood will be acceptable in the total wood supply mix for the mill.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>235</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">235</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cole, A. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scheduling and control of large-scale thinning operations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-227</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The South Australian Government forests of the south-east of South Australia are used as an example of thinning operations control.&#xD;&#xD;Three stages of control action are used to co-ordinate long term forest development requirements with needs of utilisation plants subject to short term changes in demand.&#xD;&#xD;Existing established harvesting systems and the recent development of greater mechanisation are compared. Alterations in control and scheduling of operations to handle these changes are proposed and discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1259</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1259</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mackintosh, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bunn, E. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current research into radiata pine thinning operations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic evaluation of alternative silvicultural regimes for radiata pine has shown that a substantial opportunity cost can be incurred if the growth of the crop trees is penalized, and their date of harvest deferred, in the interests of obtaining a sale for thinnings. The effect is greatest when a pruned final crop element, that has been defined from an early age, is allowed to be severely checked through competition from unpruned neighbours. In this instance, the case for production thinning depends largely on whether the unwanted trees can be extracted before they markedly impinge on the growth of the pruned final crop trees. Such competition is apparent from an early age in selectively pruned stands, to the extent that production thinning becomes difficult to justify. It is feasible, however, that the onset of competition may be delayed by distinguishing the crop component of the stand from the thinnings component from the outset, by separating the two elements as much as possible, by applying treatments to the crop that will give them a distinct competitive advantage, and by arranging the thinnings in ways that favour mechanization and cheap extraction of small diameter material. Trials have been established to test the concept, and more are planned.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1260</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1260</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, O.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract: The introduction of the RW30 Windsor tree harvester into early pine thinnings. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Appita 29(6): </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">453-6</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of the Windsor Tree Harvester is outlined. Production and availability statistics are given. Mechanical problems and where possible, solutions to these problems, are discussed. Non-mechanical problems associated with the introduction of any mechanised harvesting system are raised. A series theoretical costings is given.&#xD;&#xD;This paper has already been published: Appita 29(6): 453-6.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>285</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">285</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dargavel, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating the role of thinning in development forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market constraints</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problems encountered in evaluating the role of thinning are displayed by considering a simple General Development Model for the creation of new forest industries and their associated plantations. Thinning is seen as having important effects on meeting objectives. The current position in developing models to aid decisions is explored by reviewing models used at the stand, plantation and national levels in Australia and New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>944</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">944</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rockell, A. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of silviculture and the role of thinning on a region&apos;s wood supply</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market constraints</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Bay of Plenty region in central North Island is well endowed with plantations of radiata pine which, however, are grossly uneven in age class distribution.&#xD;&#xD;The older stands are needed until 1990 to sustain supplies until the much younger stands can take over. Instability in the older stands and susceptibility of other pines to disease has induced a high level of cutting now and a critical supply situation about 1990 even after rotations have been shortened to the point where utilisation of thinnings is no longer viable. Relatively short rotations for radiata pine for post-1990 wood supply are proposed for State forests. These rotations are primarily to produce sawlogs, some of high quality resulting from intensive silviculture, the rest to be of lesser quality from minimal silviculture. &#xD;&#xD;The end result will be sawlogs from the butts producing about 40% of the yield with the untended tops destined for chips and pulpwood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opie, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A short review of thinning practice in Victoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-265</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market constraints</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper briefly reviews thinning practice in each of the main woodproducing forest types of Victoria. It is seen that thinning practice varies a great deal between, and to a lesser extent within, forest types.&#xD;&#xD;Possible reasons for the variations in thinning practice are deduced, and the matter is further examined by reference to three case studies (ash-type eucalypts, pine, and box-ironbark.) It is concluded that in Victoria important determinants of thinning practice have been topography/access, various aspects of marketing, and the capacity of the forest resource.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>576</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">576</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of silviculutral regimes on national and regional wood supply planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-272</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market constraints</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic rationalisation of silvicultural regimes has enabled national and regional wood supply planning to be revised on a more realistic basis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>374</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">374</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-282</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economic evaluation of thinning is complex and should include the interaction of tree-stand, utilisation, linked economic, and local management factors. Tree-stand data needed include the malformation percentage; mortality rates; stand volume and piece-size projections; changes in timber quality; hydrological and ground-cover effects. Utilisation data include the differential costs and returns of each piece-size class. Linked economic data include differential haul rates; returns to scale of utilisation plants; and economic multiplier effects through time. Local influences, which may become dominant, include biological, climatic and topographical considerations. The opportunity costs of thinning can include reduction in final crop increment rate; postponement of cash flows from greater volumes of clearfellings, and postponement of linked utilisation benefits.&#xD;&#xD;As thinning is a more complex operation than clearfelling the postponement of the greater yields foregone should be justified when production thinning is prescribed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>849</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">849</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerenshaw, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of thinning in the management of privately owned plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283-291</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of thinning is considered from the time of the decision to commence investing capital in plantations.&#xD;&#xD;Thinnings provide the raw material for use by the firm&apos;s log conversion plants and contribute to the cash flow. They reduce the cost of growing wood in the plantation by reducing the debt on the plantation and by reducing the time taken to grow trees of a desired diameter. Capital is returned to the firm for reinvestment and a larger annual increment earned on a smaller invested capital.&#xD;&#xD;Thinning gives a flexibility to the products cut from, and overall wood resource represented by, the plantation. Silvicultural roles express themselves in the well-being of the total enterprise. The effect upon the condition and size of the knots is the most important of these roles.&#xD;&#xD;Thinning reduces the likelihood of attack by pathogens.&#xD;&#xD;For decision-making in the future, we need a tool which relates the effect of thinnings on a plantation with the effect on the industrial wood-converting side of the enterprise.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>758</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">758</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, B. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors which influence companies in forest management decisions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-298</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors which generally influence companies in making forest management decisions include company strategy, policy and objectives, anticipated wood demand-supply situation, financial considerations and Government incentives. Decisions regarding production thinnings will also be affected by the cost and value of the thinnings, the long term forest management strategy particularly with respect to stand parameters and the wood properties and quality of thinnings.&#xD;&#xD;Responses to these factors largely depend on the nature of the forest growing companies. Three types are recognised, based upon the relationship between annual sales and the value of the fixed assets. Most sawmilling companies are in the first group where annual sales are greater than the value of the fixed assets. The second group, where annual sales are comparable with fixed assets value, is exemplified by pulp and paper companies. The final group, with annual sales less than the value of the fixed assets includes the purely forest growing companies with no processing interests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>853</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">853</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opie, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of a model for the evaluation of silvicultural regimes for  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-307</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes work undertaken by the Forests Commission, Victoria, in developing a computer-based model for evaluating silvicultural regimes for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Following a discussion of the value of such work, the model is described according to its four sequential modules which relate respectively to stand growth, estimation of produce, evaluation and cash-flow analysis. Various auxiliary studies are also outlined in order to indicate the breadth of the project and its current state of development. Some early results of the work are discussed briefly.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First thinning options: Row thinning </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">v</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. selection thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper compares the relative merits of performing a first commercial thinning operation in radiata pine plantations on the basis of either row thinning or selection thinning from below. These two approaches are compared on the basis of silvicultural considerations (growth, quality and stability of the retained stems) economic and financial considerations (to both the grower and the harvester) and wood flow considerations.&#xD;&#xD;Row thinning is cheaper and easier than selection thinning, provides more scope for mechanisation of harvesting, and reduces tree marking and supervision costs. On the debit side, it reduces the options for selecting crop trees for retention and reduces the yield of sawlogs in second thinning. &#xD;&#xD;It is concluded that third row outrow thinning is a practical and acceptable thinning technique for radiata pine, except for stands containing large numbers of defective trees, and possibly for stands particularly prone to wind or snow damage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1200</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An economic comparison of alternative silvicultural treatments in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic comparisons have been made of a number of alternative silvicultural regimes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New South Wales. These comparisons, done with the aid of computer simulation, have indicated that relatively severe thinning regimes are financially preferable to those incorporating light and frequent thinnings, and that optimal financial rotations over a wide range of forest conditions are in excess of 45-50 years. The critical factors influencing the profitability of silvicultural regimes are shown to be the effective discount rates used and the price size gradient of harvested wood. Other factors which influence profitability are also discussed. For large plantation owners such as the Forestry Commission of New South Wales it is not feasible to treat plantations by one optimal silvicultural regime. Meeting aggregate wood demands requires application of a number of alternative silvicultural regimes, some sub-optimal, so that maximum benefits are obtained from the total plantation in a defined geographical zone.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1418</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract: A plantation simulation model for radiata pine.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Appita 27(4): </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-61</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurements from all the Company&apos;s spacing and thinning trials have been pooled, growth models calculated and a programme called PREDICT developed which simulates stand development, estimates assortments, growing costs, net present values and mean harvesting costs for various thinning schedules and rotations. Each thinning can be nominated as to age and intensity of thinning on the basis of either thinning to a residual basal area or to a volume to be cut per acre.&#xD;&#xD;Options on thinning type enable simulations of &apos;&apos;mechanical&quot; thinning (all diameter classes), thinnings from &quot;below&quot; (small diameter classes), thinnings from &quot;above&quot; (large diameter classes), or a combination of mechanical with either &quot;below&quot; or &quot;above&quot; as would occur for example in a thinning involving removal of rows for access and selection thinning.&#xD;&#xD;A series of runs on this model within the bounds of the data used indicate that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is a very flexible species.&#xD;&#xD;(i) Type of thinning does affect final crop tree size but does not greatly affect growing costs or volume production;&#xD;(ii) As thinning intensity is raised volume production is lost but this does not affect growing costs greatly as the economic benefit from larger earlier returns compensates for lower productivity where thinnings are heavy; &#xD;(iii) Net present values fall as stocking per acre is increased although volume production rises;&#xD;(iv) As rotation age is increased to 20 years, volume production rises steadily while harvesting costs fall rapidly. Extrapolating the data beyond 20 years indicates a maximum net present value at 30 to 35 years.&#xD;&#xD;This paper has already been published Appita 27(4): 251-61.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tustin, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terlesk, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning in New Zealand radiata pine plantations - future practices and research needs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tending practice, being a function of management, depends as much on the economic and physical background in New Zealand as on silvicultural objectives produce maximum volume or value yields. The background facts relevant to plantation practice in New Zealand include a massive planting programme with concomitant silvicultural commitment, a large involvement by non-state agencies, an urgent need to diversify export markets, often steep terrain and high labour and machinery costs.&#xD;&#xD;The area of proven tending practice for radiata pine is limited. This is why many different silvicultural regimes have been proposed but few have survived. The simple plant and clearfell regime has been applied most widely. For this reason the principles to adopt in deciding how the species should be grown and harvested are most important. Suggested principles are: define the target tree taking into consideration markets, profitability and the technical requirements of wood quality; minimise growing costs; simplify management wherever possible but without sacrificing market flexibility; and reduce as much possible biological, physical, management and market risk. The background facts and these principles suggest a sawlog final crop is logical for most New Zealand plantations and trends indicate it will normally be grown on a rotation of 20-30 years. A proportion of the resource will be pruned to 6 m and stockings will be relatively low in these stands. Steep country is unlikely to be production thinned but the practice will continue in State forests while old regimes grow through to rotation end. Some private organisations will continue to production thin because they believe it is in their interests to do so. Future developments production thinning are likely to include a geometric approach to tree removal, relaxation of unnecessarily rigid specifications, intensive method improvement, and adoption of skidding machinery which has high productivity in relation its capital cost.&#xD;&#xD;Research must continue to focus on overall evaluation of the growing and harvesting system. This will highlight priorities for micro-economic research by a balanced multi-disciplinary team. Principal targets in the Forest Research Institute programme have a bias towards silviculture and clearfelling but this seen to be appropriate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1050</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1050</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of alternative silvicultural regimes for radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">350-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unthinned radiata pine plantations on long rotations incur serious risk of insect or disease attack. Economic analysis of a silvicultural regime that incorporated a production thinning revealed that a pulpwood thinning contributed a negligible net return and had the effect of substantially extending the rotation. This led to the development of an alternative regime giving similar volume yields, but economically and silviculturally superior; this regime incorporated wide initial spacing, heavy early thinning (without yield) and severe pruning.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbonnier, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Scandinavian thinking on thinning practice and yield</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-361</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1186</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1186</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daly, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative assessment of some national forest survey types</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">363-375</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiognomic importance of each plant species was estimated at 49 stratified random locations in the proposed Taunoa Biological Reserve, an area of podocarp, hardwood and beech forests in the Longwood Range, Southland. Agglomerative grouping, direct and indirect gradient analyses revealed that an ordination using the Euclidean distance </style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">D</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provided the most informative treatment of the field data. Vegetation in the reserve is best described as part of a forest continuum varying in composition and structure chiefly along an altitudinal gradient.&#xD;&#xD;Agglomerative groups distinguished nine forest communities, six of which were described in the National Forest Survey (N.F.S.) Type classification of the area. Forest communities derived from N.F.S. typing and agglomerative grouping were found to be closely related to the pattern of locations displayed by the two dimensional ordination. Quantitative treatment thus confirms the validity of N.F.S. Types in this area at least and supports their use in planning Biological Reserves. The more sensitive ordination techniques are considered to have value for analysis and interpretation of the detailed biological information being gathered in ecological surveys of indigenous forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollmann, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud morphogenesis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand 1: The initiation and extension of the leading shoot of one clone at two sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">376-392</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes and analyses primordial initiation and development, and the subsequent elongation, of the leading shoot of a clone of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don at two sites in New Zealand.&#xD;&#xD;At Rotorua, initiation of the components of the annual shoot began between mid-September and mid-October and finished during August. Five clusters of branches developed, the first three of which bore seed cones. These clusters were initiated in December, at the end of January, and during March.&#xD;&#xD;At Waimihia, located at a higher altitude than Rotorua, only three to four clusters of branches were initiated in the annual shoot, with at most two of those containing seed cones.&#xD;&#xD;In Rotorua the new shoot began elongating in December, and by the time seasonal extension growth slowed (July) nearly half of the annual shoot extension had taken place. The remainder occurred the following spring.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1058</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1058</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollmann, M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The terminology of pine shoot growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">393-396</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the interests of obtaining a terminology of pine shoot growth which is applicable to all species in the genus, it is proposed that the terms spring shoot and summer shoot should be dropped from the literature; and that usage of the term free growth should be restricted. The term predetermined growth is preferable to that of fixed growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>836</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">836</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholls, J. W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of hedging on wood characteristics of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">397-408</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleven </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees grown from seed in the Australian Capital Territory were kept as a hedge two metres high from age five years by removing all long-shoot buds in the autumn of successive years. Wood specimens from these and 11 normal trees growing nearby were examined. The hedged trees exhibited reduced radial growth rate, larger spiral grain angles, shorter tracheids and reduced density values compared to normal trees. The wood of ramets derived from the hedged trees at age eight years was not different from that of ramets propagated from normal trees grown from seed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A shoot dieback in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> II: Inoculation studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">409-420</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation trials confirmed the ability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Desm) Kickx to invade undamaged young green shoots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, resulting in dieback. The top 5 cm of young shoots of seedlings and rooted cuttings from 5-year-old trees, were brushed with droplets of a spore suspension and kept under misting at 25°C for 48 h. Of the plants thus inoculated, 50-80% developed shoot dieback, which always originated from necrotic stem lesions. Ripened host tissue was resistant to infection, even after wounding. There was no evidence of important differences in either pathogenicity or virulence in 18 isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> obtained from different parts of New Zealand. This suggests that the severity of dieback in certain parts of Tarawera Forest has not resulted from the emergence of a more virulent pathogenic race.&#xD;&#xD;These results, together with an earlier field study, provide convincing evidence that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was the primary incitant of leader and shoot dieback in the Putauaki Block of Tarawera Forest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1031</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1031</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, J. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meteorological factors associated with a fire whirlwind</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421-430</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A fire lit in scrubland at Pouakani, near Mangakino on 18 January 1974 in the course of land clearance prior to afforestation, unexpectedly gave rise to violent whirlwind. From the synoptic situation and known meteorological factors, it is concluded that the whirlwind occurred in a situation with low stability and with light winds in a deep layer associated with a &quot;heat low&quot;.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1171</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1171</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantifying responses to fertiliser in the growth of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-442</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case is presented for using only direct estimates of volume and volume increment of a suitable sample of trees to measure responses to fertiliser in mature stands. Errors involved in estimating diameters, heights and stem volumes are briefly discussed, and methods of reducing these errors are given.&#xD;&#xD;A fertiliser trial in a mature stand of radiata pine in Nelson, New Zealand, is used to demonstrate the relative success of several methods of measurement and analysis. Basal area was a poor indicator of response. Addition of a height estimate and the use of local regional volume functions gave inaccurate estimates of plot volumes and increments, as they did not take variation in tree form into account. Response to fertiliser over a 5-year period estimated in this way and adjusted by covariance analysis, had wide confidence limits (43.2 ± 42.00 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha). Sectional measurements made at the start and end of the trial, or made by stem analysis and employing general volume/d</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> regressions for the stands or treatment were also inadequate as they did not take site variation into account. A similar technique, but on an individual plot basis, yielded a more precise estimate of volume response (59.5 ± 23.34 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha) over the 5-year period. Two analyses of covariance on single trees and use of regression estimators to convert to a unit area basis gave responses of 60.8 ± 27.58 and 43.7 ± 28.73 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha. Stem analysis and statistical evaluation of single trees were also able to provide information on the responses of different tree sizes and on chosen sections within the whole stem, and for annual as well as periodic increments prior to and following any fertiliser treatment. It is concluded that stem analysis and statistical evaluation of single trees would use the benefits of analysis of covariance to best advantage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>378</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">378</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferguson, I. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leech, J. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand dynamics and density in radiata pine plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">443-454</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data were obtained from unthinned plots of radiata pine which had reached maximum density, as indicated by substantial and continuing mortality. A simple model of stand dynamics was estimated from these data. One of the equations in this model enables an estimate to be made of the maximum basal area a stand of given site, age and initial stocking could carry, thus providing a datum for a relative measure of stand density. Reineke&apos;s stand density index and modifications of it were shown to involve a source of bias which could lead to biased estimates of density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>535</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">535</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedley, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preservative requirements for exterior particleboard predicted from accelerated laboratory tests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455-460</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay tests were used to determine levels of sodium pentachlorophenoxide required to provide desirable protection to exterior particleboard from decay fungi. The decay resistance of treated board was compared with that of timber (both naturally durable and preservative-treated) currently used in situations for which exterior particleboard is designed. Retention of 0.35% sodium pentachlorophenoxide should provide adequate protection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>67</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">67</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rings of collapsed cells in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stemwood from lysimeter-grown trees subjected to drought</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-465</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rings of collapsed or crushed tracheids, whose thin walls have secondary thickening but lack lignin, have been found in the stems of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees grown in containers and subjected to periodic drought. These rings appear to have arisen as a result of minimal waterings, sufficient to prevent mortality. Ring shake in forest-grown trees may be caused similarly.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1247</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1247</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Production of papers with high tensile and low stretch properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">466-474</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A commercial softwood kraft pulp was beaten in a PFI mill for various periods and subsequently processed for 2000 revolutions in a Lampen mill. The ball mill post-treatment caused stretch but not breaking length to be decreased by up to 15 percent. The drop in handsheet stretch was explained by a re-distribution of mass, within fibres and within handsheets, which minimised fibre elongation in paper webs under strain. The decrease in stretch obtained by the Lampen mill post-treatments was examined in terms of paper properties and changes in fibre characteristics brought about by beating, i.e., fibre  dimensions, fibre collapse and internal bonding, fibre wall fractures and dislocations, and fibre surface structure, fibrillation, and fines contents. Internal bonding was the fibre characteristic most strongly influenced by the Lampen mill post-treatment. </style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1253</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1253</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Douglas-fir profitability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">475</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>569</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">569</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bain, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae); its biology in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development and biology of the introduced cerambycid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mulsant) is discussed. This insect was first discovered in North Auckland in 1963 and since that time has spread throughout the North Island and is also found at various locations in the extreme north of the South Island.&#xD;&#xD;The duration of the life-cycle is either 1 or 2 years and is influenced mainly by the stage at which larvae destroy the subcortical zone and are forced to move into the sapwood, and by temperature. In heavily attacked material, where the larvae move into the sapwood early in their development, severe damage to infested logs can occur within 12 months.&#xD;&#xD;This study suggests that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> may cause severe economic loss during the salvage of windthrown or fire-killed trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>158</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">158</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in needle characters of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from mainland California</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-20</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three needle characters were studied in 10-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees of mainland California origin growing in Kaingaroa Forest. In all, 238 trees from 10 families within subpopulations x 5 subpopulations within populations x 3 populations were sampled. No differences between subpopulations within populations were detected for any of the traits, in contrast to a previous study within natural stands. The populations differed strongly in needle length, rather less in fascicle dry weight, and not significantly in weight/length ratio. The Cambria population had the longest needles and the Ano Nuevo population the shortest, although in the natural stands longer needles had been observed at Ano Nuevo than at Monterey. It appears that results from within natural stands largely reflected environmental effects.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>709</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">709</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lill, B. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strobili of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were receptive over a total period of 5 weeks, but within that time there was variation between clones and between successive cycles of a shoot. Individual cones remained receptive for 2 to 13 days; cone closure occurred after rain. Pollination drops were observed in humid conditions only. Pollen movement in an artificial drop was by flotation but, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vivo</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, nonfloating pollen was also transferred to the micropyles.&#xD;&#xD;Pollen can move into the micropyles before the cone scale complexes have visibly separated, but most is progressively transferred from the micropylar arms during a period lasting 12 days from the onset of visible cone receptivity. Individual ovules can put out repeated pollination drops.&#xD;&#xD;The capacity of the micropyle limits the amount of pollen which can reach the nucellus and germinate. Within a cone, micropyle size varies according to the position of the ovule; ovules further from the apex of the cone tend to have smaller micropyles. Mean micropylar capacities also vary between and within clones. When the total pollen caught in a cone averaged some seven pollen grains per ovule, most micropyles were completely filled.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wells, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Effect of buffer capacity of needle homogenates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-39</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The buffer capacity measured at pH 6.2 of aqueous homogenates of 1-year-old needles from</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don trees aged 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 years increased with tree maturity. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulb. cultured on needle-extract agar did not show any tendency to optimise the pH of media with varying hydrogen ion concentration. The high buffer capacity of mature-tree needle homogenates does not appear to be a property directly related to mature-tree resistance to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, H. C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giles, K. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid propagation of poplars by tissue culture methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-43</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A rapid method for the propagation of poplars by tissue culture has been developed. In comparison with conventional practices very large numbers of rooted plants can be rapidly formed from small explants and the potting mix can be manipulated to give establishment advantages to the tree when planting out. The technique also gives a method for the international exchange of poplar material under sterile conditions, to eliminate the danger of disease introduction, in a form that can bs quickly bulked up at any time of year.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1141</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1141</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardle, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests of the Waitaki and Lake Hawea Catchments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-67</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The forests of the Waitaki and Lake Hawea catchments have been divided into 12 associations using a combination of Sorensen&apos;s &apos;k&apos; index of similarity and a group average clustering procedure. Four associations are dominated by mountain beech, three by silver beech and five by mountain beech and silver beech together. The composition, structure and habitat of each association is described. &#xD;&#xD;Forest health was determined by using the stand parameters of basal area, stem density, mean stem size, diameter size class distribution and regeneration frequency. It was concluded that with the exception of the Tasman catchment the forests are approaching a state of overmaturity, especially in the Dingle and Timaru River catchments where mean stem size is larger and stem density smaller than elsewhere. Further, in these catchments, the basal area is much lower than in the remainder of the survey area, suggesting that deterioration of the stands is occurring. As yet this is not being compensated for by an increase in regeneration.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>93</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">93</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benson, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of nursery practice on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling characteristics and field performance - 2: Nursery root wrenching</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery practice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings were raised under routine nursery conditions and subjected to a variety of root wrenching and fertiliser treatments. Planting stock characteristics were determined at time of lifting using routine grading criteria. Increased wrenching frequency reduced seedling size, shoot moisture content and foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus but improved other aspects of seedling quality.&#xD;&#xD;Field performance of planting stock was determined for two planting dates on a moderately severe site prepared for routine plantation establishment. Tree survival, size and form were improved by moderate wrenching treatments and these improvements were still evident in the fifth year after planting. &#xD;&#xD;Mid-autumn planting produced the most distinct differences between unwrenched and wrenched stock. Differences were less marked for mid-winter plantings but wrenching still reduced the incidence of leader damage from 70 to 5%. Unwrenched stock displayed a high incidence of multileaders at two years as a result of initial leader deaths but rarely did this malformation persist at five years after planting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>551</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">551</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation experiments with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on Douglas-fir seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water suspensions of fragmented mycelia cultured from single-ascospore isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rohde) Petrak were used to inoculate foliage of seedlings of Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco). Infected 0- to 1-year-old foliage on inoculated seedlings was retained to the same extent as uninfected foliage on control plants. On the other hand, the inoculated seedlings retained a significantly lower proportion of 1- to 2-year-old needles than the controls (with one exception) 19-23 months after becoming infected. Infected 0- to 1-year-old foliage photosynthesised at a lower mean rate than uninfected needles of the same age. Despite these effects, no significant differences in total seedling dry weight were found between control seedlings and seedlings infected for 19-23 months.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>406</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">406</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duration of leaf wetnesss periods and infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conidia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments were done to study the effect of leaf wetness on infection of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hulbary. In the first experiment, inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> conidia was followed by: continuous leaf-wetness for 92 days; short leaf-wetness periods of up to 8h interspersed with 24-h dry periods; a 24-h dry period followed by continuous wetness for 91 days; no wetness period at all. Infection, as evidenced by stromata of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, was seen in all treatments but the percentage of infected needles was low except in those treatments in which continuous leaf wetness was provided for 91 or 92 days. In the second experiment inoculated foliage was allowed to dry for periods of 0, 2, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days before it was remoistened. The percentage of infected needles was highest in plants given the 0-, 2-, and 7-day dry periods, followed by those given the 14-day dry period treatment, and it was lowest in plants receiving the 30- and 60-day dry periods. The pre-reproduction period of the fungus was 19-21 days on plants given the 0-, 2-, 7- and 14-day dry period treatments; it was 35 and 70 days respectively on plants given 30- and 60-day dry periods. In the treatments involving 7- to 60-day dry periods, stromata were noticed within 10 days of rewetting of foliage. It appears that stromata formation, rather than germination and penetration, is inhibited by the absence of leaf surface moisture.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>516</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">516</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage and density of radiata pine compression wood in relation to its anatomy and mode of formation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wall thickening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood (c.w.) in 40-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don is described. Both cambial age (number of rings from the pith) and visually assessed severity were related to its anatomical and shrinkage characteristics. Because c.w. frequently finds its fullest expression in corewood, further observations were restricted to 8-year-old trees for which some results were available of stem deviations from vertical and their subsequent recovery. Some of these stems had &quot;over-corrected&quot; an initial lean, and resultant c.w. formation was often more severe than that evinced by the original toppling.&#xD;&#xD;All visual grades of c.w. were examined, from intermittent discontinuous crescents of slightly darker wood to very dark c.w. that occupied the entire annual growth layer radially and more than one-quarter of its circumference. Certain of the commonly accepted anatomical characteristics of c.w. were not consistently present in c.w. zones. Among all grades of c.w. intercellular spaces occurred in some samples but not in others, and a degenerate residual S3 layer was occasionally detected under polarised light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, though less frequently in the more severe grades.&#xD;&#xD;Within the corewood zone, visual grade of c.w. was little guide to its shrinkage behaviour. The regressions of longitudinal shrinkage on microfibril angle were steeper in c.w. than in normal wood, particularly when visual grade of c.w. was severe, but there was little difference in mean microfibril angle between c.w. and the corresponding opposite wood. Within a given visual grade of c.w., microfibril angle accounted for about one-third of the observed variance in longitudinal shrinkage. Much of the remainder appeared to be related to the degree of cell wall thickening associated with c.w. formation — dense c.w. with thick cell walls tended to shrink more longitudinally than c.w. of the same grade and microfibril angle in which cell walls were little thicker than in normal wood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>249</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">249</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cousins, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity of isolated lignin: Young&apos;s modulus by a continuous indentation method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-112</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A continuous indentation method has been used to obtain values for the Young&apos;s moduli of lignins extracted from</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don wood by the periodate, Klason, and dioxane processes. The periodate lignin, which is considered to be similar to</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> in-situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> lignin, was considerably stiffer than the other two lignins at all moisture contents. Values obtained for the Young&apos;s modulus of periodate lignin ranged from 6.6 x I0</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">9</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Pa (at 3.6% moisture content) to 2.8 x I0</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">9</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Pa (near saturation moisture content).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>594</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">594</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutchinson, C. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chong, S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaughlan, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonding of radiata pine veneers treated with CCA preservatives by the momentary immersion method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-122</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) veneers treated with copper-chromearsenate preservatives by the momentary immersion method had salt retention inversely proportional to veneer thickness. In plywood made from CCA-treated veneer glued with a phenol formaldehyde resin, shear failing loads decreased with increasing levels of preservative retention, but bond strengths were acceptable up to treatment levels of 10kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Urea-formaldehyde resin joints failed due to pre-cure.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>494</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">494</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests and animals of the Hope Catchment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests in the Hope River catchment in North Canterbury were classified into five associations, using a combination of Sorensen&apos;s &apos;k&apos; index of similarity and a group average clustering procedure. The composition, structure and habitat of each association is described, and the ability to regenerate is related to stand parameters and regeneration frequency.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of faecal pellet counts was used to determine the status of red deer, opossum and hare, and their relative density for each association and for geographically denned sampling blocks.&#xD;&#xD;The high altitude mountain beech forests are in good condition with adequate regeneration. Forests dominated by red beech are in good condition in the upper valley, less so in the lower valley.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">570</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, the influence of subcortical temperature on development and growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A strong relationship exists between solar radiation, resulting subcortical temperature of the tree host, and rate of development and growth of the introduced cerambycid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mulsant). The larval, prepupal, and pupal stages are shorter in duration at elevated temperatures. Adult emergence patterns appears to be determined by the time of larval entry into the prepupal stage which is in turn determined by prevailing temperatures.&#xD;&#xD;The degree of exposure to solar radiation in the field may play a role in determining whether the insect&apos;s life cycle extends over 1 or 2 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A field lysimeter to study water movement and nutrient content in a pumice soil under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest - 1: Site and construction details</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-150</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1981 a lysimeter was designed and constructed so that studies could be made of the quantity and chemical content of soil water draining beyond the tree rooting zone in Kaingaroa State Forest. An 8.5-m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> concrete collection pad was built at a depth of 2.7 m with a pipe leading to an instrument hut 9.6 m away. After the pad had been covered with a plastic sheet, the multilayered pumice-ash soil profile was replaced and compacted over it and the surrounding excavated area. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings were then planted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>791</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">791</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mew, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leamy, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some pedological trends from recent West Coast soil surveys and their relevance to forest use</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-161</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent soil surveys connected with plans to utilise West Coast beech forests have covered areas from the Mokihinui River to Hokitika at more detailed scales than were previously available. Seven main soil groups have been recognised; their properties are briefly described. Four major Pedological trends have been identified in the region. These are:&#xD;&#xD;1. Increasing incidence of gley soils on low glacial outwash terraces with increasing rainfall.&#xD;&#xD;2. An increase in gleying in hill and steepland soils with higher rainfall, coupled with microtopography and parent material contrasts.&#xD;&#xD;3. Increasing tendency for soil and geological instability with increasing angle and length of slope on certain rock types, possibly coupled with higher rainfall and changes in land use.&#xD;&#xD;4. Contrast in types and down-profile movement of organic matter associated with different forest types, mainly beech/podocarp and podocarp/hardwood forest. &#xD;&#xD;Trend 1 has already been largely recognised in planning for potential use for forestry. Trend 2 is reflected by differential growth in some areas already planted in exotic forest. Trend 3 is of major significance in making wise land use decisions. Trend 4 is of relevance in methods of land preparation and in management of protection forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bargh, B. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Output of water, suspended sediment and phosphorus and nitrogen forms from a small forested catchment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-171</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The outputs of water, suspended and dissolved material, and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) forms from a small (10 ha) catchment under indigenous forest were studied for a period of one year. Streamflow and rainfall records indicated that approximately 14% of total rainfall was discharged as streamflow. The output of suspended sediment was 120 kg/ha, and the dissolved load 226 kg/ha. Much of the P and N output was associated with sediment. Of the annual loss of total P (0.2 kg/ha), 52% was in particulate form. The catchment appeared to be slightly conservative of P and strongly conservative of N.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>613</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">613</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellmers, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edge, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inflluence of photoperiod on growth and wood formation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plants (seedlings; and rooted cuttings of two size-classes from semi-adult trees) were grown in the DSIR climate laboratory under different photoperiod treatments. The study was begun just prior to the summer solstice and ran for two consecutive 16-week treatment periods. The eight treatments included combinations of increasing, decreasing, constant long 16-h), and constant short (8-h) photoperiods.&#xD;&#xD;Height increment showed marked differences between treatments. Although differing in pattern of height increment, the three classes of plant showed definite similarities in response to the various treatments. Short days and decreasing daylengths gave reduced height increment compared with long days. Maximum height increment and branch elongation were observed with increasing daylength followed by sustained long days. The responses to photoperiod were evidently superimposed upon an underlying tendency for elongation to occur flushes interspersed with comparative rest periods.&#xD;&#xD;Diameter growth showed less-pronounced differences between treatments and showed no clear parallel with height increment responses to photoperiod. There appeared to be some tendency for greater diameter increment to occur under decreasing photoperiod. The wood quality parameters associated with tracheid dimensions differed significantly between treatments. There was a tendency towards latewood characteristics in material with less active shoot elongation, i.e., short or decreasing photoperiod treatments, although not all treatment differences could be explained in terms of this effect.&#xD;&#xD;Overall, there appeared to be a response to daylength shift over and above any response to absolute daylength.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partial defoliation and wood properties of 5-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of removing foliage of specific ages in 5-year-old trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (a) in spring, and (b) at different times during the growing season, were measured in terms of the response through the following 2 years in ring width, percentage late wood, wood density, and tracheid length. &#xD;&#xD;Removal of 1-year-old needles was nearly as severe a treatment as defoliation of the current year&apos;s needles, both of which resulted in a very significant reduction in diameter growth, accompanied by an increase in wood density and tracheid length at breast height. The timing of the treatments during the growing season had no detectable effect on density or tracheid length in the wood samples examined.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>921</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">921</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reilly, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washer, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative propagation of radiata pine by tissue culture: Plantlet formation from embryonic tissue</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-206</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerous adventitious buds were induced when fully developed embryos of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were placed on a nutrient agar medium containing cytokinin. The adventitious buds formed directly from the cotyledons and hypocotyls, and often also from meristematic tissue proliferating from these. The meristematic tissue has been maintained in culture for 6 months and still gives rise to many more adventitious buds. The buds, when separated and grown individually on a medium without cytokinin, developed into well-formed shoots. These rooted after approximately 6 months in culture and have developed into sturdy plants.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>528</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">528</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hathaway, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix matsudana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">x</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> alba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The early growth from cuttings of 51 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix matsudana x alba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids was compared with that of their parents in a two-year clonal test. From measurements of growth rates and foliation date, estimates of clonal differences, clonal repeatabilities and clonal and phenotypic correlations between characters were made.&#xD;&#xD;Many of the hybrids were considerably faster growing than their parents, in some cases more than 100% for diameter and 30% for height over the higher parent at age two years. There was substantial variation between clone means and clonal repeatabilities were moderate to high.&#xD;&#xD;There were high correlations between first and second year diameters, as well as between first and second year heights of trees grown from cuttings. Ortet height and diameter at two years showed some correlation with first and second year height and diameter of the cuttings. There was no correlation between diameter (first and second years) and foliation date. These hybrids appear promising for soil conservation and river protection planting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>159</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">159</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoperiodic effect on pollen shedding in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-215</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult material (grafts) of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was grown in a heated glasshouse for 19 months, starting from mid-winter. From mid-summer to mid-summer half the material was given continuous supplementary incandescent light and half kept in ambient photoperiod (Burdon, 1974). All material became largely disentrained from the normal seasonal growth rhythm, and in both treatments pollen cones started to become visible during spring instead of during late summer.&#xD;&#xD;In the second summer the plants with unseasonably formed pollen cones were moved outdoors. However, there was virtually no pollen shedding from mid-summer until close to the normal pollen-shedding season in late winter, even from pollen cone clusters which had started dehiscing before this period. On some shoots two successive pollen cone crops had appeared several months apart but dehisced at almost the same time (Fig. 1).&#xD;&#xD;It appears certain that during autumn there was a powerful inhibition of pollen shedding by some factor or factors of the external environment. This prolonged inhibition could be explained in terms of an effect of decreasing photoperiod (cf. Jenkins </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, in press.) rather than of absolute daylength or of any particular temperature regime.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>376</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">376</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning results from 2.44-, 4.27-, and 5.49-m pruned 19-year-old radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">216-239</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grade results from 25-mm thick boards from 24 pruned and 12 unpruned butt logs of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don from a 19-year-old regenerated stand thinned twice to a final crop stocking of 392 stems/ha and pruned in three lifts to c. 6 m, were obtained for 2.44-, 4.27-, and 5.49-m log lengths. Log taper was unaffected by pruning. The defect cores were extensive in pruned trees, and bark crescents above steep-angled branches were the worst defects in the unpruned trees. The greatest gain from pruning was the increase of cuttings (Factory) grade, except in the 2.44-m logs where the highest recoveries of clears (13 to 27%) were obtained.&#xD;&#xD;Pruning costs to 5.5 m and compounded at 10% were from $1.37 to $1.77 for trees of from c. 31 to 54 cm final diameter at breast height, respectively. Pruning to 4.27 m was generally the most profitable lift; internal rates of return were from 8.8 to 17.6% for trees of these diameters.&#xD;&#xD;Resin pockets, not obviously connected with pruning, were common in four trees and can confound other grade conclusions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>485</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">485</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effective protection and comparative advantage in New Zealand&apos;s forest enterprises: A comment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-249</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative advantage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of data collected for the period 1965-66 suggests that, with the recent high price for export logs, New Zealand&apos;s comparative advantage currently lies in the export log trade rather than in a wood processing industry. Consequently no system of differential stumpages favouring wood processing can be justified on the grounds of tariff compensation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>639</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">639</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulp blends of beaten and unbeaten fibre: Effects on paper properties, and possible commercial implications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-257</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects on paper strength and optical properties of blending unbeaten and beaten radiata pine kraft pulps have been examined. Various proportions and combinations of unbeaten, lightly beaten, or heavily beaten pulps were blended with a series of pulps which had been beaten to different levels.&#xD;&#xD;The addition of from 10 to 30 percent of unbeaten corewood or slabwood fibre caused handsheet tensile strengths and extensibilities to be substantially increased when compared at the same sheet densities. Tear/tensile strength relations were unchanged by the addition of unbeaten fibre, although an apparent drop in tearing strength occurred for given sheet densities. The effects of adding lightly or heavily beaten fibre to blends of unbeaten and beaten fibre were to decrease strength improvements brought about by the presence of unbeaten fibres.&#xD;&#xD;Some possible commercial implications of the study are discussed and include the suggestion that papers could be produced with conventional strengths but with lower-than-normal basis weights or higher-than-normal opacities. It is envisaged that the addition of unbeaten fibre to beaten pulps could lead to the production of more usable paper from less wood, and possibly with the use of less energy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>219</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">219</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chong, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of moisture content on preservative retention in sawn timber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258-261</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samples of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) sapwood at six moisture content levels from 25% to 50% were treated with a proprietary copper-chromearsenate preservative at concentrations of 2% and 4%. Simple linear regressions of preservative retention on moisture content were highly significant. &#xD;&#xD;The claim that timber with moisture content greater than 30% can be treated to obtain adequate retention to meet Timber Preservation Authority standards is conditionally supported, but is probably not practical in commercial plants.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Challies, C. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of commercial hunting on red deer densities in the Arawata Valley, South Westland, 1972-76</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-273</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes the recent changes in density and local distribution of the commercially hunted red deer population in the lower Arawata Valley, South Westland. It is based on five annual (1972 to 1976) remeasurements of 986 permanently marked pellet sample points representing all of the forested and subalpine parts of the deer range. The study area was divided into five altitudevegetation strata in the analysis.&#xD;&#xD;There was an average reduction in pellet group density of 11.2% of the surviving population per annum, and a total reduction of 38% for the four years. Densities were reduced at different rates in the five strata. The largest changes occurred in the sub-alpine scrub and grassland (by 28.3% per annum), where deer are most vulnerable to helicopter hunting, and on the adjacent forested upper valley slopes (by 13.8% per annum). Reductions on the forested valley flats and slopes below 600 m were much smaller (averaged 4.9% per annum), and together contributed only 37%? of the total. In 1976, pellet densities ranged from 40 groups/ha in the subalpine scrub and grassland to 302 groups/ha in the forested lower valley slopes.&#xD;&#xD;The overall reduction in deer numbers attributable to commercial hunting in the Arawata Valley was around 72% since 1969, and in the order of 80 to 95% since the start of helicopter hunting in the mid-1960s.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>667</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">667</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A field lysimeter to study water movement and nutrient content in a pumice soil under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest - 2: Deep seepage and nutrient leaching in the first 12 years of tree growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">274-296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A field lysimeter was used to record the seasonal incidence of deep seepage in a yellow-brown pumice soil planted with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The volume of water which percolated to a depth of 2.7 m was recorded daily; bulked weekly samples were analysed for nutrient content. The study covers two separate periods of observations:&#xD;&#xD;(1) 1962-64 (begun within a year of establishment of a second pine crop when the ground was still largely bare), and&#xD;(2) 1967-73 (initiated soon after canopy closure, by which time a litter layer had accumulated over the entire soil surface).&#xD;&#xD;The deep seepage which invariably occurred each year indicates that the soil mantle is fully recharged annually. The lysimeter discharged percolate in September and October of each year and, more often than not, in August and July; discharge in the January to April period was unusual. The lysimeter index of deep seepage, which ranged from 54 to 573 mm, was closely correlated with gross annual precipitation; differences in the latter accounted for 99.8% and 65% of the variation in lysimeter discharge for the earlier and later periods respectively. Differences between gross annual rainfall and yearly deep seepage ranged from 973 to 1577 mm for the first period and from 1118 to 1555 mm for the second, and may be accounted for by evapotranspiration and changes in soil moisture stored.&#xD;&#xD;Average annual leaching losses, based on the 7 years of data relating to established stand conditions, were (kg/ha): Si 39, Na 12.5, Ca 5.7, CI 5.6, K 4.2, Mg 1.6, and P &lt;0.01; no loss of inorganic nitrogen was detected.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Booker, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems in the measurement of longitudinal sapwood permeability and hydraulic conductivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-306</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almost all published data on hydraulic conductivity (the longitudinal waterpermeability of green sapwood) prior to 1983 are seriously in error because both water permeant and wood specimens were not deaerated. Faulty deaeration procedures affect most subsequent values. The resulting air embolism, already demonstrated for seasoned wood, is found here to affect green (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) sapwood also.&#xD;&#xD;The end-surfaces of permeability specimens need to be cut cleanly to minimise extraneous surface resistance to gas- or liquid-flow. For conifer wood (green or seasoned) there exists a minimum specimen length of about 20 mm below which longitudinal permeability values are greatly excess of the bulk permeability. Furthermore, on air-seasoning, the fraction bordered pits in the earlywood that aspirate is much smaller for a specimen shorter than 20 mm than for a longer specimen. The permeability of such a short specimen may thus be more than one hundred times the bulk permeability of the seasoned wood.&#xD;&#xD;The gas-permeability of an air-dried wood specimen is affected additionally by the moisture content of the wood, the humidity of the gas, and the drying rate of the wood during seasoning. Because the drying schedule has to be specified, gas permeability values are of limited usefulness.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1189</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1189</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkiss, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus stresses on the growth and form of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-320</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings of two radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) clones were grown for years in lysimeters. Four soil conditions were used to study the effects of nutrition on tree growth and form — (1) subsoil, kept low in N; (2) subsoil, kept low in P; (3) normal proportions of topsoil and subsoil; and (4) double topsoil volume. The latter increased nutrient supplies — particularly of N. The major effects of N or P stress on the trees were to restrict (1) stem diameter growth more than height growth and (2) branch growth more than stem growth. In contrast, trees with access to the additional nutrients particularly N) in the double-topsoil lysimeters had larger diameters at breast height in relation to height, and larger branches producing considerably greater quantities of foliage each year; however, foliage retention time was decreased.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1144</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1144</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washer, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reilly, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differentiation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">callus culture: The effect of nutrients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-328</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don callus maintained for 2.5 years by subculturing was observed to differentiate, producing nodules containing xylem, cambium, and phloem. It has been shown that there is a pronounced optimum in the concentration of sucrose and major nutrients for this differentiation. Reduced levels of either sucrose or major nutrients alone were not sufficient to induce formation of this vascular tissue, although simple-pitted parenchyma cells with some secondary walls were produced.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>902</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">902</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preest, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term growth response of Douglas-fir to weed control</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-332</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival and growth of young Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) transplants in the warm, dry-summer climate of Oregon are heavily influenced by competition from grasses and other herbaceous weeds. The ephemeral increase in available soil moisture resulting from weed control reduced tree moisture stress in the summer. This not only resulted in immediately increased growth, but also had significant or highly significant positive effects on tree growth for several years following, hastening the onset of exponential growth and thus shortening crop rotation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>686</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">686</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambert, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieback in high site quality </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stands - the role of sulphur and boron deficiencies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-348</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Several forms of dieback of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don within otherwise highly productive forests on the eastern highlands of New South Wales, Australia, are attributed here to physiological deficiencies of sulphur or boron, separately or in combination. Over this area there is a strong correlation between the incidence of dieback and soils (usually derived from extrusives or weathered granites) which are deficient in either or both of these elements.&#xD;&#xD;Marginal deficiency of either element could lead to the usual dieback symptoms; directly, by degeneration of the vascular system; indirectly, as in the case of sulphur by increased susceptibility and improved trophic conditions for pathogens such as </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Both the level of deficiency, and the resulting symptoms, are subject to seasonal effects.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>603</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">603</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, I. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary results on the effects of selection management of terrace rimu forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a 2.5-ha area of terrace rimu forest 10 years after the first selection logging, tree losses through windthrow and other causes accounted for 4.4 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/annum or 72% of gross increment. Regeneration of rimu at 308 stems/ha was sufficient for stand replacement so long as survival and growth rates are good. Growth of remaining crop trees increased by 11% in response to logging but mortality reduced the net annual increment to 1.69 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha. If growth and mortality continue at these rates it will require 62 years before the stand volume returns to pre-logging level.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>978</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">978</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calderon, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot in plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> established on sites converted from indigenous forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-373</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot, caused by either </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillariella novae-zelandiae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">or </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, is the most damaging disease in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> established on sites freshly cleared of indigenous forest by felling and burning. The incidence is related to the composition of the former indigenous cover. Pine planted on sites occupied mainly by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, mixed hardwoods, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Weinmannia racemosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. suffered, respectively, 27%, 19%, 16%, 11% and 5% mortality after 2 years. The mortality was distinctly grouped and may leave by age 6 nearly one-third of the planted area as basically productionless openings surrounded by dead and dying trees. In two severely diseased stands, 15% and 16% of the remaining live trees were infected to a degree shown to significantly reduce diameter growth. This growth reduction is compounded when the trees are also heavily infected with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needle blight. A financial analysis indicated that, on a severely affected site, disease increased growing costs (break-even stumpage) by 43% in a 15- or 21-year pulpwood rotation and 37% in a 26-year sawlog rotation. Using a 10% discount rate, the amount that could be spent (without increasing the growing costs) on a hypothetical disease control procedure involving root and stump removal during site preparation, was estimated by assuming various improvements in yield. The model indicated that if control achieved a 60% reduction in disease losses then a maximum control cost of $167/ha, $163/ha and $135/ha was theoretically justified in a 15-year pulpwood, 21-year pulpwood, and a 26-year sawlog rotation, respectively.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>719</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">719</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacKenzie, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw III, C. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial relationships between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root-rot of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings and the stumps of indigenous trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">374-383</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within 27 months, infection by species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">killed 16% of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings that were planted at 1 x 1 m spacing on a site freshly cleared of indigenous mixed hardwood forest. Mortality was grouped around stumps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, suggesting that these were the major inoculum source. Stumps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">B. tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> that had borne either sporophores of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novae zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> only or those of both </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species had significantly greater seedling mortality near them than stumps bearing only </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sporophores or with no sporophores, and mortality was significantly greater around stumps with only </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sporophores than around stumps with no sporophores. This difference suggests that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novae zelandiae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">may be more pathogenic to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and that  porophore presence is an indicator of stump infection. The few stumps of hardwood species other than tawa which bear </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sporophores may also be important sources of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inoculum. After 27 months, 28% of the living trees were infected with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and these were grouped around trees previously killed by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>354</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">354</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A pathogenic fungus associated with platypus attack on New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384-396</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The hypothesis that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated mortality of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. is a direct result of the invasion of the sapwood by a fungal pathogen was tested by drilling holes in living red beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook.f.) Oerst.) trees to simulate </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tunnels, and inoculating these with the suspected pathogen — a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sporothrix </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species. Other trees were inoculated with sterile distilled water and with a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ambrosia fungus, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endomycopsis platypodis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Baker et Kregervan Rij. All the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sporothrix</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-inoculated trees and one</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. platypodis-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inoculated tree wilted and died. No trees inoculated with sterile water died. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sporothrix </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. was recovered from well above the inoculated zone in all the dead trees, including the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. platypodis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inoculated tree.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>73</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">73</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of the fascicle surface area for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">397-407</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fascicle surface area, both for each cluster separately and for the tree by fascicle age class, was calculated for 12 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees grown under widely different soil-moisture conditions. Four surface-area models and a control method were used. A model based on the square root of the product of volume (or, alternatively, weight divided by fascicle density) and length facilitated precise surface-area determinations, the predictions departing by less than 2% from the control method. The other three models tested incurred errors of 20-50% for individual cluster estimates and 14-25% for tree estimates.&#xD;&#xD;Surface-area estimates were of the structural surface area, and after its definition functional surface area could be obtained as a later step.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>182</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">182</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkhart, H. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index equations for radiata pine in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-416</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index (height of the dominant stand at some specified reference age) is practical and commonly used method for quantifying site quality in pure even-aged stands. Permanent plot records from radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Don) stands were used to compute site index equations. The data were divided into groups that might exhibit different height-growth patterns, and separate coefficient estimates were computed for each group. Coefficients for the eight groups finally selected are presented, and limitations in the application the equations are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkhart, H. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index equations for Douglas-fir in Kaingaroa Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">417-419</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index (height of the dominant stand at some specified reference age) is a practical and commonly used method for quantifying site quality in pure even-aged stands. Permanent plot records from Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb) Franco) stands in Kaingaroa Forest were used to compute site index equations. Coefficients for the equation developed are presented, and limitations in the application of the equation are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>218</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">218</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chong, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer yields of New Zealand-grown slash pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">420-424</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus elliottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Englm.) grown in New Zealand is suitable for veneer production, despite the presence of a wide juvenile core of low density, and higher resin content than other pines grown in New Zealand. The green veneer yield was 55.5% of bolt volume, but the yield of A and B veneers was usually low because of the presence of a wide knotty core in late- or unpruned bolts. There was no appreciable degrade after drying, except for end splitting which could be overcome by using a milder drying schedule.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>638</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">638</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brookes, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre, beating, and papermaking properties of kraft pulps from New Zealand beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus) </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-444</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papermaking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fibre, beating, and papermaking properties of kraft pulps prepared from red beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst.), hard beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Col.) Ckn.), and two silver beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook, f.) Oerst.) wood samples were examined. The anatomical properties and chemical compositions of the wood samples and of fibre and vessel elements in wet pulps and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in handsheets were examined and related to beating effects and papermaking properties. The effects of pulp beating in a Lampen mill, and in a PFI mill at 10 and 25% stock concentrations were evaluated.&#xD;&#xD;Wood chips from the red beech and silver beech samples had similar densities and similar anatomical characteristics. The hard beech chips, on the other hand, were denser by more than 100 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and contained proportionately fewer rays and vessels and more fibres than the silver beech and red beech chips. Methanol extractives, ash, lignin, and carbohydrate contents were similar for the silver beech and red beech samples. The high-density hard beech chips contained more methanol extractives and less lignin than the other species.&#xD;&#xD;Pulp yields, fibre and vessel lengths, fibre and vessel diameters, and chemical compositions were in general similar for the red beech and the two silver beech pulps. The hard beech pulp, on the other hand, had the highest yield, the thickest fibre walls, and the longest and widest fibres and vessels.&#xD;&#xD;Effects of beating on beech fibres were in general similar to those on softwood fibres. Ease of pulp beating was dependent on fibre dimensions, particularly fibre wall thickness, and on the conditions and types of beating. Depending on the species and the degree and conditions of pulp beating, wall material was progressively removed from fibre surfaces, fibrillated, and converted into fines. At the same time, fibre walls were progressively disorganised through the development of wall dislocations and delamination, fibres were made flexible and more able to collapse during papermaking, and fibre  configurations (kinking) were modified.&#xD;&#xD;Pulp beating at high stock concentrations selectively caused vessels to become fibre-like and ropy. Thus, pulps processed in this way should not be susceptible to vessel picking from paper surfaces during printing. This conclusion was supported by microscopic examination of vessel configurations in paper webs.&#xD;&#xD;Trends for the strength and optical properties of paper prepared from the beech pulps were found to be generally predictable from a knowledge of their characteristics and the types of beating treatments given the pulps. General trends for the different species and the different beating conditions were similar to those obtained with softwood fibres. The exception was paper tearing-strength which increased rather than decreased with pulp beating. The typically low tearing-strengths of hardwood kraft pulps must be related to the shortness and narrow diameters of their fibres when compared with those of softwood fibres.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>732</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">732</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of trees in an age series of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">445-468</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eight sample stands ranging in age from 2 to 22 years were studied to characterise dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of the above-ground portion of intensively managed </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantations on a good site. Site index averaged 36 m at age 20. Dry matter content was closely comparable similar data from Australia. Net dry matter production averaged 14.4 tonnes/ha/annum over the 22-year period; gross production was 22-25 tonnes/ ha/annum during initial canopy closure and during canopy closure after heavy thinning. Stand nutrient contents were predominantly in the order N = K&gt;Ca&gt;Mg = P&gt;Mn&gt;Na&gt;Zn. The high potassium content probably reflects the potassium-rich pumice soils on which the stands were growing. Compared with published results for a wide variety of pine species, these stands had high rates of dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake. Nutrient content relation to dry matter content was high for potassium, low for calcium, and intermediate for magnesium and manganese compared with other pines. Heavy thinning-to-waste with high pruning of remaining trees would have returned about 55% of the nutrients in the above-ground stand to the forest floor. The total amounts returned would have been similar to those resulting from harvesting of the 22-year-old stand. The total energy capture and the percentage of incoming radiation stored in woody tissue were high compared with published data for other forest types, even though the silvicultural practices employed were not designed to maximise energy capture.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1421</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1421</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bunn, E.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to Volume 8, Issue 1</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1191</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1191</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiencies in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deficiencies of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, and Fe have been found in nurseries and/or plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand. The visual symptoms are described and details of the soil types on which they occur are given. Deficiency-like symptoms due to other causes are described. While visual symptoms give an immediate and usually reliable indication of the presence of a nutrient deficiency, confirmation by foliage analysis is recommended. Deficiency foliage levels of each nutrient are given.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>38</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">38</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past and projected use of fertilisers in New Zealand forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-26</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1975, 15 915 ha of forests were fertilised during routine management operations. Of this 4 617 ha were newly planted land, 7 875 ha were in established stands of exotic species, 2 852 ha were in protection forestry zones and 571 ha were in nurseries and seed orchards. Between 1954 and 1976, 54 529 ha of production forests were fertilised, over 90% of which was in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;Quantities of N, P, K, Mg and B used in 1975 were 560, 515, 36, 22 and 28 tonnes respectively. Most of the N, P and B was applied to production forests while most of the K and Mg was used in nurseries. The principal fertiliser sources of N, P, K, Mg and B were urea, superphosphate, NPK compound fertilisers, dolomite and dehydrated sodium borates respectively. &#xD;&#xD;Based on an assumption of fertiliser use on all responsive sites, forestry use in 1985 was projected to be (tonnes):&#xD;&#xD;N 14,000&#xD;P 3,000&#xD;K 70&#xD;Mg 30&#xD;B 130</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>670</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">670</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser practice in New Zealand forest nurseries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commercial fertilisers provide a convenient and effective means of maintaining a satisfactory level of balanced nutrition in nurseries provided they are used with proper regard to timing and in quantities which have some relation to the actual requirements. For many years their regular use has been regarded as an accepted part of nursery husbandry. In New Zealand Forest Service nurseries, as well as some private forest nurseries, assessment of requirements is made largely on the basis of standardised agricultural soil tests. Soil sampling methods and interpretation of soil test results are outlined. Prescriptions based on soil test ratings have generally helped to maintain satisfactory growth in successive crops, while preventing cumulative excesses which could also adversely affect nursery stock.&#xD;&#xD;Fertilisers are commonly applied during bed preparation (especially P, K and secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg, S) as low-cost simple agricultural fertilisers), as well as later during the period when seedlings are making rapid growth (light maintenance side- or topdressings of granulated multinutrient fertilisers or nitrogenous fertilisers according to soil requirements).&#xD;&#xD;In the event of poor growth or malnutrition symptoms affecting a crop, visual diagnosis, aided where necessary by foliar analysis, is used to resolve the cause so that prompt remedial action can be taken, e.g., by foliar spray. Descriptions of diagnostic symptoms and &quot;critical&quot; foliar nutrient levels for radiata pine seedlings are given.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>669</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">669</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nutrient content of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings: a survey of planting stock from 17 New Zealand forest nurseries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Representative samples of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> planting stock (1/0, 1.5/0 or 2/0) were collected at time of lifting from 17 nurseries throughout New Zealand. Individual sample averages for size, dry weight and nutrient content ranged widely for each age-class as a result of differences in seed source, climate, soil type and management practices. For 1/0 and 1.5/0 stock, mean seedling height was 23-44 cm and 33-60 cm respectively, while average dry weight per seedling for the same two age-classes was 6.3-15.1 and 14.7-32.5. Nutrient removal by crops also ranged widely. The highest dry matter production for&#xD;1/0 crops was 7.9 t/ha at a stocking of 525 000 seedlings/ha. This crop contained (kg/ha): 76 (N), 9 (P), 49 (K), 4 (Mg), 30 (Ca), 0.08 (B), 2.9 (Mn) and 0.3 (Zn). The highest dry matter production recorded for the 1.5/0 crops was 20 t/ha at a stocking of 616 000 seedlings/ha. For this crop, nutrient removal was equivalent to (kg/ha): 232 (N), 32 (P), 140 (K), 14 (Mg), 57 (Ca), 0.23 (B), 3.4 (Mn) and 1.4 (Zn).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of fertilisers at establishment of exotic forest plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews New Zealand research and experience with fertilisers at establishment of plantations of exotic tree species and outlines current management practice.&#xD;&#xD;The first commercial use of fertilisers at establishment was made in the mid-1960s during planting of radiata pine on P-deficient clay soils. Currently c. 6000 ha of new plantings are fertilised annually. The main fertiliser elements are P, N and B. All are applied manually on an individual basis in order to minimise stimulation of competing vegetation. The most common practice is to place the fertiliser in a spade slit some 15 cm from the base of the seedling within 3 to 8 weeks after planting.&#xD;&#xD;Phosphorus is applied to radiata pine at establishment mainly on weathered and leached clays and podsolised sands in the Auckland region and on strongly leached alluvial gravels in the Nelson region. With minor variations application rates are (as P) 17 g/seedling in the Auckland region and 6-10 g/seedling in the Nelson region. Most P is applied as superphosphate (8-10% P). Responses to P tend to be enhanced by site preparation methods involving weed control and deep soil cultivation. Spot applications of P at establishment are usually effective for only 3 to 4 years.&#xD;&#xD;Nitrogen is applied at establishment of radiata pine on podsolised soils, skid sites where topsoil has been removed and on strongly leached alluvial gravels. The most common application rate is c. 15 g/seedling of N applied as urea, or diammonium phosphate where both N and P are required. Nitrogen is used in the establishment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. on a range of sites with up to 30 g/seedling of N (as urea) being used. Establishment applications of N tend to be effective for only 1 to 2 years.&#xD;&#xD;Boron is used to a limited extent in the establishment of radiata pine on strongly leached soils formed from alluvial gravels and granite in the Nelson region. It is usually applied in the form of boronated superphosphate to give 0.8 g/seedling of B. These applications are usually effective for only 3 to 4 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>778</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">778</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser use in established radiata pine stands in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigations into and use of phosphate fertilisers on impoverished soils in Auckland Conservancy started in the 1950s and routine aerial applications of superphosphate are now accepted as standard management practice in both Auckland and Nelson Conservancies. Foliar analysis is used to monitor the crop P status and superphosphate is applied to keep foliar P levels above 0.12% dry weight. The usual application rate is between 55 and 110 kg/ha P and on poorer sites several dressings are required during the first rotation. Fertiliser trials and other studies have provided a good basis for these practices and correction of acute P-deficiency by applying high rates of P often results in volume responses of about 30 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year.&#xD;&#xD;Nitrogenous fertilisers applied at about 200 kg/ha N will increase productivity on many sites. At mid-rotation on fertile Central North Island soils, volume responses often exceed 8m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year; on more infertile sites in the Nelson region responses to N + P fertiliser are about 17 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year. However, on the infertile soils responses to N have usually been short-lived (4-5 years). Best responses have been obtained where applications are made within 2 years of thinning. Foliar analysis is currently an unsatisfactory basis for recommending N prescriptions, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has been effective in improving the N economy of forests planted on coastal sands.&#xD;&#xD;Boron and copper fertilisers are required on some sites to prevent malformation of trees. The use of boron fertilisers, applied at between 4 and 12 kg/ha B, is a common practice in several South Island forests. Copper deficiency occurring in limited areas of sand dune forests in Northland is corrected by the application of 5 kg/ha Cu. Foliage analysis and the appearance of symptoms are the main diagnostic techniques used in deciding where and when to apply these two micronutrients.&#xD;&#xD;Deficiencies of potassium and magnesium occur only to a limited extent and are of little practical significance. The main areas of K deficiency are on soils derived from ultrabasic rocks. Magnesium deficiency has been found on the yellow-brown pumice soils of Rotorua Conservancy, on soils derived from the Moutere gravels in Nelson Conservancy and on certain gley-podzols in Westland Conservancy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">42</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of first rotation phosphorus applications on fertiliser requirements of second rotation radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residual benefits of P fertiliser applied during the previous rotation were evaluated on a severely P-deficient soil in Riverhead Forest. Plots treated with 225 kg/ha P 19 years previously and their controls were subdivided at establishment of the second </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop. Half of each main plot received a standard establishment application of P fertiliser (17 g/seedling P) and the other half was left untreated.&#xD;&#xD;Five years after establishment trees in all sub-plots which had received any fertiliser had gained at least a year&apos;s growth advantage over those which had received no fertiliser. Growth of trees in sub-plots which received a single P application in either the first or second rotation was similar and slightly greater than that of trees in sub-plots which received both applications. This slight suppression was attributed to the second P application accentuating a N deficiency induced in the old +P plots by the growth response of the first rotation crop.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of both foliage samples collected from old crop trees prior to felling and soil samples collected prior to re-establishment provided a good index of the residual effectiveness of the previous fertiliser application.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1153</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1153</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential increase in nutrient requirements of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under intensified management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Only limited information is available in New Zealand on the effect of intensified forest management practices on nutrient status and potential fertiliser requirements of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests. Projections must therefore use the substantial overseas literature.&#xD;&#xD;Projections are made of nutrient depletion under a variety of management practices, such as waste and commercial thinnings, in addition to the final harvest. Owing to the limitations imposed by the information available, only provisional conclusions could be drawn. However, intensification in management through shorter rotations, closer utilisation, slash burning and windrowing must greatly increase nutrient removal particularly when two or more of these practices are used in conjunction. Other features of intensive management, such as thinning, clearfelling </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">per se</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and bedding in site preparation, have much smaller effects. Referring to nitrogen specifically, sufficient reserves and inputs are generally available for the next crop at present but, with intensified management, productivity will only be maintained through substantial fertilisation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>62</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">62</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barker, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some silvicultural effects of fertilisation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160-177</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Several silvicultural aspects of forest fertilisation other than volume responses, are reviewed with respect to the present New Zealand situation. &#xD;&#xD;Fertilisation to increase flowering in New Zealand seed orchards has not been successful. However, continued use at reduced levels may be justified in terms of orchard health and vigour.&#xD;&#xD;Substantial increases in tree form factor can occur in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> following N fertilisation and thinning. These increases are correlated with crown growth pattern.&#xD;&#xD;Increased crown growth rates in fertilised, thinned stands suggest optimal thinning regimes will be different for fertilised stands. &#xD;&#xD;Fertilisation at establishment increases the probability of frost damage.&#xD;Weed control should accompany fertilisation at establishment for best, most reliable, results.&#xD;&#xD;Wood density is generally reduced by fertilisation but is more than compensated for by increased volume growth. Density reductions measured at 1.4 m may overestimate the importance of such reductions.&#xD;&#xD;Fertilisation has been shown to influence susceptibility to insects and disease in several overseas countries. In New Zealand, such effects have not been demonstrated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1172</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1172</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Production forest fertiliser trials: information they should provide and how to get it</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178-188</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental design</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental designs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is essential to define the objectives of an investigation carefully at the outset, to delineate management units and biologically different populations within it, and finally to provide response information in a form that allows forest managers to forecast long-term yields. For most trials other than preliminary investigations factorial layouts of simple balanced designs are advocated, as is partial confounding in incomplete blocks or completely randomised single-tree plots. Soil and foliar analyses are considered to be useful aids for delineating populations and choosing fertiliser treatments. In turn, results from fertiliser trials can be used for refining the calibration of these diagnostic methods. Measurements taken should be appropriate to the aims of the experiment and to the variability among and within trees. Intensive measurement of a small representative sample is preferred to coarse measurement or indirect estimation of many individuals. Precautions to be taken in checking the apparent reliability of individual measurements and in adopting appropriate statistical techniques to avoid misleading results are briefly discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>826</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">826</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neary, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leonard, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of forest fertilisation on nutrient losses in streamflow in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect on water quality of urea and superphosphate aerial topdressings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stands was studied at five sites. Urea was applied at a rate of 500 kg/ha to 126 ha of the Mangotutu catchment near Kinleith. A total net loss of 95 kg N (0.33% of applied N) occurred during a 21 week period after aerial topdressing. Of this amount, 46.0 kg was lost during the first week by direct fall into the stream. Nitrate N reached a maximum of 1.18 mg/1 some 44 days after application. A 73 ha catchment in Golden Downs S.F. received 540 kg/ha of superphosphate. Over a 189 day period only 1.2 kg of elemental P (less than 0.01% of that applied) left the catchment. The P0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-P level peaked at .109 mg/l shortly after topdressing and was back to normal within several days. Two catchments in Tasman Forest, west of Nelson, received 200 kg/ha of urea and 400 kg/ha of superphosphate. The smaller (74 ha) catchment was entirely topdressed and exhibited much higher levels of N and P in streamflow (1.72 mg/1 total P and 0.79 mg/1 total N). The larger (478 ha) catchment received fertiliser on only 199 ha and its stream was not overflown. Total P and total N levels reached maxima of only 0.031 mg/1 and 0.72 mg/1 respectively. An 18 ha catchment in Tairua S.F. was topdressed with 1250 kg/ha of superphosphate. Despite a very high rise in P0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-P concentration in streamflow to 51.87 mg/1, total loss of P was only about 0.06% of that applied. A similar amount of superphosphate applied to a 31 ha catchment in Riverhead S.F. produced a maximum stream concentration of 16.13 mg/1 P0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-P. Inputs of forest fertilisers can be kept low by using 20-m buffer strips along stream edges, topdressing during no-wind conditions, and using larger granule fertilisers dropped from low altitudes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>604</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">604</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, I. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recruitment, growth and survival of rimu seedlings in selectively logged terrace rimu forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-212</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study of regeneration of rimu following selection logging of terrace rimu forest showed best recruitment on sites which had moderate to severe soil disturbance. Dense fern and hardwood regrowth limited both rimu regeneration and growth rates after 4 years. Average growth rates of seedlings established early after logging was 6 cm/annum.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">422</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of clearfelling on decomposition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> litter</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments investigating the effect of clearfelling on decomposition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don litter are described. The first was a field trial in which </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees were felled without disturbance to the litter layer. Small plots were laid out in the clearfelled area and in an adjacent closed-canopy stand. Screens of shade cloth were erected over the plots. Of the litter originally present Degree of shading had no effect on litter decomposition. In the second experiment, cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were planted in troughs designed to expose weighed experimental litter to the influence of plant roots but not to the influence of plant tops. Shades were placed over the trough surfaces and the plants grown until mycelial wefts were visible in the litter. Twenty-four troughs were then selected and plants in 12 of them were severed at litter level. Six troughs containing a growing plant and six with a &quot;felled&quot; plant were placed in a growth room simulating the climate of an open, clearfelled area. A similar set was placed in another room simulating the climate under a closed-canopy pine stand. Shades were removed from the troughs in the &quot;open&quot; climate room. All troughs were watered to field capacity daily. After 6 months, significantly more litter remained in the troughs with intact plants than in those where the plants had been &quot;felled&quot;, irrespective of whether they were in the &quot;open&quot; or in the &quot;forest&quot; climate room. The first experiment suggested and the second experiment confirmed that the biological changes resulting from clearfelling, including the removal of mycorrhizal root influence, were more important in increasing litter decomposition than the physical effect of the change in climate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1059</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1059</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of nitrogen in relation to cone production in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-238</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using nitrogen fertilisers on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grafts and cuttings, substantial increases were made in the concentrations of free arginine in buds with a potential for cone production. &#xD;&#xD;The increases, when promoted in seed orchards, did not lead to increased cone production.&#xD;&#xD;It is suggested that the major role of N, where this has increased cone production in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, may have been to increase crown size and thus the number of sites in the crown where cones may be initiated. This would only happen on sites where growth rate and crown size were limited by the availability of N.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>39</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">39</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of the Bray soil test in forestry - 1: Predicting phosphate retention capacity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-247</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between phosphate retention and Bray (0.1M HC1 + 0.03M NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">F) extractable aluminium, iron and calcium were examined in the topsoils of 128 forest soils collected from throughout New Zealand.&#xD;&#xD;Aluminium extracted using 1- and 30-minute extraction periods was highly significantly correlated with P retention (r = 0.882 and 0.920 respectively). Iron and Ca in the same extracts were closely related to P retention only within a few specific soil groups and not over all soils. Other soil properties commonly used to characterise forest soils; carbon, cation exchange capacity, pH and total P, were also significantly correlated with P retention over all soils. However the correlation coefficients were smaller than those from Bray extractable Al and stepwise regression procedures indicated their effects were predominantly indirect through association with extractable Al.&#xD;&#xD;In the interest of efficient fertiliser use, critical levels of Bray 2 (1-minute extraction) extractable Al below or above which water-soluble fertilisers should not be used on forest soils are tentatively proposed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>40</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">40</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of slash and soil removal on the productivity of second rotation radiata pine on a pumice soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of windrowing and skid site formation on site quality were examined in a 7-year-old, second rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand growing on a yellow-brown pumice soil.&#xD;&#xD;Four site types were recognised — normal cutover, windrow, inter-windrow and skids. Standing volumes, after first thinning to 573 stems/ha, were 34.3, 40.7, 20.5 and 5.2m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">8</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha respectively. Relative to the normal cutover the overall windrowed area contained 7m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha less volume or the equivalent of a reduction in Site Index (mean top height in metres at age 20 yrs) of 2 m.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of current season&apos;s foliage showed that N and B concentrations were lower on both skid and inter-windrow sites than on the windrow and normal cutover sites. Magnesium concentrations on the inter-windrow site were significantly lower than those on all other sites.&#xD;&#xD;Levels of total N and exchangeable Mg were lower in the skid site and inter-windrow soil profiles than in the normal cutover profile. Using regressions of soil depth on total soil N it was calculated that c. 2.5 and 26 cm of soil had been scalped off the inter-windrow and skid sites respectively.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>708</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">708</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litchwark, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect and fungal defects in red and silver beech</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a mixed stand of pole-sized red beech and silver beech, pathological wood (a defective core) was present in 92% of the red and 68% of the silver beech sampled. Pinhole borer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) attack had invariably led to the formation of pathological wood in both species, and in red beech, an additional type of pathological wood often not associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holes or other wounds, was present in at least 22% of the trees. All stem rots were associated with pathological wood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1248</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1248</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume equations for the major indigenous species in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-268</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two-way volume formulae for nine indigenous species or crop types have been developed from earlier data on sectionally measured trees.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1017</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1017</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, V. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimum total cost: An improved weigh scaling strategy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-276</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The usual statistical sampling technique of choosing a sample size to produce an estimate with a specified error limit can be improved upon in situations where indirect costs resulting from estimation errors can be evaluated. The estimation of the weight to volume conversion factor in weigh scaling is such a situation and this paper presents the formulae needed to determine sample sizes that will minimise total scaling costs for both simple random sampling and stratified random sampling. Using cost and production data that is representative of weigh scaling for a New Zealand Forest Service conservancy, the minimum total scaling cost strategy is compared with the 2.5 percent error strategy in terms of sample sizes, variable and total scaling costs, and standard error attained. The comparisons illustrate the differences between the strategies when considering various stratum classifications and stumpage rates.&#xD;&#xD;The minimum total cost strategy produces significant savings compared to the current method and produces more accurate estimates (i.e. smaller standard error) of more valuable forest products which is an intuitively desirable characteristic.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">486</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the impact of silvicultural treatment on the wood characteristics of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-287</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of silviculture on intrinsic wood properties can be estimated by separating the analysis into two stages: predicting the impact of silviculture on the distribution of volume according to the physiological age of the wood; and predicting mean-tree wood properties from the mean physiological age of the tree.&#xD;&#xD;A simple growth model provided satisfactory estimates of mean physiological age of trees in two heavily thinned plots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don. The model was used to predict the mean physiological age of trees from selected regimes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>711</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">711</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution of extractives in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">earlywood and latewood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">288-294</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood and latewood of both a 19-year-old and a 45-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata t</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ree had similar extractives content and composition. However latewood in the heartwood had more extractives than earlywood in the same annual growth ring. The additional extractives are resin acids which probably arise from enrichment of this latewood tissue with resin acids long after the heartwood is formed. No significant differences were detected in the compositions of the fatty and resin acids present in the earlywood and latewood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>126</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">126</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Booker, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kininmonth, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in longitudinal permeability of green radiata pine wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-308</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The longitudinal permeability of four 27-year-old trees of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don) was measured by passing deaerated water through de-gassed green wood specimens 20 mm long. Significant permeability differences were found between trees, and there was a negative correlation between longitudinal permeability and density. The longitudinal permeability of sapwood increased significantly with height in the stem from the butt to just below the crown. No consistent pattern of variation was observed with radial position over a cross-section. This is attributed to the relatively large fraction of the permeation area in the outer sapwood that is occupied by latewood, and to the presence of compression wood. An abrupt decline in permeability occurred at the boundary between the wet sapwood and dry wood zones. Results were in general agreement with those of comparable studies on other species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1249</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1249</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pearce, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Loughlin, C.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Some pedological trends from recent West Coast soil surveys and their relevance to forest use: A discussion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-311</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mew, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leamy, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Some pedological trends from recent West Coast soil surveys and their relevance to forest use: Reply</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1251</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1251</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chavasse, C.G.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Preliminary results on the effect of selection management of terrace rimu forest: Comment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">312-313</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>622</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">622</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage biomass of Douglas-fir in a 53-year-old plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-326</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage biomass of five 53-year-old Douglas fir trees was assessed by regression analysis. The biomass of the measured tree components of total foliage, current-year foliage, twigs and branches were all most strongly correlated with tree stem diameter below the lowest living branch.&#xD;&#xD;Needle retention was low, with only a trace of five-year old needles found and 67-82% of the total foliage held as current and one-year-old needles. Needle biomass was estimated at 7.8 tonnes dry wt/ha with an annual production of 2.6 tonnes dry wt./ha. &#xD;&#xD;Predictive equations are developed which could be used to establish a current norm for foliage biomass of Douglas fir in northern Kaingaroa State Forest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>69</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">69</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, I. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature and its effect on the germination and initial growth of kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauri seed will germinate between 10.5° and 36°C. However, for raising seedlings, germination and initial growth is adequate only between 19.5° and 27.5°C. The optimum temperature is at, or close to, 25.0°C.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>43</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">43</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of the Bray soil test in forestry - 2: Determination of cation status</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332-343</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison was made between amounts of exchangeable (extracted by 1</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OAc, pH7) and Bray (0.1</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> HC1 + 0.03</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">F) extractable K, Mg and Ca in the topsoils of 128 forest soils and their relationships to levels in the foliage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing on these soils.&#xD;&#xD;Amounts of K, Mg and Ca removed by a 1-minute extraction with the Bray solution were quantitatively similar to and closely correlated with amounts extracted by NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OAc (r = 0.914, 0.899 and 0.762 respectively). Increasing the extraction period with the Bray solution to 30 minutes had negligible effects on amounts of K but increased the amounts of Mg and Ca extracted, particularly from less weathered soils. &#xD;&#xD;Potassium extracted by all three methods was significantly correlated with foliar K but explained only 9 to 12% of its variation. Correlations between foliar Mg and Ca and amounts of these cations extracted by the three methods were non significant although significant relationships were found within a few specific soil groups. It was concluded that, until such time as soil tests are developed and calibrated which give a good indication of tree-available K, Mg and Ca, the Bray 2 (1-minute) extraction can be used just as effectively, and more rapidly, for characterising exchangeable cations in forest soils as the NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OAc extraction.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>488</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">488</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warrington, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of frost damage in radiata pine seedlings using the diffusate electroconductivity technique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344-350</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The diffusate electroconductivity technique of evaluating cold injury was studied on radiata pine seedlings subjected, at different times throughout the year, to below-freezing temperatures in a controlled environment frost room. The seedlings developed natural hardiness in May which increased to a peak in July to August when experimental frosts of —9° and —12°C caused little damage. Thereafter the seedlings lost their winter hardiness through September to November and returned to the summer minimum of —3° to —6°C. Relative electroconductivity values determined on upper stem tissue, within three days of the low temperature treatments, were in close agreement with visual assessments made one month later when the damage symptoms had had time to develop. Relative electroconductivity values of 0.5 or greater indicated that the low temperature treatment had been severe and would lead to subsequent death of the seedling.&#xD;&#xD;The technique was also used to examine the influence of the number of frosts at any particular low temperature on seedling damage. Where the treatment temperature caused little damage (i.e. slight burning of needle tips) there was no increase in damage in response to the number of frosts the seedlings received. However, where a single low temperature frost caused considerable damage (i.e. many needles and buds killed), the amount of damage increased in response to an increase in the number of frosts. Damage assessment by the electroconductivity method again closely agreed with visual assessments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>668</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">668</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar concentrations of ten mineral nutrients in nine </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones during a 15-month period</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">351-368</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a 15-month study, mature-length foliage samples were collected at 2-3 week intervals from the lower branch clusters of cuttings of nine non-select </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clones. The cuttings which had been planted out four years previously were growing on a uniform pumice soil site at Rotorua.&#xD;&#xD;Foliage samples representative of each clone on 25 sampling dates were analysed for 10 nutrient elements. Analysis of variance of the foliar data indicated that, despite the confounding for ramets within clones and dates, the effects of date and clone respectively were in almost all instances very highly significant (p &lt; .001). In order of magnitude, the fractions of total variance accounted for by clone were: .48 (B), .37 (K, Zn), .23 (Ca, Mg), .12 (Mn), .07 (Na), .09 (N), .04 (P) and .02 (Cu); those accounted for by sampling date were: .77 (Cu), .68 (N), .60 (P), .54 (Na), .41 (Ca), .37 (Mg), .29 (Mn), .22 (K, B), and .11 (Zn).&#xD;&#xD;Clonal repeatabilities as at any given date varied greatly with element, being highest for B and K (.60, .46), intermediate for Zn, Ca and Mg (.39, .37 and .35), low for N and Mn (.26, .17) and very low for Na, Cu and P (.11, .06 and .05). Clone-season interaction appeared to be minor. Tree-to-tree coefficients of variation also varied widely with element and were (in order of magnitude): .32 (Na), .30 (Mn), .26 (B), .25 (Zn), .22 (Ca), .20 (Mg), .14 (K), .12 (P, Cu), .09 (N). To detect differences (p &lt; 0.05) of at least 20% between the means of two sample populations for macronutrients would evidently require sampling from at least 10 trees per composite population; for micronutrients the number generally seems higher (c. 15-20).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>793</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">793</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meylan, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density variation within </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cocos nucifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-383</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relation between the anatomy and basic density of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cocos nucifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has been determined using material from the stems of a young, mature, and an overmature palm. Changes in basic density within the stem and with age are almost entirely due to the relative abundance of sclerenchyma fibres and ground parenchyma cells and to changes in cell wall thickness, as both cell types retain their vital functions and continue to lay down additional cell wall material for a very long time at all positions in the stem. The variation in both cell types is illustrated with scanning electron micrographs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">255</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of the Pilodyn and torsiometer methods for the rapid assessment of wood density in living trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384-391</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the &quot;Pilodyn Wood Tester&quot; (which operates by measuring the penetration of a steel striker pin) for nondestructive assessment of wood density in living trees. Results were compared with those from the recently developed Torsiometer method as regards accuracy for predicting the wood density measured from increment cores. In the first trial, 10-year-old radiata pine clones were tested (25 clones, 5 ramets/clone, 2 measurements/ramet). The Pilodyn was by far the most rapid method and the penetration data gave a correlation coefficient of —0.96 with wood density on a clone mean basis. The Torsiometer gave a correlation of 0.78.&#xD;&#xD;The second study was in a 31-year-old radiata pine plantation where 25 stems were assessed at four breast height sampling points by the three methods used in the first trial. Again the Pilodyn results were obtained more rapidly and were more closely related to mean tree outerwood density (r = —0.86 as compared to 0.79 for the Torsiometer).&#xD;&#xD;The Pilodyn Wood Tester appears to have a high potential for the rapid measurement of wood density in large numbers of stems and would be particularly useful for ranking groups of trees such as clones or families by density classes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>903</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">903</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungicidal effectiveness of various salts of a tertiary amine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392-396</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory decay tests show that the fungicidal activity of alkylammonium compounds (AAC) used for the control of wood-decaying fungi can be markedly affected by changing the nature of the anion used.&#xD;&#xD;Amine salts formed from weak acids (e.g. naphthenic acetic acid) show significantly greater effectiveness than those formed from strong acids (e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic acid). Enhanced fungicidal activity is ascribed to improved macro- and micro-distribution of the preservative due to a slowing in the rate of the ion-exchange fixation mechanism.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>187</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">187</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicity of tertiary amine acetates against basidiomycetes and soft-rot fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">397-402</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soft-rot fungi</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The acetate salts of seven tertiary amines, which provided a series of increasing alkyl chain length from C</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">8</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to C</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">18</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, were screened for fungicidal effectiveness against basidiomycetes and soft-rot fungi in pine and birch timber respectively. Dodecyldimethylamine acetate was the most effective against basidiomycetes (toxic threshold 1.6-3.2 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). Tetradecyldimethylamine acetate was the most effective against soft-rot fungi, but some decay (mean loss of wood substance 3.1%) occurred at 6 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, the highest level tested. Decreasing alkyl chain lengths (below C</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">12</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), greatly reduced effectiveness whereas increasing alkyl chain length (above C</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) caused only a gradual reduction in fungitoxicity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>186</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">186</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drysdale, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficacy of acidic and alkaline solutions of alkylammonium compounds as wood preservatives</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-409</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solutions of alkylammonium compounds were modified by addition of various levels of acid (HC1) or alkali (Na</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). Solution concentrations were designed to provide sub-toxic retentions of the alkylammonium compounds in treated poplar or pine wood blocks. The effect of acid or alkali addition to treating solutions was determined through increase or decrease in decay after treated wood was incubated with test fungi (brown-rot, white-rot, and soft-rot). Addition of low levels of acid (0.025-0.1% w/w HC1) improved performance against basidiomycetes, and to a lesser extent soft-rot fungi. Addition of high levels of acid (1% w/w HC1) further improved soft-rot control, but resistance of treated wood to basidiomycete attack was reduced. Addition of alkali to treating solutions generally led to increased loss of wood substance when treated wood was exposed to fungal attack. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of acid and alkali on the fixation process and subsequent macro- and micro-distribution of alkylammonium compounds in wood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>517</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">517</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infected with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410-416</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties were measured on 10 nine-year-old trees from each of the four spraying treatments (aqueous solutions of copper-based fungicides) applied to control </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothisfroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infection of radiata pine in Sample Plot R919, Kaingaroa Forest. Wood samples were cut from levels in the stems corresponding to seven and four annual growth layers, and these were examined for wood density, shrinkage, green moisture content, growth rate, tracheid length, grain angle, resin content, pith diameter and bark thickness.&#xD;&#xD;Significant differences in wood properties that could be related to the spray treatments were limited to some loss of diameter growth in unsprayed, heavily defoliated trees (more apparent in the upper than in the lower stem), and also a trend to increasing wood density in outer growth layers following severe defoliation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Povey, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of clonal radiata pine grown in soils with different levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus and water</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">417-430</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings of radiata, pine were grown for six years in wooden containers set in the ground. Three clones were grown under seasonal water deficits (soil water potential —10 bars), but at other times natural soil moisture was maintained as necessary at a soil water potential of not less than —0.5 bars. Seasonal deficits were applied during the periods June-November, December-May or throughout the whole year June-May, using a factorial design. Two of the clones were also grown under four different soil nutrient conditions: (i) N deficient, (ii) P deficient, (iii) normal soil of average fertility, (iv) double topsoil with unrestricted root access to subsoil.&#xD;&#xD;The effect of periodic moderate moisture stress on wood properties was to induce the formation of frequent narrow false rings. These increased minimum (ear Iy wood) density, mean density and late wood ratio in the affected growth layers. Tracheids were also shorter in the outer growth layers of trees grown under moisture stress.&#xD;&#xD;The effects of soil nutrient status on wood properties were small. Pith diameter was larger in the fast-growing trees in double topsoil than in the slow-growing trees with mineral deficiencies. The fast-growing trees also had slightly lower average wood density towards the base of the stem than the other three treatments. Phosphate deficiency produced high late wood density only in the outer growth layers.&#xD;&#xD;Wood density, pith diameter and tracheid length differed consistently between clones. No effects, either clonal or environmental, were detected in development of spiral grain.&#xD;&#xD;Because many of the apparent responses of wood properties to environmental stress appeared only in the outer growth layers of these young trees, it is suggested that, whenever possible studies of the physiology of xylem formation based on young-tree material should be extended to older trees in order to ensure that the same responses are obtained in outerwood formation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>673</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">673</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tahau, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A repellent to protect radiata pine seedlings from browsing by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repellents containing either thiram or egg, together with acrylic adhesive and red dye, were sprayed on 1-year-old radiata pine seedlings.&#xD;&#xD;Browsing damage on the seedlings by sheep was compared, together with that on untreated seedlings, over a six-month period.&#xD;&#xD;Formulations containing egg significantly reduced the incidence of browsing for 3-4 months but mixtures containing thiram, or acrylic adhesive and red dye without egg were not effective repellents.&#xD;&#xD;Where radiata pine is planted on pasture and sheep are grazed amongst the seedlings, egg-based repellents may be useful in reducing spring and early summer browsing damage. They could also be used on forest sites to protect seedlings from sheep introduced to control weeds such as bracken fern.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>384</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">384</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flewelling, J. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammonium uptake from dilute solutions by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rate of ammonium ion uptake by seven-week-old seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from complete nutrient solutions, when described in terms of the carrier hypothesis and the analogous theory of enzyme  kinetics, had a Michaelis-Menten constant (K</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) of 15.3 </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M/litre with a standard error of the mean equal to 5.6 </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M/litre. Although uptake rates at concentrations up to 110 </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M/litre were in accord with the Michaelis-Menten equation, anomalously high rates of uptake were observed at 230 </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M/litre.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>63</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">63</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barker, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in relation to applied ethylene</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-19</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethylene in the form of Ethrel was applied as a band to boles of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. A large, localised diameter growth response occurred which was linearly related to the logarithm of the concentration applied. The growth response was due to increased cell division. The water-soluble extractive content, the basic density, amount of ray tissue and tracheid wall thickness were increased. Tracheid length and wood strength were decreased. Volumetric shrinkage and lignin content were not influenced.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A physiological study of seed cone production in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-33</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual grafts in two</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed orchards were categorised (a) as being &quot;good flowerers&quot;, or (b) as flowering poorly, </style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">either </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">because (i) many of their long shoots failed to develop (&quot;non-developers&quot;) </style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">or </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">because (ii) most of their long shoots differentiated into branches (&quot;mainly branch&quot;). At one site buds in trees of the 3 categories were treated with a mixture of gibberellin A4/7 with naphthaleneacetic acid (GA/NAA) at the stage of long shoot differentiation. At the second site buds were harvested at that stage and extracted to assay for endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins, carbohydrates, nitrogen and amino acids.&#xD;&#xD;In all categories of tree an increased number of seed cones were differentiated following GA/NAA application. This resulted in part from an increase in total long shoot numbers, and in part through a developmental &quot;switch&quot; from branches to seed cones.&#xD;&#xD;Buds of good flowering trees had high levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids, but low levels of total and non-polar gibberellins, and cytokinins, relative to trees whose long shoots mostly developed into branches. &#xD;&#xD;The hypothesis is proposed that undifferentiated long shoot primordia tend to differentiate as seed cones rather than as branches when their rate of growth is high. Treatments which increase seed cone differentiation may involve a temporary diversion of metabolites from the apical meristem of a bud to its developing long shoots at the time when differentiation is occurring.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>762</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">762</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCracken, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the carbohydrate concentration of pine seedlings after cool storage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-43</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus mugo</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">were cool stored for 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks and analysed for carbohydrate (as soluble sugars and starch) on removal from storage and after six weeks subsequent growth in controlled environment.&#xD;&#xD;Concentrations of carbohydrate were highest at lifting (10-14% of seedling dry weight) and declined steadily through 6, 12 and 18 weeks&apos; cool storage in both species. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus mugo</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings retained higher concentrations in stem and root than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> during cool storage and these were depleted during subsequent growth. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> showed a similar pattern of depletion during growth following 0 and 6 weeks&apos; cool storage but results suggests that alternative resources were utilised following 12 and 18 weeks&apos; storage, resulting in a decline in vigour. A pre-treatment of root wrenching had no significant effect on carbohydrate concentrations in either species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>900</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">900</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preest, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ester formulation and surfactant affect response of radiata pine and gorse seedlings to 2,4,5-T</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a replicated 2 (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ester</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) x 4 (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">rate</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) x 2 (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">surfactant</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) factorial experiment the iso-octyl ester of 2,4,5-T was found to be more effective in controlling seedling gorse (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ulex europaeus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) and less damaging to radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) seedlings than the butyl ester. The addition of 0.5% v/v surfactant significantly enhanced the activity of the iso-octyl ester against the gorse, but not that of the butyl ester, and resulted in marginally less tree growth suppression by 2,4,5-T. Further investigation of the effects of ester formulation and surfactant on 2,4,5-T activity in relation to gorse control and tree selectivity appears warranted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>44</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">44</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation of nitrogen fertilisers and movement of nutrients from the surface of a rhyolitic pumice forest soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-67</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The transformations and movement of urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), sulphur-coated urea (SCU) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) were followed over a 16-week period using intact cores from the surface 10 cm of a rhyolitic pumice forest soil. Fertiliser was applied at equivalent to 200 kg N/ha and the cores were leached with 5 cm of distilled water per week.&#xD;&#xD;AS, AN and CAN exhibited similar, rapid leaching rates with over 90% of the applied N passing through the cores in 10 weeks: 50% of the N applied as NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N passed through in this form while the remainder was nitrified and passed through as N0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N. Urea and DAP showed a slower initial leaching, but this increased as nitrification peaked at 7 weeks. After 16 weeks about 70% of the N applied in urea and DAP had passed through the cores with about 70% of this as N0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N. The two slow-release fertilisers, SCU and IBDU showed steady leaching patterns, identical to each other. About 50% of their N was leached over the 16 week period, nearly all as N0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N. Very little unhydrolysed urea was leached from any of the urea-based sources. The bulk of the residual fertiliser N appeared to be in organic form, but it was readily mineraliseable.&#xD;&#xD;All fertilisers greatly increased the leaching rate of Ca, Mg and K, with AS having the greatest and DAP the least effect. The fertilisers had little effect on the movement of P in this soil.&#xD;&#xD;The practical implications of the results are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zondag, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">F. with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Deladenus siricidicola </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bedding part 2: Introductions and establishments in the South Island 1968-75</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nematode, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Deladenus siricidicola</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Bedding, which sterilises adult female </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. and is regarded as being the most important controlling agent of the woodwasp in the North Island, has been successfully introduced into several South Island forests. It is well established in the northern parts of Nelson Conservancy and there has spread naturally to forests where it was not introduced. In Canterbury Conservancy it has been recovered from two of the six forests in which it was introduced, and in Southland Conservancy from five of the eight forests.&#xD;&#xD;Details are given of the methods used for the introductions and the establishment checks.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>288</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">288</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, M. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Movement of marked sika (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus nippon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and red deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus elaphus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in central North Island, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-88</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Movement of sika deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus nippon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), within the area from the 1905 liberation point in the northern Kaimanawa Forest to the Ruahine Range some 90 km south, was studied over the period 1964-74 using self-tagging collars. Fiftyfour sika and 30 red deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus elaphus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), mostly hunter-killed, were recovered. For sika deer, the average distance travelled from tagging to kill site was 2.2 km after an average of 16.9 months; for red deer, an average distance of 3 km in an average of 17 months. The only significant difference found was between sexes of sika deer, the males travelling further than the females (p = 0.05). Recovery of collared deer from the marking areas showed that they returned annually to feeding grounds. Collar recoveries also indicated a southward dispersal. There was a greater susceptibility to marking for adult females than males; yearling males were more susceptible than yearling females. Only one marked deer, a sika stag, was recovered from the Ruahine Range.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>469</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">469</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubic spline curves and calculation of volume of sectionally measured trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spline</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When stem volume is estimated from measurements of cross-sectional area using Smalian&apos;s composite formula and data from</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand errors in volume rapidly increase as intensity of measurement decreases, exceeding 8% when the interval between measurements is greater than 5 m. Newton&apos;s composite formula or Romberg&apos;s method can halve this error but are applicable only when the intervals between measurements are uniform. Integrating a cubic spline curve fitted through the data points can estimate volume with only 60% of the error of Smalian&apos;s formula. This function is suited for use with dendrometer measurements of standing trees and, provided that the distances between measurements are less than 5 m, errors can be confined to less than 5% of the volume.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>377</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">377</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trans-Tasman forest products trade after a decade of NAFTA 1966-75</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General trans-Tasman trade has increased in real-term values by over 75% from Australia and 100% from New Zealand but forest products have only increased 3 and 14% respectively. Australia still supplies 15-20% of New Zealand&apos;s forest products imports, while the New Zealand share of the much larger Australian imports decreased from c. 17 to 13%. New Zealand has failed to substitute seasoned pine framing for North American softwood imports. Neither has the finger-jointed sawnwood potential of the &quot;old-crop&quot; plantations been exploited.&#xD;&#xD;Expansion of New Zealand newsprint production ill accords with both forest supply potential in the next 15 years, and with Australian plans for increased production. Results apparent from joint forest consultations are limited, and mutual competition for forest products within Australasia appears to be increasing.&#xD;&#xD;NAFTA failed to expand forest products trade in the decade. Australian forest areas appear to be large enough for export surpluses in the year 2000 and the Australasian countries will be mutually competitive on third markets. Increased afforestation will accentuate this.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">        </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1277</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1277</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Meyland, B.A., &amp; Butterfield, B.G. 1978: The structure of New Zealand woods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;The structure of New Zealand woods&quot;, by Meyland, B.A., &amp;amp; Butterfield, B.G. 1978: NZJFS 9&lt;/i&gt;(1), 124.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1241</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1241</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zondag, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding of the clerid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thanasimus formicarius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for the control of the bark beetles </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hylastes ater</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hylurgus ligniperda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In September 1976, 214 adults and 165 larvae of the predatory clerid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thanasimus formicarius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. were received from the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control station in Austria. A successful breeding and rearing technique was developed; by July 1977, 364 adults had been reared and by June 1978 a further 1081. Liberations have been made in several forests in the North Island (176 adults were released in 1977 and 616 in 1978) but no field recoveries have yet been made, and the breeding will continue for at least another year.&#xD;&#xD;The difficulties encountered with the breeding are discussed, and suggestions are made on how the technique could be improved.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1176</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1176</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ash group of eucalypts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-144</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ash group comprises 42 taxa of the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. These eucalypts form Pryor and Johnson&apos;s informal series OBLIQUAE of the subgenus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Monocalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;All described species and subspecies are listed and briefly discussed. The group includes several well-known large timber trees for which species and provenance trials have recently been established. Genetic improvement programmes based on comprehensive provenance testing and local selection have been initiated for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans, E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Provenance tests of a limited range of seedlots have been established for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. obliqua, E. oreades, E. fraxinoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. sieberi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>160</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">160</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalisation of multi-trait selection indices using information from several sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-152</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-trait selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multi-trait selection index is formulated for selecting parents using half-sib progeny test information, to illustrate the approach of treating the expressions of any one trait at different sites as being effectively several distinct traits. This involves analysing data from one site at a time and linking results from different sites in a separate but minor operation. The proposed approach is highly robust with respect to the statistical properties of data and offers great flexibility in assessment procedures and the assignment of economic weights.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollmann, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud morphogenesis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand 2: The seasonal shoot growth pattern of seven clones at four sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primordial initiation and development of branch buds were studied in seven clones at each of four locations in the North Island of New Zealand.&#xD;&#xD;Initiation of the annual shoot primordia had started by mid-September at all sites. Growth differences due to site began to appear in January, when extension and primordial differentiation of the new season&apos;s shoot was starting.&#xD;&#xD;At the warmer sites initiation continued until late autumn or early winter while at the colder sites it ceased earlier. Consequently the annual shoots collected in September from the coastal Te Teko seed orchard contained 220 to 241 more primordia than those from the other three sites. Shoot extension by September was also higher there (1.3 mm per internode as compared with 0.5 mm at the inland location of Waimihia). Te Teko was also the site where needle growth was most rapid and the number of cycles in the annual shoot was greatest.&#xD;&#xD;The results generally confirm the pattern of shoot growth previously demonstrated for the leading shoot of a single clone.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thulin, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in a plot at Rotorua</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-169</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At age 13 years, a 0.156-ha plot of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has attained a mean height of 28.5 m, a mean diameter (at 1.4 m) of 40.7 cm, a total stand volume of 307 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, a mean annual total volume increment of 23.6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year, and a basal area of 30.8 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha. Since the plot had no surround or buffer zone, the volume increment and basal area would be inflated.&#xD;&#xD;The initial stocking of the stand was 5357 stems/ha, and was reduced to 1178 stems/ha at age 4 years and to 237 stems/ha at age 7 years. &#xD;&#xD;The seed came from Mt Erica, Victoria.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1052</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swanson, R. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benecke, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havranek, W. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transpiration in mountain beech estimated simultaneously by heat-pulse velocity and climatised cuvette. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">9 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 360-361</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-176</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water vapour loss as measured for foliage in a climatised cuvette and xylem sap-flow as calculated from stem heat-pulse velocity (HpV) measurements in mountain beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">clifiorlioides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hook. F. poole) are compared over a seven-hour period.&#xD;&#xD;A close correlation was obtained between branch transpiration and heatpulse velocity uuder the prevailing conditions of low moisture stress. The Hpv technique appears to be appücable to mountain beech, a hardwood with a difiuse-porous vascular transport system. Tentative extrapolation of results to total crown transpiration and total stem sap-flow gave similar results.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>553</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">553</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes within tree crowns following thinning of young Douglas- fir infected by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-184</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey was carried out of tree crowns in a 22-year-old stand of Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) in order to study changes following thinning five years earlier. Thinning to 220 and 740 stems/ha did not increase foliage retention or needle density, and had, at most, only a slight effect on mean infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rohde) Petrak, which was not less than 79% at different crown levels. In the lower crown region of unthinned trees ninth whorl branches retained needles longer, but showed less shoot extension over the last two years, than equivalent, unsuppressed branches of thinned trees. Thinned trees developed deeper crowns. An adjacent, 24-year-old stand thinned to 220 stems/ha 12 years previously still retained a high infection (more than 98%), and foliage retention and density were no greater than on trees of the same stocking in the more recently thinned stand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>571</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">571</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutcheson, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutritional basis for feeding zone preference of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-192</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inner bark and sapwood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are compared regarding their nutritional value to larvae of the cerambycid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Larvae feeding in the inner bark, for which they show a strong preference under field conditions, had a relative growth rate four times that of sapwood-fed individuals (48.7 and 11.3mg/g/day respectively). Nitrogen concentration was much higher in the inner bark than in the sapwood, as were soluble carbohydrate levels. Food consumption, growth, and food utilisation indices are presented for bark-fed larvae as well as estimated nitrogen assimilation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>895</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">895</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pook, E. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling growth in tanekaha (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phyllocladus trichomanoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">): effects of shade and other seedling species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193-200</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of tanekaha (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phyllocladus frichomanoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) were grown alone and in a mixture with kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), mapau (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myrsine australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and lancewood (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudopanax crassifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) seedlings under four levels of shading in a glasshouse. Growth response of tanekaha was similar in both experiments. Seedling dry weight increment was linearly related to light intensity for all four species in the range 1.7% to 33% full daylight. Growth rates of the shrub hardwood species (mapau and lancewood) were superior to those of the softwoods (tanekaha and kauri) over the whole range of illumination. It is  suggested that the very slow growth rates of the softwoods under shaded conditions, compared to many hardwoods, partly explain the general failure of softwood regeneration in mature primary forest and their patterns of establishment in secondary scrub and forest communities.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">385</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flinn, D. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moller, I. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hopmans, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustained growth responses to superphosphate applied to established stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-211</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth responses to superphosphate broadcast applied at 630 and 1260 kg ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to 9- to 18-year-old unthinned stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at three sites in the Scarsdale plantation (Victoria) have been measured for up to 13 years after treatment. A substantial basal area response was found for both rates of superphosphate and there is evidence that on at least two of the sites the responses will continue through to rotation age with a commensurate increase in site productivity. Sectional measurements showed that form factor of the co-dominant and partly suppressed trees was not significantly influenced by fertiliser addition. &#xD;&#xD;Basal area growth curves together with favourable soil P retention characteristics and differential soil and foliar P levels between treatments indicated that the higher application rate of superphosphate will provide substantially higher yields at rotation age than the lower rate. Responses to the higher rate represented an increase in standing volume of at last 100 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at all sites over the 11-13 year period after treatment and reduced the time taken to obtain the equivalent basal area growth on unfertilised sites by over four years.&#xD;&#xD;Foliar and soil analyses showed that the sites were not only P deficient but also low in Ca and high in Al. Correction of mild Ca deficiency and alleviation of the adverse effects of Al on the P nutrition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by the application of superphosphate probably contributed to the substantial responses obtained.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1349</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1349</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pekelharing, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluctuation in opossum populations along the north bank of the Taramakau Catchment and its effect on the forest canopy. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">11</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluctuations in density patterns of opossum populations were studied by faecal pellet counts, along the North Bank of the Taramakau catchment from 1970 to 1977. The study area contained two major vegetation associations, rata/kamahi forest and red beech forest. Variations in density patterns over the years indicated that peak population numbers in the beech forests were approximately half those in the rata/kamahi forests. The upper transitional forests above both major forest types, however, reached similar peak densities. Canopy defoliation was studied by aerial photography in 1980 and in 1973. Within 13 years over 40% of the canopy in these protection forests was defoliated. This large-scale defoliation coincided with a build-up and peaking of the opossum population.&#xD;&#xD;In the winter of 1974 the whole area was poisoned by air with 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) impregnated carrot. Approximately 85% of the opossum population was removed by this operation. The greatest decline in pellet densities was recorded in the lower and mid-forest strata.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deadman, M. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A method for assessment of recoverable volume by log types</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-239</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes a method for assessing the recoverable volume by log types of a single species stand of trees shortly before harvesting. The method takes into account the influences on yield of stem quality and malformation, and of log specifications and preferences. Trees are cruised for quality and malformation. No attempt is made to divide trees into logs in the field. During computer analysis of the inventory data, lists of log specifications and values control a dynamic programming optimisation process which estimates the potential yield from each stem. A test of the method at ten clear felling sites indicated that good results were attainable, the overall error in recovered volume being 3.7 percent. An operational system based on the method is now being used by the N.Z. Forest Service.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An early progeny trial in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2: Subjective assessment of crookedness</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-261</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Five independent observers assessed more than 1600 stems of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don for crookedness on a 0-9 scale. Inconsistencies in the scoring of individual observers resulted in erratic changes in the mean and the variance as the work progressed; this was probably the origin of four distinct interactions, which contributed a small but statistically significant part of the total variance. The error variance of the individual observer was about 0.5 and constituted about 32% of the total variance.&#xD;&#xD;The frequency distributions of the errors generally showed significant departures from the normal, but for no consistent reason. In some there was skewness, in some positive kurtosis, and most showed apparently anomalous frequencies in some classes. As expected, the mean score of five observers per tree was greatly superior in its statistical properties to the single scores, the departure of its frequency distribution from the normal falling well short of the 5% significance level.&#xD;&#xD;The variance of the errors showed significant heterogeneity and were to some extent correlated with the means. Attempts to eliminate these undesirable features by transformations were only partly successful; but, despite rather severe changes brought about by the transformation, the analyses of variance made before and after transformation gave essentially the same results.&#xD;&#xD;The data were analysed as five separate sets (one from each observer) and as a single set combining the five scores for each tree. The results consistently indicated the presence of a substantial families component in the total  variance (P &lt; 0.001). The best estimate of heritability was 0.44 (90% confidence limits about 0.28 and 0.87).&#xD;&#xD;In ranking the means of 26 open-pollinated families, the five observers showed good agreement (Kendall and Babington Smith&apos;s coefficient of concordance W = 0.81; P&lt;0.001). There were also differences in the amount of tree-to-tree variation within families. When the families were ranked according to their variances, the observers were again found to have displayed a highly significant concordance (W = 0.55; P &lt; 0.001).&#xD;&#xD;It is concluded that a single observer, under conditions like those experienced in this study, could score crookedness accurately enough if the purpose were solely the ranking of group means; but in general the assessment of crookedness should be based on the sum of scores by two or more independent observers per tree. This is particularly true when the data are to be used for statistical work involving measures of dispersal, as in the analysis of variance and covariance.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The peppermint group of eucalypts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The peppermints constitute a distinctive natural group of 10 eucalypts of the subgenus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Monocalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. They share several morphological features of bark, seedling characteristics, timber properties, fruits and buds, and are especially characterised by high concentrations of essential oil in the leaves. &#xD;&#xD;While none of these eucalypts is commercially important for forestry in New Zealand, most have been planted on a small scale, and some make handsome ornamentals. The group is currently being comprehensively tested for suitability in soil erosion control in the Wairarapa district.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">90</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benecke, U.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface area of needles in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - variation with respect to age and crown position</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle weight per unit surface-area was determined for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don fascicles by coating needles with glass balls suspended in a fluidised bed. Within a tree-crown, weight/area of needles increased with age and declined strongly with increasing shade. In an unthinned canopy the decline from sun- to shadecrown was 31%, while in an open thinned canopy it was 26%. Fascicle position within the crown, therefore, requires recognition when determining foliage surface-area from needle mass by the method described.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>552</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">552</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungicidal control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infection in a 19-year-old Douglas-fir stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-283</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sixty-eight trees in a stand of unhealthy 19-year-old Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) were treated with fungicides either by spraying twiceyearly for 2 years, or by injection three times during 4 years. Handspraying crown foliage to beyond run-off point during the growing season with separate applications of 0.05% copper (as copper oxychloride; 0.1% Multifilm X-77 added) and/or 0.02% triforine reduced plot mean current-needle infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rohde) Petrak from ≥ 99% to 42% or less. Helicopter spraying with these chemicals at about 2240 litres/ha/application was ineffective mean infection ≥ 96%) and cannot yet be recommended for the control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gaeumantiii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in forest management. Trunk injections of 0.35% carbendazim in N/10 HCi at a rate of 3-4  litres/tree/injection reduced plot mean infection 13% or less after two seasons. Positive responses in growth (all injection plots) and needle retention (one plot) were indicated 2 and 4 years, respectively, after injection plots were first treated. Most trees handsprayed with copper and several injected trees developed phototoxicity symptoms after treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>845</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">845</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Loughlin, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root-wood strength deterioration in radiata pine after clearfelling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">284-293</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The tensile wood strength (kPa) of small roots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don (radiata pine) sampled from living trees and from stumps cut 3, 9, 14, and 29 months prior to sampling, was examined. Mean live root-wood strength was 17 600 kPa which is considerably less than the wood strengths of similar-sized roots from other species studied overseas. Mean root-wood tensile strength declined in an exponential manner after felling of the parent trees. Calculated time to half strength was only 14 months.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1019</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1019</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root anchorage and root morphology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on a range of ripping treatments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">294-315</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The root anchoring properties of 11 1/2-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, grown at Eyrewell State Forest after a range of ground preparation treatments, were tested by winching over sample trees and recording resistance with a strain gauge. The study included naturally regenerated and hand-planted stock on unripped ground, and machine-planted stock on ripped ground that had been treated in four different ways. Altogether 62 trees were winched over during February and March 1978. An increase in anchoring ability of roots in deep rips (to 120 cm) resulted in a tendency towards stem failure rather than the uprooting that characterised other treatments and which is the usual mode of failure in windthrow on the Canterbury Plains.&#xD;&#xD;Sixty-one root systems were excavated in April and May 1978 and measured to examine the main differences between treatments. Natural regeneration had a greater total root weight than did planted stock. Laterals contributed two-thirds of the total root weight in all treatments and were mostly located near the surface. Deep ripping treatments markedly altered root distribution but not total root weights. The greatest differences between treatments were in the sinker roots. Increased depth of ripping resulted in redistribution of sinker roots downwards which accounted for the increased root anchorage of the trees in these treatments. While regeneration tended to form large straight-grained tap roots where soil conditions permitted, nursery stock (particularly 2/0 stock) formed few tap roots and a number of smaller diameter sinkers which often fractured at the base of the stem when under stress. Roots were significantly aligned along rips. Some treatments showed evidence of a slight asymmetrical root development associated with the north-west wind.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>952</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">952</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw III, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacKenzie, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crockett, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early patterns of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot in New Zealand pine plantations converted from indigenous forest - an alternative interpretation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">316-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patchy occurrence of root rot in pine plantations aggravates economic loss by removing land from production. On sites of former indigenous forest in the North Island of New Zealand, patches of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot develop within the rooting area of former large trees, especially </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(A. Cunn.) Ben th. et Hook. f. ex Kirk and Podocarpaceae. Seedlings planted near larger infected roots of the old tree die quickly and almost concurrently at and away from the stump. Later a zone of peak mortality progresses successively from the stump outward as the seedling stand is depleted near the stump and as distances between seedlings and infectious main roots away from the stump become greater. An impression of indeterminate, rapid, patch enlargement results which may be misleading. Until the dynamics of patch development are better understood, quantitative prediction of any losses that might accompany aging of the patches should be made with caution.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>423</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">423</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nutritional role of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in coastal sand dune forestry 4: Nitrogen distribution in the ecosystem for the first 5 years after tree planting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-336</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An age sequence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands was studied at Woodhill State Forest, where trees are planted at a nominal 1730 stems/ha into coastal sand which has been partly stabilised with marram grass and perennial tree lupin. During the first 5 years of tree growth the dynamics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the ecosystem were dominated by changes which occurred in the herbaceous vegetation.&#xD;&#xD;Crushing during tree planting and spray releasing of trees during the first year had a profound effect on both lupins and marram grass with the result that litter, rather than lupin plant tops, became the largest contributor to total dry matter and its nitrogen content for the remainder of the study period.&#xD;&#xD;Lupins regenerated to 85% of their former productivity during the second year of tree growth but declined between years two and five. The marram component showed a much slower rate of decline during the same period.&#xD;&#xD;There was no overall increase in dry matter or nitrogen content of the ecosystem between years two and five and it is inferred that the chief source of nitrogen for tree growth was the nitrogen fixed by the lupin and stored in the herbaceous plants and their litter.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>901</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">901</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preest, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed storage of several New Zealand indigenous trees Part 1: Kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-343</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The viability of kauri seed is ephemeral under ambient conditions. Since collection is difficult, hazardous, and therefore expensive, a satisfactory method of storing seed surplus to requirements would be valuable.&#xD;&#xD;Kauri seed was stored in air-tight containers for up to 11.7 years at moisture contents of 6%, 10%, 15%, and 20% oven-dry weight and at constant temperatures of — 10°, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°C. Seed longevity was heavily dependent on both these factors, though moisture content was the more critical. The optimum moisture content appeared to be around 6%. For short- to medium-term storage (up to 6 years) the optimum temperature was about 5°C. For longer storage or higher moisture content (10%) the results suggested that the optimum temperature was below freezing point.&#xD;&#xD;This experiment showed that kauri seed can be kept for 5-6 years with viability little impaired, and probably in excess of 12 years with fair viability retained, if stored air-tight under conditions of low moisture content and temperature.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>226</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">226</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu-chou, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, L. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endogone flammicorona</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as a mycorrhizal symbiont of Douglas-fir in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344-347</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sporocarps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endogone flammicorona</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Trappe &amp; Gerdemann were found to be associated with roots of Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.)Franco) from its seedling stage to trees over 70 years of age. Seedlings of Douglas fir inoculated with pieces of sporocarps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. flammicorona</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> formed simple, unbranched ectomycorrhizas on short roots. The mycorrhizal seedlings were significantly taller and heavier than the control seedlings. This is the first report of the occurrence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. flammicorona </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand and of its association as an ectomycorrhizal fungus of Douglas fir in this country.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drysdale, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential of unmodified and copper-modified alkylammonium compounds as groundline preservatives</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">348-358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don (radiata pine) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Betula alba </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (silver birch) sapwood stakes were exposed for periods of up to 12 months in a fungus cellar after treatment with various unmodified and copper-modified alkylammonium compounds. In general, diaJkyldimethyl ammonium salts performed best, followed by benzalkonium chloride. Primary and tertiary amine salts failed to afford any significant protection from fungal attack. Amendment of treatment solutions with copper salts extended performance of all alkylammonium compounds. Results are discussed in conjunction with short-term field trials, and predictions of long-term field performance are attempted. It is concluded that quaternary ammonium compounds, and in particular dialkyldimethyl compounds, show considerable potential for protection of radiata pine in ground contact. This potential is further extended when treated solutions are modified by addition of cupric salts. None of the preservative formulations tested protected silver birch stakes from soft rot, although some performed as well as copperchrome-arsenate preservative.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swanson, R. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benecke, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havranek, W. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Swanson </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 1979: Transpiration in mountain beech estimated simultaneously by heat-pulse velocity and climatised cuvette. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">9 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2), 170-176</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">360-361</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1432</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1432</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook,D.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preface</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albert, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fry, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poole, B. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An industrial company&apos;s view of nursery stock quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental trials with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Mueller are presented. The trials relate to the effects of seedling size, chemical treatment, handling and storage period on subsequent survival and growth. The trials have led to operational changes in nursery practice, e.g. wider spacing in nursery beds, different fertiliser regimes and the more careful handling of plants between the nursery bed and the field planting site. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Räsänen</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling processes of planting stock production and establishment: framework of the model and its use in practice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-20</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model framework is presented in attempting to describe the production of forest tree seedlings as a continuous uninterrupted process according to general principles of systems theory. The growth and development of a seedling lot is considered to be the product of two hierarchical processes: the development and growth of the individual seedlings and the management techniques used in their production. The functional structure as the processes develop is described. For the detailed analysis, the growing process is divided into different phases each relating to the factors affecting the development of the seedling lot. The height distribution development of planted seedlings is given as an example. The use of culling and grading in the control of the growing process is examined. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1082</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1082</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timmis, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress resistance and quality criteria for tree seedlings: analysis, measurement and use</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress resistance and seedling quality are considered to be fully defined by the curve of future shoot growth. The factors controlling this curve&apos;s starting level, slope, and upper asymptote are analysed in terms of four major subsystems: substrate utilisation, photosynthesis, water, and information. &#xD;&#xD;Published equations describing the first three of these subsystems are used to define a necessary and sufficient set of quality criteria. These include functional capabilities such as specific maintenance rate and photochemical efficiency, material properties such as elasticity and hydraulic conductances, environmental coefficients such as the temperature range for root growth, and lethal doses such as frost hardiness. In addition, they include variables describing the current state of the plant, such as leaf area, and water content. &#xD;&#xD;The informational subsystem is considered to control the seasonal change, or &quot;acclimation&quot;, in parameters of the other three subsystems, but is still too poorly understood for mechanistic description. Quality criteria arising from it include the extent to which chilling requirement has been fulfilled. &#xD;&#xD;Applying such analyses to the business of reforestation consists of choosing a subset of the quality criteria according to past and future conditions in the crop and measuring them by methods such as those outlined here. Important methods include carbohydrate and infra-red gas analysis, porometry, the pressure-volume technique, and short-cut procedures derivable from these. Measurements of field-proven quality criteria can be compared with seasonal norms, or with values calculated from mechanistic models to be suitable for given site conditions. Practical decisions can then be made about nursery treatments, site preparation, planting, and genetic selections. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1045</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1045</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, R. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting stock quality, root growth capacity and field performance of three boreal conifers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of provenance and length of storage on root growth capacity (RGC) was determined in 2 + 0 jack pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lamb.), 3 + 0 black spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mill.) B.S.P.), and 3 + 0 white spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. glauca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Moench) Voss.). All plants were random samples of spring-lifted production-run planting stock raised by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and used in Canadian Forestry Service stand establishment trials in 1972 and 1973. Except for some fresh- and field-stored stock used in the first two RGC tests in 1972, all stock was cold stored, then withdrawn as required after specified storage periods of up to 5 months. The number of roots that elongated in solution culture during the 21-day tests were counted on a total of 3594 trees. &#xD;&#xD;RGC differed greatly between the two test environments, but common to both were: a rapid decline with increasing length of storage; marked differences between species in the order jack pine &gt; black spruce &gt; white spruce; and substantial differences between provenances, the more northerly provenances showing higher RGC. The field significance of these results is examined in terms of survival and growth up to the fourth growing season after outplanting. Several correlations were significant, but relationships were generally obscured by great within-treatment variability. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garber, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexal, J. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lift and storage practices: their impact on successful establishment of southern pine plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cool storage of bareroot southern pine seedlings has proven a successful Method to increase the successful establishment of plantations. This paper Attempts to relate the time of lifting, duration of storage, and planting date to The field survival and performance of southern pines. Limitations to successful Implementation of cold storage programmes are discussed. The Weyerhaeuser System is presented as an example of an operational system. Its limitations and Technology requirements are discussed.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1152</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1152</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webb, D. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">von Althen, F. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage of hardwood planting stock: Effects of various storage regimes and packaging methods on root growth and physiological quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results of two experiments conducted between 1977 and 1979 on overwinter storage of seven temperate zone hardwood species commonly planted in southern Ontario indicate that temperature of storage and method of packaging can markedly affect physiological quality of planting stock. Root growth capacity and overall growth potential of cold-stored stock at 0.5 and 5°C were comparable with those of normal spring-lifted controls. Storage at temperatures of -5 and -10 °C resulted in low root growth capacity and was generally detrimental to seedling performance in comparison with spring-lifted nursery control stock that had been exposed to winter chilling out of doors. At 10°C there was considerable root and bud growth during the storage period from November to April. Of the five packaging methods examined, seedlings totally enclosed, or seedlings with only their roots enclosed within Kraft bags with a plastic liner, with moist peat surrounding the roots, showed the least shoot water stress and generally had the highest root growth capacity. Root growth capacity of stored seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acer saccharum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Marsh., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acer saccharinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fraxinus americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus rubra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Juglans nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Betula papyrifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Marsh, was significantly correlated with shoot xylem water potential at time of removal from storage. Shoot xylem water potential appears promising as a rapid measure of physiological quality. &#xD;&#xD;It is recommended that autumn-lifted nursery stock of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fraxinus americana, Acer saccharinum, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, Betula papyrifera, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acar saccharum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> be stored at a temperature of 0.5°C and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Juglans nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at 5°C with a relative humidity of 70-85%. Roots should be surrounded by moist peat and the total seedling tightly enclosed within a Kraft bag with a polyethylene liner. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>962</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">962</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandvik, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental control of winter stress tolerance and growth potential in seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(L.) Karst. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">10 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 586</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental results of artificial regulation of growth cessation, hardening off and growth potential in seedlings of Norway spruce are presented. A temporary drastic shortening of the day (12 hr) toward the end of the growth period when under field conditions daylength was approximately 18 hr, hastened the termination of growth, frost tolerance and storability in early autumn and increased nutrient accumulation within the needles. Irradiance showed a pronounced effect on the rate of hardening-off during short day conditions, and interactions with provenance, night temperature and mineral nutrition were also highly significant on the development of a capacity to withstand prolonged storage. The interaction between irradiance x nutrient concentration was the dominant factor affecting nitrogen accumulation and growth potential. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>991</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">991</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of controlled environments in forestry research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of controlled environments in forestry research makes it possible to analyse the effects on tree growth of one factor while holding others constant. This paper reviews a number of research projects carried out in phytotrons as a means of demonstrating the advantages and limitations of the use of controlled environments in research with nursery planting stock. The phytotron has been a valuable tool in determining the role of temperature particularly in controlling shoot and root growth, especially with regard to frost effects at low temperatures. It is suggested the phytotron could be used more extensively to select genotypes adapted to particular temperature regimes, especially for frost resistance, and for research with herbicides. Use of controlled environments has problems and some of these discussed with particular reference to the CERES phytotron in Canberra, Australia. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warrington, I. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of techniques used in determination of frost tolerance of forest planting stock: A review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the equipment available for evaluating frost hardiness of forest tree planting stock. The procedures and precautions necessary in undertaking such work are also outlined. The most common and accessible method of evaluating frost hardiness is to raise plants at one or more field sites where plants grow, harden and freeze naturally. However, the frequency and severity of frosts in the field are unpredictable and uncontrollable. To overcome these problems various commercial cold rooms and cabinets, often modified to provide controlled rates of freezing and thawing, have been used. In some cases these cabinets are portable to allow field plants to be frosted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in situ. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freezing bars have also been developed which allow samples of plants to be frosted over a range of temperatures at the same time. Recently, specialised radiation and advective frost rooms have been designed which, although costly to construct and operate, provide very precise, controlled and reproducible &apos;&apos;natural&quot; frosts. &#xD;&#xD;Most techniques can distinguish differences in frost tolerance between plants, but only those providing control of all phases of the frost treatment will allow the results to be extrapolated confidently from laboratory to the field. Access to more than one frost temperature is essential if differences in frost tolerance are to be quantified. The final test of the frost tolerance of forest planting stock, however, must remain its performance in the field. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>230</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">230</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleary, B. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaerr, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pressure chamber techniques for monitoring and evaluating seedling water status</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pros and cons of using the pressure chamber technique for evaluating seedling water status are presented. Safe use of the instrument, sample preparation, and proper operation to obtain the best possible data are emphasised. Guidelines for determining and interpreting water potential </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">(</style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">w</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">levels are given for bare-root and planted seedlings. Results from two Oregon studies concerning the effect of water potential on seedlings show the pressure chamber to be extremely useful in monitoring </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">w</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at different stages of reforestation. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">541</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heth, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root and shoot water potentials in stressed pine seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-147</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential differences were measured between the soil, roots and shoots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. brutia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ten. seedlings grown under controlled climatic conditions. Root growth under stress was strongly affected by climatic treatment, particularly temperature. In both species, water potentials in the cool climates were always less negative than in the warm climates. The relations between shoot (</style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">x</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and root (</style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">r</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) water potentials were analysed; regression of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">x</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">over </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">r</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with increasing water stress was linear in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and curvilinear in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. brutia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The implications of the findings are discussed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1040</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1040</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stupendick, J. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root regeneration of root-pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings - 2: Effects of root-pruning on photosynthesis and translocation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-158</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root-pruning of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Don seedlings resulted in a sharp increase in stomatal resistance and a concurrent drop in net photosynthesis. Eight days after root-pruning leaf water potential was restored to pre-pruning levels and within 12 days photosynthesis showed signs of recovery, accompanied by a decrease in stomatal resistance. Proliferation of new roots took place and thereafter the recovery process intensified. By day 32 photosynthesis was restored to about 60% of the initial rate prior to root-pruning. Translocation of </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C assimilate was restricted by root-pruning. An hypothesis concerning the physiological processes involved in root-pruning and hardening of nursery stock is discussed.  </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1165</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1165</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of water status in trees from measurements of stomatal conductance and water potential</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of a porometer to measure stomatal conductance is described and the technique briefly reviewed. The relationship between stomatal conductance, g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">s </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and water potential, </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on cut branches of Scots pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) is presented from measurements on two occasions. The changes in ^</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on branches with their cut ends in water were small compared with the rapid decreases in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ip </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on the branches allowed to dry out. Stomatal conductance remained constant as </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fell from </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0.4 to </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1.6 MPa but at lower </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">ψ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> values g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">s </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fell rapidly. The likelihood that decreases in g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">s </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reduce growth rates and the use of the techniques to assess this at different stages of tree growth are discussed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>706</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">706</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linder, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorophyll as an indicator of nitrogen status of conifer needles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some problems involved in using the colour of leaves as an indicator of plant condition are discussed in the paper. &#xD;&#xD;Results are presented demonstrating that the chlorophyll content of conifer seedlings differs due to species, needle age, nursery treatment and time of the year. Similar results are shown for a 20-year-old stand of Scots pine. The nonspecific feature of chlorophyll variation in leaves makes leaf colour unsuitable as a general indicator of plant condition. &#xD;&#xD;On each sampling occasion there was a strong relationship between the concentration of chlorophyll and that of nitrogen in the needles. The ratio chlorophyll/nitrogen changed between the different sampling occasions, primarily as an effect of the seasonal variation in chlorophyll concentration. To be able to use chlorophyll content in leaves as an indirect measure of the nitrogen content, keys must be worked out for relevant time-spans. Each species and provenance within the stock will need its own key. &#xD;&#xD;Caution should be exercised when using the colour of the leaves as an indicator of plant condition, unless good keys are available for the &quot;normal&quot; variation of chlorophyll in the stock. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glerum, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food sinks and food reserves of trees in temperate climates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of food reserves in tree growth are discussed in relation to a recently completed study with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb, seedlings. Besides carbohydrates, lipids are also important as food reserves. All tissues are important for storage of food reserves but not of equal importance simultaneously. Their importance depends on their relative volume and physiological state. Root and needle volume is greater than that of xylem and bark in young seedlings whereas in mature trees these relations will be different. In seedlings, roots will be more important for storage in early autumn than needles, but needles will be more important during the later part of autumn. Large amounts of photosynthates are used in respiration and wood formation is directly dependent on current photosynthate. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1237</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1237</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaerr, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavender, D. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of plant growth substances in relation to seedling and plant growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-195</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite a relatively large literature discussing the roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and inhibitors (abscisic acid) in the physiology of woody perennial plants, relatively few data relate these compounds to seedling vigour. Possible reasons for this deficiency include an inability to detect accurately the low concentrations of these compounds, especially the gibberellins and cytokinins, and an inability to distinguish between physiologically active hormones and similar but bound compounds. However, the past decade has seen the development of analytical techniques with potential for detecting picogram quantities of growth substances. Such precision may reveal definite relationships between seedling growth vigour and levels of plant hormones. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>458</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">458</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glerum, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrical impedance techniques in physiological studies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-207</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of electrical impedance techniques with plant tissues is briefly reviewed, after which several annual electrical impedance trends in the stems of several Ontario coniferous species at three different locations are examined. The trends in spruce are always more pronounced than those in pine. The impedance trends of cold stored stock are significantly higher than those trends of the outdoor stock. It is inferred from the multiple regression analyses that to some degree impedance measures dormancy and frost hardiness. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexal, J. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aspects of mycorrhizal inoculation in relation to reforestation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208-217</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use and manipulation of the mycorrhizal symbiosis has enormous potential benefits in tree nurseries and in artificial regeneration programmes. This paper discusses the role of a mycorrhizal inoculation programme in reforestation. Included in this discussion are type of inoculation and response of the host to inoculation. The direct impact of a mycorrhizal inoculation programme will depend upon the symbionts selected and, of course, site characteristics. Inoculation generally improves survival and growth following outplanting. However, this advantage may be a function of the larger seedling size resulting from inoculation rather than from transplanting fungal inoculum to the forested site. This paper also points out current problems and future directions of any inoculation programme. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>941</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">941</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunlap, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth potential: its development and expression in forest tree seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">218-248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge on Root Growth Potential (RGP) of nursery-grown forest seedlings. RGP, the measure of a transplanted seedling&apos;s ability to rapidly produce new roots, is a key indicator of seedling vigour and survival after planting. Physiologically, RGP appears to be closely linked to bud dormancy. It peaks when the chilling requirement for dormancy release is fulfilled, then declines, presumably reflecting the internal allocation of current photo-assimilate to shoot growth. RGP can be manipulated in the nursery through practices that induce dormancy, increase root fibrosity, and enhance carbohydrate reserves. Autumn and winter nursery temperatures influence RGP through their effect on dormancy release. Date of lifting establishes the dormancy status of seedlings when they enter storage, and temperature and duration of storage further influence the dormancy status at the time of planting. Improper handling and misplanting can reduce RGP expression, as can low soil temperature, low soil water potential and soil compaction on the planting site. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">     &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>822</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">822</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nambiar, E. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root configuration and root regeneration in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-263</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root configuration of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) seedlings in the nursery was examined in relation to nutrient supply, and the configuration of the regenerated root system after transplanting was examined in relation to seedling treatment and soil temperature.   &#xD;&#xD;In the nursery an increase in shoot growth owing to high soil fertility was not accompanied by a similar response in root growth, resulting in a high shoot-root ratio. High soil fertility decreased mycorrhizas. Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies reduced the weights of the shoot and root but had little effect on root configuration. Changes in root weight can lead to faulty conclusions about root development. Even when nitrogen deficiency was extreme the root system possessed a remarkable ability to adjust the number and length of first and second order laterals, and so lessen the effect of stress on configuration. Similar, but lesser, effects were found under phosphorus deficiency. This ability may be important for the survival of seedlings in naturally regenerating forests. A decrease in the mean extension rate of root members seems to be the major reason for the reduction in root length in nutrient starved plants.   &#xD;&#xD;The configuration of roots regenerated after transplanting is closely related to the initial configuration of the planting stock, the number and length of the first order laterals capable of regeneration being the most critical basic framework for the new root network. However, the number of first order laterals appears to be not amenable to manipulation by nursery management practices.   &#xD;&#xD;Radiata pine seedlings developed strategies to cope partly with the effects of nutrient deficiency or low temperature on root configuration. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1044</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1044</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, R. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system morphogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">264-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1422</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glerum,C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleary, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="2" size="100%">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fry, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Planting Stock Quality: (Proceedings of Sessions)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-300</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>983</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">983</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-trait index selection and associated genetic gains of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">progenies at five sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-324</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1971, 220 of 588 wind pollinated Kaingaroa plus-tree progenies of the &quot;268&quot; series, originally planted in 1969 at Kaingaroa and Waimihia, were planted with an additional 80 plus-tree progenies ( = families) from Ashley and Berwick State Forests in progeny tests at Woodhill, Golden Downs, and Otago Coast. A sets-in-replications design with 10 sets of 30 families was used for these trials which were assessed in 1978 at age 7 years for diameter, straightness, branch quality, and malformation.   Components of variance and covariance were estimated for each site from analyses of all families, ignoring sets, and were used to calculate within-site multi-trait selection indices. The 300 families were ranked on these indices within sets, and the best families overall were provisionally selected on their summed rank positions within each set at 5 sites (including the same progenies in the 1969 experiments at Kaingaroa and Waimihia).   &#xD;&#xD;An overall selection index was calculated that combined a total of 17 site-traits from the 1969 and 1971 trials using a method recently developed by R, D. Burdon. This index was used to select the best 33 of the 220 families common to all 5 sites. The families selected agreed closely with those selected by summed rankings. Additional families from the other Ashley and Berwick clonal series were selected using the summed rankings as these families were not planted at Kaingaroa and Waimihia.   &#xD;&#xD;The &quot;268&quot; series open pollinated families selected on a fast-growth site in the Northern Boundary region of Kaingaroa Forest proved to be an adaptable group. They showed superior growth and form to progenies selected at Berwick, even when grown on a Southland site. They were also slightly superior to seed of the Kaingaroa seed orchard of &quot;850&quot; series clones, selected more intensively in an earlier generation of stands.   &#xD;&#xD;Realised gains of the best 36 reselected families were conservatively estimated by comparison with a control lot (990), which proved almost as good as the average of all &quot;268&quot; families. A previous re-evaluation of this control had concluded that its performance was anomalously good. Gains were also estimated on an alternative basis and proved large for most traits. Expected gains from selecting for all sites were only slightly less than those from selecting families specifically for each site. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>58</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">58</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An early progeny trial in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 3: Characters affecting log quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleven characters of the stem and branches, studied in 28 open-pollinated families, showed highly significant additive-genetic variance (P &lt; 0.01 or P&lt;0.001). Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.12 to 0.50.   &#xD;&#xD;For malformation, heritability was estimated as 0.17, but the assessment of this character was crude and, since the malformation may have had two or more independent origins, it may be best to regard this result merely as evidence that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">some</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetic variation was involved.   &#xD;&#xD;Estimates of heritability for crookedness, butt sweep, number of branch clusters on the stem at age 7, and mean branch angle were from 0.4 to 0.5; those for the number, size, and distribution of the branches were from 0.1 to 0.2. These lower values reflect, in some degree, errors arising from the difficulties of sampling within the tree, but they also suggest that most of these characters were extremely sensitive to variations in the environment.   Genetic correlation coefficients were estimated for all possible pairs of characters. Although these correlations were not tested for significance, a comparison of 21 of them with their counterparts from an independent study by other New Zealand workers showed good agreement. Among the characters related to branching, several estimates of genetic correlation were close to +1 or -1. It is postulated that these represent associations resulting from pleiotropism rather than from linkage.   &#xD;&#xD;If these intimations of genetic correlation are at all accurate, they have important practical implications. Strong or even perfect genetic correlations, such as those indicated, could impose severe constraints on artificial selection, because one would expect directional selection applied to one character in a nexus of correlated characters to evoke correlated responses, some of which would be favourable and some detrimental to log quality. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement of eucalypts in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-359</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding, integrated with an active programme of species and provenance testing, is being conducted in Eucalyptus botryoides, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna, E. regnans, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. obliqua, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The programmes involve provenance trials and family tests to give a broad base of genetic variability of the different species, and to form genetically improved local seed sources. Several other species are being tested on a small scale. &#xD;&#xD;Selection criteria vary somewhat among the 7 main species, but fast growth, good stem form and branching characteristics, and useful wood are needed in all species. Genetic variation of practical significance has been found in the tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to frost. Considerable emphasis is being placed on searching for strains of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> which are less palatable to the Eucalyptus tortoise beetle, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Paropsis charybdis</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD;&#xD;The breeding method used entails selecting the best trees in the most promising provenances, followed by intermating among these to produce the improved seed via seed stands, seedling seed orchards, clonal seed orchards, and progeny-tested seed trees. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>765</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">765</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McIntosh, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Available nutrients in pumice lapilli of a Kaingaroa Forest soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">360-362</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial ripening of green </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cones does not reduce seed germination or seedling vigour</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">363-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second year cones were picked off 15 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees in January 1979 (ripe cones) and from the same trees, but from the next year&apos;s crop, in July 1979 (green cones). Before seed extraction, the green cones were artificially cured and ripened in paper bags in a warm room (20-24°C) for 10 weeks.   &#xD;&#xD;Seed from naturally and artificially ripened cones was sown separately in replicated nursery plots in October 1979. In March 1980 seed germination, measured by the yield of plantable seedlings per 100 (presumed sound) seeds sown, averaged 77% for the naturally ripened cones and 80% for the artificially ripened cones. Seedling height averaged 23 cm in both groups. Artificially ripened cones thus produced apparently normal, fully-mature seed.   &#xD;&#xD;Winter harvesting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> green cones, followed by artificial curing, allows mature seed to be extracted in time for normal spring sowing in October, avoiding the usual one year delay in establishing progeny tests from naturally ripened seed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>243</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">243</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copes, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of internal graft incompatibility symptoms in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-380</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detailed anatomical study of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grafts revealed that phloem tissues of incompatible grafts are abnormally thick. Grafts with thick phloem often displayed &quot;pitted&quot; stems. Thickened bark resulted jointly from overproduction of sieve cells and underproduction of tracheids. Normal pattern of phloem differentiation was altered and phloem areas formed which lacked axial parenchyma. Other internal symptoms in union zones of some incompatible grafts were suberisation and necrosis of cortex cells, excessive tannin accumulation indicated by abnormally darkly-stained bark tissues, formation of abnormal parenchyma in the xylem, and atypical dilation of horizontal ray cells and axial parenchyma. Increasingly more grafts developed symptoms of incompatibility as graft age increased: 10%, 24%, 35%, 54%, and 72% of 1-, 3-, 5-, 8-, and 13- to 18-year-old grafts, respectively. Possible interactions between occult viruses and true stockscion incompatibility may be responsible for the graft survival and vigour problems. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Worsnop, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fate of </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">15</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N urea fertiliser applied to a recently thinned radiata pine stand on a pumice soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-394</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1961 a large lysimeter was built in Kaingaroa Forest; together with the surrounding area it was planted with radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). In the spring of 1974 the 13-year-old stand of trees was thinned, and 3 months later </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">15</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N enriched urea was applied to the Taupo silty sand in the lysimeter and in its immediate surround at a rate equivalent to 200 kg N/ha. In the following 3 years no apparent loss of N by leaching and no change in the rate of leaching of other nutrients was recorded. &#xD;&#xD;The concentrations of KCl-extractable NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N in the surface soil layers showed marked increases 1 week after the fertiliser application, and there were further increases between weeks 2 and 4. After 38 weeks, concentrations had returned to pretreatment levels. Increased NO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N concentrations were detected after 2 weeks; these were maintained for the duration of the experiment. &#xD;&#xD;All of the applied N was still present in the litter and top 30 cm of soil 2 weeks after application. The proportion of applied N in the litter and top 30 cm of soil dropped to 60% after 4 weeks and later stabilised at about 50%. It is suggested that tree uptake accounted for a large part of this loss. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amount and distribution of dry matter in a mature beech/podocarp community</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-418</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The total plant dry matter in a mature beech/podocarp community was estimated at 703 t/ha. The principal species and their above-ground dry matter (d.m.) content (in t/ha) were: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (145), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (36), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus ferrugineus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (25), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Weinmannia racemosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (63); d.m. was distributed among the major components as follows: stem wood (201), stem bark (23), branch wood (50), branch bark (19), dead branches (6.5), and foliage (5.7). Dead standing trees contributed a further 22 t/ha. Together, these aboveground components comprise 47% of the forest d.m. content. The forest floor detrital matter was estimated at 226 t/ha and, when roots were included, 373 t/ha or 53% of the forest d.m. content. Commercial logging extracted 27% of the dry matter as utilisable logs; and of the residual 73%, 36% comprised material already dead and in various stages of decomposition.   &#xD;&#xD;Regression analysis was used for the trees and shrubs, and unit area harvesting methods for the remaining forest components. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>866</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">866</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A grade index for pruned butt logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419-438</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sixty-three straight pruned radiata pine butt logs 4.9 m long were sawn exclusively to 25 mm boards under a standard pattern in three timber grade studies. Produce was graded by the National Timber Grading Rules (NZS 3631 : 1978) and timber prices from the Waipa Wholesale Price List 1978 were applied. No price was available for clears so a range of three was used. Variation in the price for clears was found to have a very significant effect on log values. Because the random occurrence of resin pockets can confound results, basic data used in this paper are from grades produced when resin pockets were ignored.   &#xD;&#xD;Results showed the production of clearwood and values and grades realised from pruned butt logs are determined by three major factors: log size, defect core size, and log conversion percentage. A Grade Index has been derived in which the relationship of these factors is expressed as:  &#xD;&#xD;Grade Index = (dbh x log conversion)/defect core.   &#xD;&#xD;Data from the 3 studies were combined in a Grade Index Model which defines a pruned log value gradient, the expected outturn in clears, and gives an approximation of the proportions in other grades. Results from an independent fourth sample of 12 logs were used to validate the Grade Index Model.   &#xD;&#xD;Because the Grade Index is an expression of the quality of pruned butt logs which may be used either predictively or reflectively, applications to stand planning, evaluations of silvicultural regimes, and evaluations of existing pruned stands are proposed. Future application of Grade Index to real stands would be facilitated by more detailed forest records on the timing, implementation, and result of pruning operations. Further research into the classification and effect of deviations from straightness in pruned butt logs is also necessary because at present the index is confined to straight logs.   &#xD;&#xD;Because the principles are fundamental, it is likely that the Grade Index could be applied to some species other than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and adapted to accommodate other sets of grading criteria which differentiate between pith and knotty grades, clearcuttings grades, and clear grades. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1020</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1020</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin pockets and related defects of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">439-444</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three distinct resin pocket type defects are recognised in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand.   &#xD;&#xD;Type 1 is well documented in the literature as a radially narrow discontinuity in the wood, which is oval in the tangential-longitudinal plane and is filled with free resin, callus, and sometimes nodules of callus that contain differentiated woody tissue.   &#xD;&#xD;The Type 2 resin pocket originates as the Type 1 defect, i.e., a tangential separation in the cambial zone which expands radially as it fills with free resin under pressure. A rupture then occurs through the cambium and external resin bleeding results. Any remaining live cambium adjacent to the original separation may continue to function at a reduced rate. The whole defect, including any retarded cambium, is occluded by surrounding healthy cambium and an occlusion scar results. The occluded defect may contain any of: dry resin, callus, bark, and occluded wood; the latter is wood derived from damaged cambium or differentiated callus cells and is mostly separated from normal wood by other than woody tissue.   &#xD;&#xD;The Type 3 defect is a narrow longitudinally-oriented break in the continuity of wood, filled with dry resin and parenchymatous tissue. This defect originates as a lesion in the cambial zone. A rupture through the cambium results in external resin bleeding. Surrounding healthy cambium occludes and causes a similar occlusion scar to a Type 2 resin pocket. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>64</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">64</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barker, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bole growth patterns of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in relation to fertilisation, bending stress, and crown growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">445-459</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radial increment patterns were studied in 18 stand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees after thinning and fertilisation. Patterns in ring width increment along the bole were significantly correlated with bending stress, crown growth activity, and their interaction. Bending stress appeared to regulate growth in the upper 20% of the bole and crown growth factors dominated in the lower bole. No significant effect of fertilisation was found in patterns of stress or crown growth activity in any of the years analysed although a large shift in form factor associated with fertilisation was noted in one year. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>994</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">994</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siemon, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ü</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of thinning on the distribution and biomass of foliage in the crown of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-475</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Replicated plots in a 15-year-old plantation of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) of basal area approximately 40 m2/ha were thinned from below to approximately 11, 18, 23, and 28 m&apos;-/ha respectively. The plots were re-thinned periodically thereafter to these same basal areas; one replicate of plots was retained relatively unthinned. Regression equations relating needle dry weight to branch cross-sectional area were developed and used to examine the distribution of foliage of various ages within the crowns. In the upper crown (70-80% height decile and above), the percentage of 1-year foliage increased acropetally from 52 to 75% whereas that of 2-year and 3-year and older foliage decreased slightly (28 to 22%) and markedly (20 to 3%) respectively. &#xD;&#xD;In the middle and lower crown, i.e., all deciles below the 70-80% decile, the distribution of foliage across age classes was approximately constant at 37% (1-year), 28% (2-year), and 36% (3-year and older). The combined biomass of 1- and 2-year leaves within the whole crown averaged 73% of total leaf biomass under all thinning regimes. &#xD;&#xD;Though stand density had little effect on proportionate distribution of foliage by position in the crown or leaf age, the total amounts of foliage varied greatly. Total foliage biomass ranged from 4.9 to 11.3 tonnes/ha and annual foliage production from 2.4 to 4.3 tonnes/ha in stands of mean stand density ranging from 15m2/ha (biomass) or 21 m2/ha (annual production) to 46 m2/ha. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1262</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1262</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind stability: Forest layout and silviculture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">476-501</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study was made of aerial photographs that showed wind damage in Pinus radiata stands on the Canterbury Plains and in Kaingaroa State Forest. This study revealed a consistent and characteristic pattern of wind damage associated with exposed stand edges of closed canopy stands. These exposed edges resulted from forest margins, abrupt increases in stand height of at least 5 m, and breaks of at least 40 m confronting the oncoming damaging wind. The associated damage was usually concentrated in the first 100 m or 200 m of the stand downwind from these edges. This pattern of damage calls into question the safety of laying out stands in narrow strips with abrupt changes in height confronting a potentially hazardous wind, viz the &quot;strip system&quot; in Canterbury.   &#xD;&#xD;Additionally, it was observed that in widely spaced stands, before canopy closure, there was no apparent fall off in damage downwind from exposed edges; wind forces acting on trees evidently remain high over the whole stand. The adoption of wide spacings on sites prone to wind damage could result in stands being less wind stable for at least part of the rotation.   &#xD;&#xD;Where clearfelling in closed canopy stands has exposed a new face to a damaging wind, the consequent damage has often been severe, extending in long drives downwind. In some instances there appears to have been an upwind as well as a downwind exposure from clearfelling.   &#xD;&#xD;Thinning temporarily increases risk of damage. This, and increasing vulnerability with stand height, indicates that thinning should be done as early as practicable.   &#xD;&#xD;Butt log pruning can affect wind stability of young stands, but whether it has an advantageous or detrimental effect may depend on wind, stand, and site characteristics. </style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>258</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">258</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A note on the estimation of basic density of fresh wood chips</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">502-503</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>256</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">256</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiata pine: Wood age and wood property concepts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504-507</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property variations in an old-crop stand of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">508-520</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study examined 10 52-year-old trees in considerable detail and described variations in moisture content, wood density, and tracheid length. Where meaningful, comparisons were made between properties within trees, between trees, and between density classes (low, medium, and high). An attempt was also made to segregate the trees into major components (sawn timber, pulpwood, and slabwood) and assign values of important wood properties. Basic densities averaged 380 kg/m3 (range 339 to 419 kg/m3) for sawn timber, 412kg/m3 (364- 458kg/m3) for pulplogs, and 467 kg/m3 (403-551 kg/m3) for slabwood. Tracheid lengths averaged 3.5 mm (3.3-3.8 mm) for pulplogs and 4.0 mm (3.5-4.2 mm) for slabwood. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>259</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">259</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of wood quality variation in New Zealand radiata pine on kraft paper properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">521-532</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in wood density, tracheid length, resin content, and incidence of compression wood in radiata pine are documented and discussed with respect to their potential influence on pulp and paper manufacture. &#xD;&#xD;In general terms, each of the properties mentioned tends to decrease southwards within New Zealand. Tree average wood density, for instance, drops 20% from Auckland to Canterbury Conservancies (455 to 380kg/m3). This decrease will result in increased handling costs and wood consumption per tonne of pulp produced, and reduced chemical pulp digester yields. &#xD;&#xD;For paper quality, variations in tear index as a consequence of wood property changes are predicted to be substantial. Thus regional wood resource qualities need to be matched with those paper and paperboard products which can be most effectively manufactured from them. Packaging grades of kraft pulps which require high tear strength should, therefore, be produced from the higher density wood found in parts of the Auckland, Rotorua, and Nelson Conservancies. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>640</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">640</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiata pine corewood and slabwood, and their interrelations with pulp and handsheet properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">533-550</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handsheet properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The basic densities and tracheid lengths of the wood of nine 52-year-old radiata pine trees from the same site in Kaingaroa Forest were measured and related to kraft pulp and handsheet properties. From each tree core wood (wood billet containing 15 growth layers) and slabwood (outer 20 growth layers of a wood billet containing 40 growth layers) samples were chipped and pulped to kappa numbers of 27 ± 2. An additional 7 samples were taken at 5 internode intervals (5 growth layers) from the 10th to the 40th internodes of 3 trees with average basic densities. Each internode sample from each of the 3 trees was combined on equal oven-dry basis, and kraft pulps were prepared.   &#xD;&#xD;Wood basic densities, chip basic densities, and wood tracheid lengths for each of the 25 samples were compared with weighted average pulp fibre lengths, pulp fibre cross-sectional dimensions, fibre wall thickness : fibre diameter ratios, and pulp fibre coarseness. For all 25 pulps, chip basic density was found to be the wood property most closely related to pulp and handsheet qualities. About 80% of the variation in handsheet tear, burst, and density properties were accounted for by variations in chip basic density. Inclusion of pulp fibre length in the regression analyses increased this variation accountability by 5-10%. Of the pulp properties measured, the wall thickness : fibre diameter ratio was most closely correlated with chip basic density and therefore with the selected handsheet characteristics. Fibre coarseness was slightly less highly correlated but probably of more practical importance because of the relative ease of measuring this pulp parameter. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1113</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1113</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uprichard, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of tree age on the chemical composition of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">551-557</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The distribution of extractives, lignin, and carbohydrates in radiata pine and their variation with tree age are reviewed.&#xD;&#xD;Extractives, their nature, and amount depend on the heartwood content of the tree, and thus upon wood age. Lignin decreases in the pith-to-bark sequence; pentosans content decreases over the first 10-15 growth rings from the pith, after which it is approximately constant. &#xD;&#xD;Cellulose content of radiata pine increases over the first 10-15 growth rings from the pith, after which it is approximately constant. The carbohydrates in radiata pine are also briefly described.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1112</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uprichard, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of wood age on the papermaking properties of radiata pine kraft pulps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">558-576</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papermaking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of wood age (internodes from apex, growth ring number from the pith) on the papermaking properties of kraft pulp from radiata pine are discussed.   In 40-year-old trees the tear strength of pulps from 30th internode material (that which contains 30 growth rings) was almost twice that of 10th internode material. Similarly in 18-year-old thinnings, the 15th internode pulps had higher tear index than the pulps from 10th or 5th internodes. Pulps from all types of material were readily beaten to good burst and tensile strength, the ease of beating decreasing with increase in wood age.   &#xD;&#xD;In studies of 5-ring-group material numbered from the pith it was found that the outer wood pulps from mature trees had tear strength 3 times that of pulp from growth rings 1-5; the inner wood pulps formed sheets of higher density than pulps from outer wood, since the fibres were more readily collapsed.   &#xD;&#xD;As expected, slabwood pulps gave pulps with highest tear strength. The data on slabwood and those for internodal and ring-group pulps indicate that the strength parameter most affected by wood age is tear index. As tree age increases tear strength of pulps also increases. It is concluded that the use of slabwood pulp to supplement whole-log pulps will be necessary for both export pulp and for certain packaging grades of paper. Empirical procedures for estimating the effects of forest age on the tear index of pulps based on ringgroup sampling are described. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>629</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">629</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerr, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swann, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of tree age on kraft pulping of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">577-585</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The findings of various N.Z. Forest Products Limited laboratory studies on the effects of tree age on kraft pulping of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are described. The most important effect of increasing tree age is to increase the basic density of the wood. Results showed that kraft pulping characteristics and pulping properties are closely related to and can be predicted from pulpwood basic density.   &#xD;&#xD;In this paper the emphasis is placed on comparing the kraft pulping of youngwood (12-, 13-year-old thinnings) with that of the normal pulpwood supply to the Kinleith mill (effective tree age of about 30 years). The youngwood chips showed a lower packing density, but pulped at a faster rate and produced a higher yield of pulp at a given Kappa.   &#xD;&#xD;Calculations which took these 3 factors into account showed that the production capacity of a pulping digester would be more than 10% lower when utilising the youngwood in place of normal Kinleith pulpwood. Youngwood pulps were easier to beat to a given handsheet bulk or bonding strength property (burst or breaking length), but had much lower tear strengths than pulps from older wood. The tear index at 6.0 burst index for pulp from youngwood thinnings was about 25% lower than that of pulp from normal Kinleith pulpwood.   &#xD;&#xD;The availability of the kraft pulping by-product, crude tall oil, was found to be significantly lower for youngwood and the tall oil contained a lower proportion of resin acids. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandvik, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Sandvik, M. 1980: Environmental control of winter stress tolerance and growth potential in seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(L.) Karst. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">10</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (1), 97-104</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">586</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppression of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spore germination at the shoot surface of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-7</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">436</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IFS, an interactive forest simulator for long range planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A computer program to simulate forest plantation management in an interactive manner is described. It has been inmplemented in BASIC for ICL 2980, Radio Shack TRS-80, and Tektronix 4051 computers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>877</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">877</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A statistical appraisal of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot in New Zealand plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development pattern of mortality due to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root rot in first rotation young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, planted on sites cleared of indigenous forest, was analysed statistically. Rates of progress of mortality differed between study sites, but there were no significant relationships between mortality rate and various stump characteristics such as species and stump density. The pattern of mortality increase over 3 years did not support the concept of radially expanding infection centres, but instead resulted largely in consolidation of existing disease patches and the appearance of new disease centres. It is therefore postulated that initial development of mortality does not occur from contact between pines but rather occurs at random within disease patches, which are delineated by the old growth stumps and residual root systems colonised by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root rot. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1143</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1143</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warrington, I. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, A. K. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injury to radiata pine as influenced by freezing and thawing rate, and low temperature duration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. were subjected to a series of different diurnal frost temperature programmes in a low temperature controlled environment room. Four rate of freeze, 4 rate of thaw, and 4 low temperature duration treatments were examined over 3 seasons and at 2 minimum temperatures. Increasing the rate of freezing from 2.3° to 10°C/h and increasing the freeze duration from 2 to 8 h both resulted in increased seedling damage. The response to the rate of thaw treatments was consistent with the duration response probably because plants were frozen longer when slow (2.5°C/h) rather than fast (10°C/h) thaw rates were used. Frost damage caused during thawing in darkness was closely similar to that caused when thawing occurred under light conditions potentially capable of sustaining photosynthesis. Within all treatments, decreasing the minimum temperature used from -8° to -10°C resulted in increased damage but did not alter the overall responses obtained. The responses were also similar over 3 different seasons when plants were at different levels of cold hardiness development. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1163</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1163</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, P. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative growth rates of several eucalypts in mixed-species stands in southern Tasmania</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter increments, heights, and bark thicknesses are compared for trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans, E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, intermediates between these two species, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> occurring naturally in 13 mixed-species stands of even-aged tall-open forest aged 20-79 years in south-eastern Tasmania. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans, E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and intermediates did not differ consistently or substantially in growth rates in any of these parameters except that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> generally had thicker bark than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans. E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had higher diameter increments than the other species at about 20 years of age but lower increments after about 40 years of age. Height or bark thickness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> did not differ consistently from the other species at any age except that its bark was thinner than that of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. It is concluded that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> might be favoured for short rotations because of its higher diameter increments at younger ages and the other species might be favoured for longer rotations. There seemed to be no silvicultural reason to favour any one of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans, E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, or intermediates over the others when these species are growing naturally in mixture. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>734</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">734</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallagher, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter accumulation, nutrient and energy content of the above ground portion of 4-year-old stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual dry matter increment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Rotoehu State Forest was 20 and 15 tonnes/ha respectively. This is of the same order as the maximum value of 17 tonnes/ha at age 17 years published for an age series of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. In the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species, compared with pine, the nutrient content per unit of energy harvestable varied from the same order of magnitude for phosphorus, to almost 4 times as high for nitrogen. Fast growing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species warrant further study as potential sources of energy from biomass in New Zealand. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1194</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1194</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking in New Zealand-grown radiata pine after high temperature drying</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-64</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking has limited the use of high temperature drying for radiata pine sawn timber in New Zealand. Research at the Forest Research Institute has shown that internal checking occurs mainly after drying is completed and can be prevented in some sizes, including 100 x 50 mm, by following a precise drying regime including adequate final reconditioning. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacKenzie, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toes, E. H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultural characteristics and pathogenicity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-70</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria limonea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were compared to determine if they could be distinguished in pure culture. Several consistent differences in cultural characters between isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novaezelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> could be used reliably (correct answers were obtained in &gt; 90% of the comparisons) to distinguish between the 2 species and so provide a method to identify isolates obtained from diseased tissue. In pure culture, sporophores of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were produced, but not those of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Death of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings inoculated with A</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">. novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (23%) was higher than for those inoculated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (18%), but the difference was not statistically significant. However, there were highly significant differences in virulence between individual isolates within each species. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1348</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1348</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pekelharing, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Pekelharing, C.J. 1979: Fluctuation in opossum populations along the north bank of the Taramakau Catchment and its effect on the forest canopy. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">9</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-224</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind-damage profiles in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A recent example of wind damage in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stand on the Canterbury Plains clearly demonstrated that: &#xD;&#xD;(1) Wind-damage was greater in the immediate lee of two exposed stand edges. One edge was caused by adjacent open ground and the other by a taller stand to windward. &#xD;&#xD;(2) There were turbulent eddies and high-force backdrafts in the lee of a tall relatively non-porous stand. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>260</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">260</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of thinning and fertiliser application on wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-91</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood samples were obtained from three plots subjected to different treatments (N</style><style face="subscript" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">0</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="subscript" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">0</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 69.5 kg N/ha in calcium nitrate, N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">= 208.5 kg N/ha in calcium nitrate, P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">= 112 kg P/ha in superphosphate) in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) thinning and fertiliser trial in Tasman Forest, 11 years after the initial treatments were applied to 14-year-old natural regeneration. Analyses of a number of wood properties were carried out on wood from the butt, 6-m, and 12-m levels in the stem. &#xD;&#xD;At the time of measurement, volume responses of up to 20% were recorded. Densitometric analyses showed that there was an immediate decrease in wood density after the 1969 fertiliser treatment and thereafter a recovery to pre-treatment levels over about 5 years. The maximum decrease in mean density was 20% in the 1969-70 growth period at the butt level and 12% at 12 m. Differences in whole-tree density, however, were only about 20 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, i.e., well under 5%. It was concluded that the effects of fertiliser treatment on wood density were of little technological significance. &#xD;&#xD;Analyses of tracheid length, shrinkage, spiral grain, and resin content showed that treatments had no significant influence on these characteristics. The one property which showed a marked response to accelerated growth was the incidence of mild compression wood, which closely followed the pattern for basal area increment response. However, the high levels of such reaction wood in the rings after treatment were not reflected in abnormal shrinkage values and would hence have little impact on utilisation. &#xD;&#xD;The improvement in volume production far outweighed any deleterious effect on wood properties. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>786</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">786</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal frost-tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal frost-tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) was determined at 4-weekly intervals by simulating white frosts in a controlled environment room. Summer and winter frost-tolerance levels were c. -6°C and -12° C respectively. Two consecutive frosts, 24 hours apart, increased the damage although this was not usually significant. Individual seedlings exhibited a range of tolerance suggesting that genetic screening for frost tolerance may be feasible. The frost tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (muricata pine) ranged from -5.5°C in the summer to -12.5 °C in the winter, and that of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) from less than -4°C in the summer to more than -12.5 °C in the winter. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>785</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">785</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in frost tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings raised in different nurseries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) raised in seven nurseries in New Zealand were subjected to advective frosts in controlled-environment rooms in autumn (May), winter (August), and spring (October) to determine their seasonal patterns of frost tolerance. At each of these times four levels of frost were provided which allowed differences in frost tolerance to be quantified. The seedlings from Kaingaroa and Athol nurseries withstood frosts of -11°, -12°, and -10 °C in May, August, and October respectively, whereas Bulls stock tolerated -6°, -9°, and -5.5 °C at these times. Stock from Edendale, Rangiora, Te Teko, and Owhata were intermediate in their responses. Although there was general agreement with published work that changes in temperature and daylength appeared to relate to frost tolerance, a more precise relationship could not be found. In fact, generally, the higher the altitude of the nursery the greater was the frost tolerance of the stock produced. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>424</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">424</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molybdenum, sulphur, and boron deficiencies in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at Pouto Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past failure of yellow tree lupin (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sims) at Pouto Forest can be ascribed to a combination of factors including multiple nutrient deficiencies, exposure, and pest attack. Marked growth responses to molybdenum application and to sulphur in the presence of molybdenum have been obtained. A small response to boron in the presence of molybdenum was also noted. &#xD;&#xD;Deficiencies of molybdenum, sulphur, and boron have not been reported in other New Zealand sand dune forests. At Pouto it is likely that the combination of neutral sand pH, high leaching potential, and absence of fresh sand accretion from the foreshore results in losses of these elements which exceed the natural input. &#xD;&#xD;Correction of nutrient deficiency is expected to increase plant vigour to a point where other factors have a negligible effect on the development of an adequate lupin cover. Radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) trees are unlikely to be affected by molybdenum deficiency but their sulphur and boron status should be monitored during growth. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>331</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">331</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, B. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil-water nutrient concentrations after clearfelling and burning of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-144</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tension plate lysimeters were used in Kaingaroa State Forest to determine the impact of harvesting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine), followed by slash-burning, on nutrient losses by leaching. Soil water was monitored just beneath the mineral soil surface, and at 20-, 45-, and 100-cm soil depths. Both operations increased the leaching of nutrients to lower soil depths; however, the effect was small and short-lived. Nitrogen in the nitrate form exhibited the greatest response as elevated concentrations in soil water persisted to 3 years after logging. The maximum monthly mean nitrate level recorded at a soil depth of 100 cm was 1.3 mg N0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-N/L in the logged area and 2.1 mg/L in the burned area, compared to 0.12 mg/L in the control. Logging and slash-burning in radiata pine forests on the central volcanic plateau have only a small effect on nutrient leaching losses and do not appear to threaten soil fertility. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accumulation of organic matter and mineral nutrients under a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accumulation of organic matter and nutrients in the forest floor was examined in a heavily stocked 16-year-old stand of second-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don growing on a yellow-brown pumice soil. The forest floor contained 55 464 kg drv matter/ha and 552 kg N/ha, 36 kg P/ha, 32 kg K/ha, 172 kg Ca/ha, 34 kg Mg/ha, 0.3 kg B/ha, 2.5 kg Zn/ha, 2.5 kg Cu/ha, and 24.1 kg Mn/ha. The relative rate of movement of nutrients through the forest floor was K &gt; &gt; B &gt; Mn &gt; (P, Mg, Ca) &gt; (Zn, Cu) &gt; (N. organic matter). </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>45</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">45</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballard, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Removal of logging waste, thinning debris, and litter from a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pumice soil site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-163</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">After felling of the first crop of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don on rhyolitic pumice soil, an area was cleared of all logging debris. During the ensuing 16 years of the second </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> crop all litter material, including that of a precommercial thinning, was raked off this area regularly. Just prior to a late second-thinning at age 16 (from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">c.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 1000 to 250 stems/ha) the impact of this treatment on stand productivity, foliar nutrient, and soil properties was examined. &#xD;&#xD;It was estimated, using stem analysis procedures, that the raked area contained 471 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">total stem wood/ha compared to 535 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha in a control area - a reduction in productivity of some 12%. This was considered a real difference as basal areas were identical in the two areas at age 6 years. &#xD;&#xD;Analysis of the current year&apos;s foliage prior to thinning showed that the only nutrient significantly lower in the raked area was boron - 7.2 ppm compared to 10.6 ppm for the control area. In addition to boron, potassium and manganese were also significantly lower in older foliage, but neither approached levels considered critical for growth. A year after thinning, differences in boron concentrations increased and foliage nitrogen concentrations in the raked area became critical for growth and significantly lower than those in the control area. &#xD;&#xD;The biggest difference in soil properties between the two areas occurred at a depth of 5-10 cm, rather than in the surface 5 cm. Consistent with the removal of organic matter, the raked area had lower concentrations of carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Bray 2 phosphorus, and moisture. The cation exchange capacity and levels of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium were also significantly lower in the raked area. The depletion effect was greatest on exchangeable magnesium levels which were not so well buffered as calcium and potassium in this rhyolitic pumice soil. The relatively high reserves of phosphorus and nitrogen in this soil were not seriously depleted by the treatment. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>599</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">599</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chittenden, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of dry matter in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root systems - 1: Individual trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164-182</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses are given of dry matter components of root systems of 97 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees, 3 to 8 years old; estimating equations for total root dry matter, roots greater than 2 mm, and roots greater than 5 mm diameter are presented. Of all the components and dimensions tested, root dry matter is most highly correlated with that of foliage. &#xD;&#xD;Compatibility of the estimating equations with root dry matter data for an additional 150 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees (provided by earlier workers) encourages presentation of a general estimating equation for roots greater than 5 mm diameter, i.e., &#xD;&#xD;log</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">e</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(root o.d. wt) = 2.73 log</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">e </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(d.b.h.) - 5.009 (root o.d. wt in kilograms; d.b.h. in centimetres).</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships for estimating component root-length from o.d. wt. are also developed. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>846</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">846</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Loughlin, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note on root-wood strength deterioration in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> after clearfelling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>227</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">227</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu-chou, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, L. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hymenogaster albus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - a mycorrhizal fungus of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sporocarps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hymenogaster albus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Klotzsch.) Berk, et Br. were found to be associated with roots of several species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The fungus was isolated from the mycorrhizal roots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R.T. Bak., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Maiden, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. sieberi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. Johnson. Seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm. inoculated with spore suspensions of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">H. albus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> formed pale-brown to golden simple pyramidal mycorrhizas. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1192</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1192</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of fertilisers in New Zealand forestry operations 1980</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1980 fertilisers were applied to more than 30 000 ha of exotic forest plantations. This area, about double that treated in 1975, was made up of 7600 ha of new plantings, 19 000 ha of established forest, 3900 ha of marram-grass (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ammophila arenaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Link) sand stablisation, and less than 1000 ha of nurseries, seed orchards, amenity areas, etc. During the year 14.5% of all new plantings received fertiliser, and 2.2% of established forests. &#xD;&#xD;Between 1975 and 1980 the use of nitrogen fertilisers trebled to 1900 tonnes N/year, the use of phosphatic fertilisers doubled to 1100 tonnes P/year, but there were no increases in the use of potassium and magnesium and use of boron declined, Small amounts of molybdenum were used for the first time. &#xD;&#xD;The major change in the types of fertilisers used was an increased use of high-analysis nitrogen-phosphorus fertilisers, particularly diammonium phosphate. The year 1980 saw a major advance in the quality of aerial application of fertilisers, large areas being treated by a helicopter fitted with a guidance system. &#xD;&#xD;It seems unlikely that fertiliser use by 1985 will reach the levels predicted previously.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1070</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1070</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Site index equations for radiata pine in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>733</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">733</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground dry-matter content of a young close-spaced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Dry matter production was estimated in a plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">D. Don with rows increasing in age from 5 to 10 years and planted at a spacing of 1 x 1.5 m. &#xD;&#xD;The weights of current (7.8 t/ha) and total foliage (13 t/ha) remained reasonably constant with stand age. Total branch mass increased from 11 t/ha at age 5 to 36 t/ha at age 10, and stem material from 52 to 154 t/ha over the same period. Mean annual increment  increased with age and was predicted to reach a maximum of 21 t/ha at age 10 for the total above-ground biomass. Similar analyses for stem and for stem-plus-branches indicated a peak mean annual increment at  age 10 of 16 and 20 t/ha, respectively. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>874</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">874</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reduced early growth rates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Various infection levels of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Hulbary were induced by artificial inoculation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">D. Don trees 1 year after establishment in 1972 in a plantation in Kaingaroa State Forest, and disease levels  were recorded quarterly for 8 years. Tree growth between the second and eighth years of the study was examined by stem analysis of a sample of 120 trees from the second thinning and by sectional measurement of  the remaining final-crop trees for volume.&#xD;&#xD;Inoculated plots exhibited higher disease levels from 1973 to 1976 and lower annual volume increments from 1975 to 1979 than plots which were sprayed with fungicide.  Disease/volume-loss relationships were analysed by multiple regression, and it was shown that volume growth was reduced in proportion to increase in disease level.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">59</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vine, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An early progeny trial in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 4: Wood density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Variation in the density of the wood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> D. Don was studied in a progeny trial comprising 26 open-pollinated families arranged in nine randomised blocks. Samples of wood taken from different radii at breast  height on 692 trees were divided into inner, middle, and outer segments, each containing five annual rings. The density of each segment and a mean for all 15 rings were determined for each tree. &#xD;&#xD;Analyses of variance  showed highly significant differences between families and between blocks. Point estimates for heritability ranged from 0.51 to 0.72. &#xD;&#xD;On the basis of common knowledge, it may be assumed that on average each radial  sample within a stem showed a consistent trend of density increasing with age, as xylem was deposited further and further from the pith. If, then, the variance of density is regarded as that of a point anywhere within the breastheight cross-sections of some 600 trees, a large part of the statistical effect of this trend may be extracted from the data as a linear regression component. With that concept, the linear regression component in  this experiment accounted for 65% of the total variance in wood density. The mean density/age gradient was 7.87 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">/yr, with a standard deviation of 3.51 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">/yr. There were highly significant differences between the families in the gradient: its heritability was estimated as 0.27. &#xD;&#xD;Density showed the usual weak, negative phenotypic correlation with radial growth-rate. A multiple regression analysis, relating density to the radius and height of the stem jointly, accounted for 2.2% of the total variation (p &lt; 0.001), the partial regression coefficients being negative for radius and positive for height. In a similar analysis of the pooled within-families variance the regression coefficients were again negative for radius and positive for height, and the joint regression accounted for 16% of the total variation (p &lt; 0.001). &#xD;&#xD;Genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlation  coefficients were estimated for 10 characters. There appeared to be little or no association between density and external characters affecting log quality, but the different determinations of density showed consistently  strong positive genetic correlation amongst themselves. This suggests that in each tree the same genes were acting on wood density, and acting in the same way, at all stages during the 15-year period.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>261</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">261</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">hondurensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grown in Fiji</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-253</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">During 1980, increment core samples were collected from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus caribaea</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">hondurensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Barr. &amp; Golf. (Caribbean pine) on 38 sites throughout the afforested areas of the two main islands of Fiji. In addition, 110 trees were felled and sectioned to give information on the relationship between increment core wood density and density of the merchantable stem to 100 mm diameter. Good correlations between increment core and whole-tree values were established. &#xD;&#xD;Consistent patterns of wood density increase with tree age and decrease with height in the stem were recorded. Together, tree age and site altitude were shown to account for 85% of the variation observed in plantations ranging in age from  8 to 25 years. &#xD;&#xD;On a 15-year rotation, high altitude (&gt;300m) and low altitude (&lt;300m) sites can produce timber with average basic densities of 515 and 465 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">. Equivalent values for a 25-year rotation would be 540 and 475 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">respectively.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>784</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">784</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardacre, A. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal frost-tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E fastigata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254-261</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Seasonal frost-tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Eucalyptus saligna Sm</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">F. Muell., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Deane et Maiden was determined by frosting seedlings monthly during 1976 in a controlled environment. Frost tolerance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. saligna</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">ranged from c. -3°C in summer to -7°C in winter, of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. regnans</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">from c. -3.5°C in summer to -9°C in winter, and of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. fastigata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">from c. -4°C in summer to -10°C in winter. Seedlings started hardening in April; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. saligna</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">reached maximum tolerance in late June, whereas </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. fastigata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">reached maximum frost-tolerance in late July, the coldest part of winter. The seed source for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. regnans</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">was changed in  July, and so it is unknown if it continued hardening during July. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">started to deharden during July, whereas </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">E. fastigata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="9"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">started to deharden a month later, and all three species continued to deharden  throughout October. Some variation in the absolute frost-tolerances can be expected depending on the growing climate (nursery location and seasonal variation). &#xD;&#xD;The frost tolerance of the three eucalypt species is less than that of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">D. Don for all times of the year, and so their establishment should be restricted to sites with good air drainage to minimise the risk of frost damage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>407</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">407</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bawden, A. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of wounds in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262-270</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation of pruning wounds made by the removal of small (&lt;25mm) and large (&gt;25mm) branches leaving three different stub lengths (0, 15, and 30 cm), in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, was studied in a 4-year-old stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R.T. Baker in Kaingaroa State Forest. Isolations were made from all pruned branch stubs. Of the 288 trees examined, 46% had visible rot and a further 29% showed discoloration of the sapwood indicating an early stage of decay. In most of these trees, the rot-inducing fungi had gained entry through branches which had died through suppression. Of the experimentally pruned branches, the largest proportion with rot were those flush-pruned in spring and summer (eight and five respectively out of 24); only one of the autumn flush-pruned and none of the winter flush-pruned branches had rot. At the end of 12 months, 27.4% of the isolates from experimentally pruned branch stubs were of fungi capable of causing decay. The most common rot fungus isolated was</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Stereum purpureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Pers, ex Fr.) Fr., which formed 12.4% of the total number of isolates. The incidence of decay fungi isolated from pruning wounds declined with season, in the order spring, summer, autumn, winter. The influence of stub length and branch diameter on the incidence of decay fungi varied from species to species. Infection of pruning wounds by decay fungi cannot be entirely avoided by silvicultural means but its incidence can be reduced by pruning in winter.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>808</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">808</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring bait acceptance in brush-tailed possum populations: development of a tracer technique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271-277</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhodamine B dye, Lissamine green dye, and demethylchlorotetracycline were evaluated as tracers for monitoring bait acceptance by brush-tailed possum (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosurus vulpecula </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerr) populations. Demethylchlorotetracycline left no detectable trace in possums, even at high dosages. Lissamine green was not persistent enough externally and did not stain the gut tissue. Rhodamine B marked animals for 7 days when used at 0.5% concentration, surface-coated on baits, and can be used at up to 1% concentration without reducing the palatability of the bait. Rhodamine B was therefore selected as a suitable tracer.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>735</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">735</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating the above-ground weight of forest plots using the basal area ratio method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulated sampling of nine forest plots was used to compare estimated plot component weights with known weights based on complete harvest. On average, estimates based on the relationship plot weight = (</style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">S</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sample tree weight)/ (</style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">S</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sample tree basal area) x (plot basal area) showed a negligible negative bias and were approximately as variable as those found using logarithmic estimating equations. The minimum estimates using the basal area ratio method were slightly poorer, but the means and maxima consistently better than those found using logarithmic regressions. Stratified random sampling using five diameter strata was only slightly better than random sampling.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1263</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1263</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allison, R. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extended oxygen delignification of alkaline pulps from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287-97</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extended oxygen delignification of three types of alkaline pulps from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don was investigated. Kraft, kraft-anthraquinone (kraft-AQ), and soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) pulps at 40 and 60 Kappa number were treated with oxygen to remove about 60, 70, and 75% of their residual lignin. Extended oxygen treatments resulted in less selective delignification, higher brightness at a given Kappa number, and generally less strength degradation in 60 Kappa than in 40 Kappa pulps; and in less selective delignification, lower brightness at a given Kappa number, and lower strength in soda-AQ pulps than in kraft and kraft-AQ pulps. The yields of kraft-AQ and soda-AQ pulps remained higher than those of kraft pulps after extended oxygen delignification. At 25 Kappa number use of extended oxygen treatments increased total yields by 3% over those attainable through continued pulping. With careful control, oxygen delignification of alkaline pulps could be extended to at least 60% lignin removal before significant strength losses occurred.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1129</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1129</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined visual and mechanical grading of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-303</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In New Zealand, grading machines are programmed to produce grades of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) with properties equivalent to existing visual grades. However, because (a) mechanically sorted timber can contain larger defects than visually sorted timber of similar strength, and (b) the increase in strength on drying is less in timber containing larger defects than in timber containing smaller defects, it has been necessary to impose visual grading requirements on radiata pine that is mechanically graded while green.&#xD;&#xD;A study of the in-grade properties of radiata pine showed that combined visual and mechanical grading gives a better prediction of strength than either method alone, but the prediction of stiffness is not significantly improved by visual in addition to mechanical grading.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>435</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">435</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Simplified method-of-moments estimation for the Weibull Distribution</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-306</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>736</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">736</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holten-Anderson, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground biomass, nutrients, and energy content of trees in a second-growth stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-6</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 130-year-old pole stand in which over 90% of the trees and the basal area were </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hort, ex Lindi, (kauri) was estimated to include 10 t foliage/ha, 17 t branches/ha, and 105 t stems/ha in the tree layer. The foliar nutrient concentrations suggested deficiencies of both nitrogen and phosphorus. The trees contained 187 kg N/ha, 27 kg P/ha, 391 kg K/ha, 511 kg Ca/ha, 56 kg Mg/ha, 32 kg Mn/ha, 0.1 kg Cu/ha, and 2.2 kg Zn/ha. Energy values ranged from 19 kJ/g for dead branches to 22 kJ/g for older foliage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>94</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">94</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beresford, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulholland, R. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility of farm shelter cypresses to three fungi associated with cypress canker disease</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypress canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees in a trial plantation containing eight cypress varieties were examined for cypress canker disease. Three fungi were associated with the disease - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium cardinale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Wagener) Sutton &amp; Gibson, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. unicorne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Cke &amp; Ell.) Sutton, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis funerea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Desm.) Steyaert which occurred mainly in combination with one of the other two fungi. The percentage of trees from which cypress canker fungi were isolated differed with the variety: x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressocyparis leylandii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Jacks. &amp; Dall.) Dall, clone Haggerston Grey 18%; clone Naylors Blue 0%; clone Leighton Green 17%; clone Green Spire 8%; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus  macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hartw. 22%; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus torulosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D Don 0%; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus arizonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Greene 9%; NZ FRI clone 850-329 (probably </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. arizonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. torulosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) 8%. &#xD;&#xD;An inoculation trial showed that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. cardinale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> consistently caused more damage on all varieties than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. unicorne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, while </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. funerea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was a weak pathogen of secondary importance. Differences in susceptibility to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. cardinale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were detected: the four x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressocyparis leylandii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were the most susceptible; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. arizonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. torulosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and FRI 850-329 showed some resistance. No differences in susceptibility were detected to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. unicorne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> or</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. funerea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1181</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1181</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic variation and inheritance of resistance to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle blight in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three separate studies showed that New Zealand populations of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don possess useful quantitative genetic variation in resistance to infection by the fungus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary. Heritability of resistance was high enough under suitable conditions to allow effective selection and breeding resistance.&#xD;&#xD;In the first study, 66 &quot;resistant&quot; trees were phenotypically selected in heavily diseased New Zealand plantations in 1966; 21 of these subsequently retained strong measure of resistance when clonally propagated by cuttings. However, only five clones were judged acceptable in growth, branching, and stem straightness.&#xD;&#xD;In the second study, clonal variation in resistance to natural infection by fungus was sharply exhibited in hedged clonal archives from 2- and 3-year-old second-generation ortets (originally selected for growth and stem quality, not for resistance). Although closely related hedged clones sometimes differed considerably in their susceptibility to infection, there were still significant mean differences in the susceptibility of families, attributable almost entirely to general combining ability effects of the parents. Variation in susceptibility was also strong among hedges of clones aged 18-23 years. The third study showed dramatically that there were marked genetic differences among 5-year-old trees in resistance to infection under natural inoculation in the field. The study involved a diallel cross among 25 seed orchard clones. General combining ability effects were very strong, while specific combining ability effects were negligible. Individual full-sib families ranged from 3% to 69% in proportion of progeny badly infected.&#xD;&#xD;The strong additive genetic variation and potentially high heritability in resistance within current breeding populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, already improved growth and stem quality by intensive selection and breeding, augurs well for successful incorporation of needle blight resistance into future breeds via traditional general-combining-ability seed orchards.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>199</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">199</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carey, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest floors: Factors affecting organic matter and nutrient dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-48</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest floor organic matter and nutrient contents were quantified in 41 first-rotation and seven second-rotation stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) growing in the North Island. Most of the stands were between 18 and 21 years of age.&#xD;&#xD;The forest floors contained an average 20.7 tonnes of organic matter/ha and 258, 18, 32, and 33 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, respectively, but there was considerable variation both between and within forests. Ridge and stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to construct models which explained 70, 58, 62, 79, and 82% of this variation. Stocking levels, rainfall, minimum temperature, and foliage calcium levels were the most important variables. The second-rotation sites contained on average twice as much organic matter and nutrients as the first-rotation sites. This was attributed to the fact that no slash burning or clearance had been carried out at the end of the previous rotation.&#xD;&#xD;The forest manager can thus make significant changes to forest floor dynamics through policies on thinning and slash treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>584</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">584</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth response of phosphorus-deficient </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to various rates of superphosphate fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Superphosphate fertiliser was applied at various rates to plots of phosphorus deficient </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) in four forests in the Auckland area. Soil analyses showed that most of the plots had a low level of extractable phosphorus (Bray &amp; Olsen) prior to fertiliser application. Foliar phosphorus concentrations remained deficient in the controls but were raised to adequacy by fertiliser in the treated plots. Analysis of the growth response was made difficult by the lack of replication within all sites, but a series of partial statistical analyses strongly indicated that height growth was positively affected by fertiliser. On more fertile sites the fertiliser acted to maintain a high site index while on less fertile sites site index was improved. Large growth improvement was obtained at the lowest rate tested (625 kg superphosphate/ha). Higher rates gave little further increase in growth. Basal area growth was also increased by fertiliser. The higher rates (1250 and 2500 kg/ha) generally gave greater growth than the lower rate (625 kg/ha) but each increase in amount brought a smaller increase in basal area growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1071</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1071</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree growth model for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-70</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This individual-tree distance-dependent growth model predicts the diameter, height, and crown height development of a simulated plot of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees. The model provides estimates of stand development within approximately ± 5% but fails to predict mortality of small suppressed trees adequately. Further refinement of the mortality and diameter increment function of the model will provide more accurate diameter and height distribution data.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>262</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">262</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age and silvicultural effects on wood properties of four stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-85</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment core and wood disc samples were collected from 10 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) trees in each of four age-classes in Kaingaroa State Forest in the central North Island. The samples represented (a) young thinnings (12 yr), (b) two stands which had received silvicultural treatments (24 and 34 yr), and (c) an unthinned old-crop stand (52 yr). Intensive measurements were made of green density, basic density, moisture content, tracheid length, and resin content.&#xD;&#xD;Over the 40-year age span covered, the average wood properties changed considerably, e.g., green density 1025-815 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, basic density 325-420 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, moisture content 215-95%, tracheid length 2.5-3.5 mm, resin content 3.3-2.9%. Average values were calculated for sawlogs, top logs, sawn timber, and slabwood. It is concluded that the change in raw material supply from untended old-crop to thinnings and produce from intensively managed stands will be accompanied by age-related changes in intrinsic wood properties, to which industry will have to adjust. For instance, logs will be heavier because of a higher average moisture content, but will nevertheless have a lower basic density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appraisal of the Shigometer technique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Shigometer technique purports to detect decay and other timber defects in living trees. The presence or absence of a defect is predicted from measurements of electrical resistance recorded at intervals along a small-diameter, radially drilled hole.&#xD;&#xD;The technique lacked any predictive ability when applied to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Gerst, (red beech) and the evidence that the technique reliably detects decay in other species is shown to be inconclusive.&#xD;&#xD;In wood, the cell wall substance makes a large contribution to electrical resistance. The tissue in the vicinity of the drill hole is damaged by drilling and consequently its electrical resistance is modified. The factors affecting resistance measured by the technique remain largely obscure.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bagnall, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> posts with a CCA preservative</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ten posts of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Scots pine) were treated with a copper-chrome-arsenate (CCA) preservative by the Bethell process, to the Timber Preservation Authority (TPA) Commodity Specification C3 at a commercial plant.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of discs taken from the treated posts showed that all samples exceeded the minimum TPA requirements for copper penetration and retention in the sapwood zone. There was no significant difference between actual copper retentions (by analysis) and theoretical retentions calculated from solution uptakes and solution strength, which indicates that Scots pine is a very satisfactory species for treatment with CCA preservatives.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>904</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">904</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chittenden, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkylammonium compounds as above-ground wood preservatives</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fungicidal efficacy of a number of alkylammonium compounds has been compared in a simulated above-ground decay test against brown- and white-rot fungi. All the compounds tested were at least as active as copper-chromearsenate (CCA) against brown-rot fungi in softwood but only compounds of the dialkyldimethylammonium halide type proved to be highly active against white rot in hardwood. Over-all thresholds for the didecyldimethylammonium salts were less than 0.8 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> compared with approximately 1.6 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (salt basis) for CCA.&#xD;&#xD;Wood species had a marked effect on the efficacy of tertiary amine salts against </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gloeophyllum trabeum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Pers, ex Fr.) Murr. With </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) as substrate the threshold was approximately 1.6 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, whereas with southern yellow pinef the threshold was greater than 3.2 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. However, wood species had little effect on the threshold with didecyldimethylammonium chloride.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allison, R. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleaching alkaline pulps from  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen-delignified kraft, kraft-anthraquinone (kraft-AQ), and soda-AQ pulps from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were bleached with oxygen-based and chlorine-based treatments. Oxygen-based bleaching employed ozone (Z), alkali extraction (E), and peroxide (P) treatments in previously optimised ZEP and ZPZP sequences. Chlorine-based bleaching was with a conventional sequence. Comparative information was gathered on the effects of bleaching on pulp yield, viscosity, beating requirements, handsheet strengths, and brightness stability.&#xD;&#xD;In general, the responses of the three alkaline pulps were similar for each bleach sequence though bleached soda-AQ pulps had slightly lower brightnesses. The yield advantages of AQ-additive pulping were preserved after full bleaching. Except for lower chemical demands with ZPZP bleaching, no noticeable differences were found between the effects of ZEP and ZPZP bleaching. Both sequences reduced pulp viscosity, pulp beating requirements, and handsheet tear and burst properties. In comparison, chlorine bleaching resulted in higher pulp viscosity and increasing pulp strength levels mainly  because of enhanced handsheet tear properties, but had no effect on beating requirements and resulted in less stable brightnesses.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1264</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1264</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Old, K.M., Kile, G.A. &amp; Ohmart, C.P. (Eds.) 1981: Eucalypt dieback in forests and woodlands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-121</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Eucalypt dieback in forests and woodlands&quot;, edited by K.M. Old, G.A. Kile, &amp; C.P. Ohmart.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1410</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1410</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tustin, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-126</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>340</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">340</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of thinning practice in New Zealand 1974 to 1981</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-139</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The limited extent of the remaining &quot;old crop&quot; resource planted in the 1920s and 1930s, and the low level of planting between 1935 and 1955, will lead to a period of wood supply constraint in the 1980s. This will be followed by a substantial increase in production from the mid-1990s. The resulting constraints on industrial expansion, and the large age-class which might supply commercial thinnings have led to a review of silvicultural practice. There is a wide range of thinning and pruning regimes currently being practised in New Zealand, as exemplified by those of the four major growers in the Rotorua region.&#xD;&#xD;Other significant developments have been the application of fertilisers after commercial thinning, and the establishment of the Radiata Pine Task Force to study the effect of management regimes on value outturn in relation to a range of processing options.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>632</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">632</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerruish, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherd, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning practices in Australia - a review of silvicultural and harvesting trends</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-161</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in harvesting technology in Australia have been characterised by both the training of a more skilled work-force and the introduction, on an operational basis, of fully mechanised means of harvesting small thinnings. The range of opportunities to sell smallwood has led to considerable divergence in silvicultural practice. Rising costs of handling small thinnings and poor market conditions for these products in some areas have encouraged the development of silvicultural schedules which minimise smallwood in commercial operations. Tasmania and Western Australia have tended towards policies that embrace the more radical approaches stemming from New Zealand, while other States have maintained more conventional schedules.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>379</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibiger, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henderson, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological inputs to motor-manual techniques of thinning radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-170</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a study of physical workload in a delayed second-thinning operation, average energy output was 1.8 MJ nett/hr. Heart-rate analysis indicated a high load, with no significant difference in physiological cost between various job elements. In a second study two techniques for motor-manual thinning were evaluated - the bench and the traditional technique for trimming and handling felled stems. Simulation of job elements identified stacking as the most strenuous with an energy output of 49 kJ nett/min for the traditional technique and 39 kJ nett/min with the bench technique. The bench technique results still came within the very heavy physical effort range of the British Medical Association&apos;s standards.&#xD;&#xD;Both studies provide evidence that productive motor-manual felling in Australian plantations still entails very heavy to extremely heavy physical effort. A high to very high physical working capacity is therefore considered essential for this type of forest work.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bankes, T. G. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity and costs, with special reference to the felling bench</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-179</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increases in productivity in the felling component of wood harvesting in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantations in the south-east region of South Australia during the period 1975-81 provide evidence that the introduction of fully mechanised felling systems can be delayed during the next decade. Reasons for the gains achieved include productivity aids such as the felling bench used in first thinnings. Continuing increases in productivity will be essential to maintain existing motor-manual systems in harvesting operations in South Australia.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>980</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">980</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, S. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term production and the effect of tree size on productivity of cutters in first thinnings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at Tumut, New South Wales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In reviewing and updating cutter productivity figures applicable to New South Wales, a new system involving two complementary levels of study has been developed, encompassing both detailed time-study and gross data approaches. &#xD;&#xD;A detailed time-study was done on a sample of 12-13 cutters with varying experience and ability, and productivity levels were related to tree size. The gross data collected showed a wide range in daily and long-term production levels. The 72 tonnes/week predicted as feasible from the detailed time study was actually achieved by only one cutter.&#xD;&#xD;A gross data system could be used for monitoring productivity under a range of forest conditions, without necessarily establishing what those conditions are.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>918</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">918</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, O. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with the Kockums system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Kockums system, incorporating a feller-buncher, two limber buckers, and two forwarders, was used in a fifth thinning of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. This system is a satisfactory form of mechanisation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> thinning when the merchantable volume of the trees being removed is greater than 0.25 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1073</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1073</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terlesk, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A highly mechanised harvesting system in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-212</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A highly mechanised harvesting system was studied in 1976 to establish likely production rates. It was estimated that the system had the potential to produce 300 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/day at a direct cost on truck of NZ$4.33/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (compared with NZ$6.15/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from a motor-manual operation) but monitoring of the system disclosed a much lower production level than anticipated, probably because of lower utilisation than expected. In a second study utilisation of the feller-buncher was only 42%, and the system production level 160m3/day (estimated cost NZ$12.50/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on truck). When the system was studied again for 5 weeks in January-February 1979, feller-buncher utilisation had improved to 67%. As this machine was the lead machine in the system, production improved significantly and the cost per cubic metre was competitive with costs from a motor-manual operation.&#xD;&#xD;Because of the need to carry out major overhauls of the machines and the availability of a more abundant supply of labour for motor-manual operations, the system was closed down in 1979.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>697</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">697</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leitch, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning of radiata pine by crawler tractor on steep slopes in north-eastern Victoria: A preliminary study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-223</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine productivity, damage to the retained trees, and degree of site disturbance in a delayed first-thinning operation were measured in a preliminary study during 5 working days in August 1980, in a stand of 18-year-old radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) in the Merriang Plantation on slopes in excess of 50% (26.5°). The average daily productivity measured during this short study was compared with records from operations on a range of slopes in the locality. Skid tracks constructed prior to the study were not included in productivity calculations, though the cost of these tracks was only 4% of the total cost of the operation. There was no evidence that slope had a substantial effect on productivity but further detailed studies, over a comprehensive range of slope classes and sites, are necessary. During the steep terrain thinning study 17% of retained trees were damaged, though for radiata pine this is likely to cause only a minor loss in value of the final crop. In the study area 25% of the soil surface was disturbed; however, the combination of stable soils and frequent cross-drainage of skid tracks should minimise the likelihood of significant soil erosion.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>813</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">813</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent thinning trials with cable logging systems in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">224-237</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nine thinning trials involving four types of hauler have been carried out on steep country to date. The data from these trials indicate likely production levels for a range of piece volumes, extraction distances, and methods. Changing the crop layout, and introducing more suitable haulers along with appropriate working techniques, are seen as two avenues for significantly increasing production and reducing unit volume costs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1134</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1134</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cable logging hoop pine plantation thinnings in south-east Queensland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are four types of cable yarders in current use in south-east Queensland plantations of hoop pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Araucana cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ait. ex D. Don) on terrain classified as &quot;unconventional&quot; because standard equipment and methods are not suitable. This classification is important both economically and from a forest management point of view. Cable yarding also has environmental advantages over crawler skidding.&#xD;&#xD;Current skyline productivity is 5-6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/productive hour and is affected by such things as topography, whether the sky lining is uphill or downhill, organisation of racks and landings, and crew training.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>277</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">277</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cremer, K. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borough, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinnell, F. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, P. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">13 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-268</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of relations between stocking or thinning and the incidence of wind damage by uprooting or the bending and breakage of stems showed that stocking and thinning strategies can reduce the risk of damage in plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Except on sites where root growth was very restricted, plantations raised at lower stocking generally experienced markedly less wind damage. The risk was increased, however, immediately after a thinning, especially if the retained trees were tall and slender, and the thinning had been heavy and had removed dominants. These influences were explained by the long-term effect of stocking on tree development and by the immediate effect of thinning in opening the canopy to the wind.&#xD;&#xD;Reduced stocking greatly increased stem diameter and crown and root growth, but had little or no influence on the height of the dominant trees, except at extremely high or extremely low stockings. The height/diameter (H/D) ratio was thus greatly reduced at lower stocking. The H/D ratio, calculated from the mean height and diameter at breast height (1.3 m) over bark (d.b.h.o.b.) of the 200 largest diameter trees/ha, was identified as a valuable index of the risk of wind damage, at least with respect to stem failures. It was found that H/D values are influenced by growth at various stockings and after various thinning regimes. The most important conclusion reached is that trees should be allowed as much growing space from as early in their life as can be reconciled with other silvicultural and economic constraints.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>981</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">981</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheehan, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavery, P. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, B. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning and salvage strategies in plantations prone to storm damage - case study of radiata pine plantations in the Ovens Valley, Victoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-280</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storm damage is becoming recognised as a significant problem in the Ovens Zone as the plantation area expands, because stands with about 1600 stems/ha on high-quality sites (&gt;SI 27) become increasingly prone to &quot;collapse&quot; once the stand height exceeds 20 m. Commercial thinning before the stands become unstable is not feasible because yields are quite low (60-75 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha) and piece size is small (0.05-0.08 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). Harvesting systems for such areas need to be specially designed to operate economically at these levels. Systems are also needed to handle smashed and tangled material until new silviculture aimed at providing more stable stands becomes effective.&#xD;&#xD;In the long run an approach to control appears to lie in the promotion of low &quot;slenderness ratios&quot;, i.e., the ratio of stand height to mean diameter (in damaged stands typically in excess of 100). Lower slenderness ratios and hence more stable stands are achievable by wide initial espacements and by early non-commercial thinning. There appears, however, to be no silvicultural means to regain stability in the dense unthinned stands which are already in excess of 20 m stand height.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>812</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">812</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil damage associated with production thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil damage caused by five types of ground extraction machines used in thinning of young stands of Douglas fir </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) America during winter and spring was visually assessed. Total area impacted ranged from 11 to 30%, the amount being affected by machine type, thinning intensity, planning and location of skid tracks, and bunching system employed. The severity of damage was related to machine type, soil conditions, and number loaded passes. Previous studies indicate that loss in the potential growth of final-crop trees (with resulting increased costs and decreased returns) may result from damage levels similar to those observed. Research to determine growth losses of radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don) due to soil damage is recommended.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>275</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">275</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crane, W. J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at establishment and at thinning - an evaluation of its potential in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-307</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model of various aspects of fertiliser application throughout a 40-year rotation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don provides a framework with which options on whether to apply fertiliser can be examined at five stages: at establishment, at first thinning (age 16 years), second thinning (age 22 years), third thinning (age 28 years), and at fourth thinning (age 34 years). A yield table developed for Uriarra Forest near Canberra was applied to the framework and an assumption was made that a 40% increase in the relative rate of growth of stands with periodic annual increments of 16-19 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year could result from application of nitrogen and phosphorus in the 16 years following establishment, or in any of the subsequent 6 years between harvests. The model was then used to evaluate the extra wood and increase in size of the harvested logs likely to result from fertiliser, and some of the economic aspects.&#xD;&#xD;For a single application, fertiliser at the time of establishment resulted in the most extra wood, and at the last or next-to-last thinning it resulted in the highest internal rate of return on monetary capital invested.&#xD;&#xD;The nature of the N x P interaction for specific soils and stands is likely to be a key factor on the generally phosphorus-deficient soils of Australia. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacon, G. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawkins, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity of commercial thinning operations in Queensland plantations: Influence of alternative silvicultural options</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in silvicultural practices (for instance, initial spacing, pre-commercial thinning, and row thinning) alter a number of stand characteristics, including average stem size, branching habit, and yield. These in turn exert a direct influence on harvesting productivity and consequently on costs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>971</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">971</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedgley, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative silvicultural regimes: Effect of over-all management policy on options</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softwood Holdings Limited have developed silvicultural schedules which are varied according to both site quality of the plantation and manufacturing requirements of the Company&apos;s processing plants. The median regime involves four thinnings before clearfelling at age 35 years, with a total volume production of 685 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha. It is considered that cost to mill door cannot be isolated from product manufacturing costs and the opportunity to manufacture a broad rangeof products.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>760</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">760</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCormack, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Operations research in forest harvesting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332-343</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Operations research techniques such as mathematical programming, simulation, and the development of planning systems can contribute to decision-making in forestry management. Computers have dramatically changed the possibilities and practice of data collection, storage, analysis, and presentation but the difficulty of obtaining access to them has until recently limited their use. Development of the microprocessor is extending the availability of electronic tools but costs for specialist applications are still high. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>631</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">631</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerruish, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, G. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential harvesting systems for row thinning of plantations for pulpwood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344-353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting systems incorporating (conceptual) continuously moving machines could substantially reduce thinning costs, or facilitate thinning at an earlier age. Such systems could also cause less soil damage and compaction.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>761</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">761</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCormack, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wells, K. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Direct consumption of petroleum products in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> thinning in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-363</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting, the largest consumer of energy in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantation operations, is dependent on liquid fuel. While petroleum supplies are expected to be adequate until well into the twenty-first century, real prices for petroleum products are expected to show a steady rise. Assuming a merchantable stem mass of 0.15 tonne/tree and a haul distance of 50 km, mechanised harvesting appears to require considerably more fuel than traditional chainsawbased systems. However, increases in mean tree size, haulage, or worker travel distance, favour the mechanised system. As petroleum fuel accounts for only 11% of total harvesting cost, a number of other operating factors are at least as important as the price of oil, or even more important.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>128</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">128</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bostr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability of thinning: short- and long-term considerations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-379</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper provides a framework within which different thinning systems can be evaluated, taking into consideration both short-term costs (thinning costs) and long-term costs arising from damage and loss of site potential under Swedish conditions.&#xD;&#xD;The paper was previously presented at a seminar on &quot;Mechanisation and Techniques of Thinning Operations&quot; at Nancy in 1979.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1203</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1203</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate-Hill, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakobsen, B. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increased mechanisation and soil damage in forests - a review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-393</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes are caused in material on the forest floor and in the underlying soil by various types of machine traffic during ground-based logging operations. The extent, duration, and effect on tree growth of these disturbances vary, but wheeled and tracked machines and operating procedures can be modified to minimise the detrimental effects.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>907</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">907</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raison, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khanna, P. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crane, W. J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests in Australia and New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">394-403</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive harvesting operations involving conversion of native forest to plantations, and use of short rotations and/or more complete utilisation of biomass will markedly increase both the rate of nutrient export from sites and the nutrient cost (weight of nutrient per unit of biomass) of biomass production. The nutrient cost is particularly high for young thinnings or when crown components of trees are removed, and is considerably greater for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don than for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, especially for phosphorus and when tree rotations are longer than about 20 years. In addition to the direct removal of nutrients in biomass, significant losses of nutrients may occur as a result of harvesting and site preparation. Such losses are less predictable than removal in biomass, but can be quantitatively more important. Much more  research is needed to assist in interpreting the significance of varying rates of nutrient removal to the long-term productivity of forest sites.&#xD;&#xD;On most soils, emphasis should be placed on silvicultural systems which minimise both nutrient losses and any detrimental redistribution of nutrients on the site. In general, introduction of intensive harvesting involving removal of tree crowns and root systems would seem unsuited to the maintenance of productivity on most sites. It may be possible to maintain nutrient supplies by applying heavy rates of fertiliser, but maintenance of acceptable levels of soil organic matter may prove more difficult.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>338</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">338</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, K. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvements from a radiata pine seed orchard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">404-411</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three yield trials now 10 to 12 years old have shown that Australia&apos;s first radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) seed orchard has produced genetically improved stands. Orchard seedlots produced about 20% more total wood volume, with about twice as many trees of excellent stem and branch quality, than a control seedlot representing not only the population from which the trees in the orchard were selected but also typical commercial seed of the 1980s.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>554</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">554</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in southern British Columbia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415-424</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rohde) Petrak was evaluated in second-growth Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco) in southern British Columbia, using the percentage of ascocarp-bearing needles as a measure of infection intensity. Infection was appreciable at many locations west of the Coast Range and in the interior mountain ranges in the east (71% of location means 5-100%), but was negligible on the interior intermountain plateau (93% of means 0-4%). Infection was particularly high (74% of means 80-100%) along the west coast of Vancouver Island. Significant positive correlation was found between mean infection and May-July mean rainfall in southern British Columbia. At Cowichan Lake on Vancouver Island provenances and clones from origins west of the Coast-Cascade divide in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon were significantly less infected (means 0-13%) than those from between the Coast Range and the eastern mountains in British Columbia (29-90%). The relatively high mean rainfall (250-350 mm) during November-January may be a contributing factor towards the heavy infection (80-100%) observed in younger stands in the central North Island of New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>223</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">223</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings: Effect of temperature and shoot wetness duration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-437</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial inoculation studies with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Desm.) Kickx in the glasshouse and growth cabinet established that initiation of infection (as indicated by the first appearance of stem symptoms) of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don requires a minimum shoot wetness duration of 3 h but no more than 48 h within the temperature range 10°-30°C. Duration of wetness seems important to infection as interruption of the wetness period by a dry period of 12 h or longer reduced the disease level.&#xD;&#xD;Temperature requirements for the initiation of infection and the subsequent development of the disease are not the same. Infection cannot be initiated at 5°C, but at 10°C the level of infection can be high if wetness is not a limiting factor. However, at this temperature lesion extension is limited and dead tops do not develop, even if the temperature is subsequently raised to the optimum. On the other hand, when infection is initiated at a high temperature, e.g., 25°-30°C, lesion extension continues until a large part of the shoot is killed even at a subsequent temperature as low as 10 °C. Thus, temperature and duration of wetness during the early stages of infection largely determine the ultimate level of disease. Briefly, temperatures of 10°-12°C, 15°C, and 20°-25°C or higher during 1-2 wet or humid days would represent  respectively, light, moderate, and serious dead top development.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>224</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">224</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings to infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by pre-inoculation conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">438-441</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings in a high state of susceptibility to infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Desm.) Kickx during summer were altered to a state of high resistance through &apos;&apos;winter&quot; preconditioning in growth cabinets. Conversely, seedlings in a high state of resistance during winter became much less so after &apos;&apos;summer&apos;&apos; preconditioning. Preconditioning effects were related to temperature and photoperiod differences. The data support observations that susceptibility of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings to inoculation with</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> D. pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fluctuates with season, being high in spring-summer but low in autumn-winter.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1003</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1003</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative regrowth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> after selective logging at Pureora and Rotoehu</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">442-447</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetative regrowth was assessed on stumps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk (tawa) which had been felled in two early selective logging trials in the central North Island. Live coppice occurred on 53% of stumps 21 years after logging at Pureora (an average of nearly six shoots per stump) but on only 10% of stumps at Kotoehu 23 years after logging (an average of four shoots per stump). Deer browsing has-been observed on new tawa coppice; thus formerly high animal populations in Rotoehu may have contributed to its scarcity there. Assumed mean height-growth rates of 8-12 cm/year are  similar to those of seedlings growing under good light conditions. Vegetative vigour is maintained, even enhanced, in larger (and on average, older) trees, and coppice is more likely to develop when subsidiary stems are left on stumps at logging. The value of post-logging coppice shoots as a potential source of future canopy trees, however, may be limited by the presence of well-developed natural regeneration in most tawa-dominant forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, R. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design of a new weighing lysimeter for measuring water use by individual trees. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">13 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-243</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">448-456</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A weighing lysimeter has been designed which directly measures water loss or gain by an individual tree up to 20 m tall. For a gross load of 2.5 tonnes, weight changes as small as 0.15 kg can be recorded - a resolution of more than 1 in 16 000. On the basis of the ground area occupied by the tree crown, the resolution in evaporation terms is 0.01 mm.&#xD;&#xD;The data accumulated will be incorporated in long-term studies of water use by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don forest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>324</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">324</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drysdale, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory screening trials with chemicals for the protection of green timber against fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">457-466</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thirty-two chemicals were tested for effectiveness against stain, decay, and mould fungi on freshly sawn sapwood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Eighteen of these were quaternary ammonium compounds. The performance of some quaternary ammonium compounds was improved when used in combination with other fungicides or under highly alkaline conditions. None of the chemicals or mixtures which controlled sapstain are currently cost-effective for the New Zealand market when compared with the standard treatments of 0.2% a.i. captafol or 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenoxide plus 1.5% borax pentahydrate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1182</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1182</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary selection of suitable provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">468-479</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance tests of 36 seedlots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. were established on two central North Island sites in 1977. Frost resistance recorded in the first winter after planting showed highly significant variation among provenances. At age 3 years there were significant differences in height growth, resistance to Mycosphaerella leaf blotch disease, stem straightness, and branching quality.&#xD;&#xD;The most promising native Australian provenances were from southern Gippsland, Victoria (fast growth, good resistance to Mycosphaerella, but comparatively poor frost tolerance), and from interior southern Tasmania (satisfactory growth, reasonable resistance to Mycosphaerella, and excellent frost tolerance).&#xD;&#xD;A New Zealand exotic provenance from Tokoroa performed well. The seedlot was collected from selected trees in a 9-year-old plantation of southern Tasmanian origin.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selection of genetically superior </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> using family tests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">480-493</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1977 tests were established of 141 open-pollinated families of selected plus-trees, and also of some unselected trees, of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">F. Muell. Several Australian provenances and New Zealand exotic populations were represented. The tests were assessed in June 1980 (3 years from seed sowing) for height growth, resistance to Mycosphaerella leaf blotch disease, branching quality, and stem straightness. Frost tolerance was assessed in 1978.&#xD;&#xD;Family differences (including provenance effects) were most pronounced in height growth, disease resistance, and frost tolerance. Phenotypic correlations between traits were mostly favourable, facilitating simultaneous selection of families for fast growth, good frost-tolerance, and disease resistance, as well as improved branching quality and stem straightness.&#xD;&#xD;Based on these early results, a clonal seed orchard has been established from grafts of 8 of the 55 original New Zealand plus-trees and of 34 new secondgeneration plus-trees selected from within the family tests. In addition, a seedling seed orchard has been established using bulked seedling progeny of 30 selected families (23 New Zealand, 7 Australian).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">395</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density and moisture content of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">494-500</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood of 66 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. trees aged 4 to 17 years, from the North and the South Islands of New Zealand, was sampled for basic density and moisture content. Four bole positions (base, 1.4 m, half height, and threequarters height) were sampled. Average basic density and moisture content values were 395 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 174% (North Island) and 398 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 164% (South Island) respectively. Basic density increased up the tree from 1.4 m to three-quarters height, but moisture content showed the opposite trend. Using regression analysis, the plot mean weighted basic density and moisture content could be estimated within 2% using the 1.4-m disc alone. Basic density generally increased from the pith outward at all sample positions. Trees more than 13 years old had greater basic density and lower moisture content values than younger trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>848</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">848</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oka, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeung, E. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot formation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hypocotyl explants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">501-509</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypocotyl segments of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill., when cultured on a defined Schenk &amp; Hildebrandt medium with auxin and cytokinin, produced shoots and roots, with or without callus formation. Shoot development was&apos;best on transfer to medium lacking phytohormones. Histological examination of shoot formation revealed that initiation of the process began early in culture by division of epidermal and subepidermal cells. This led to the formation of nodular tissue (meristemoids), some of which developed subsequently into leafy vegetative shoots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1180</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1180</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic variation in frost tolerance, early height growth, and incidence of forking among and within provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">510-524</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One hundred and twenty-six seedlots (115 open-pollinated families and 11 composites) of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane &amp; Maid, representing eight native provenances from New South Wales and Victoria, one exotic population from South Africa, and 15 exotic populations from New Zealand were planted in tests in 1979 at Kinleith and Kaingaroa, New Zealand. The trees were assessed at Kinleith in 1980 for height growth and tolerance to winter frosts, and at Kinleith and Kaingaroa in 1981 for incidence of forking.&#xD;&#xD;The seedlots varied greatly in frost tolerance, height growth, and incidence of forking. Components of variance for &apos;&apos;provenances&quot; were 3 to 4 times larger than components for &quot;families-in-provenance&quot;. The hardiest provenances generally grew the slowest and showed the lowest incidence of forking. By far the hardiest native provenances were from Oberon and Barrington Tops, New South Wales, confirming the outstanding frost-tolerance of these provenances recorded in artificial frosting tests. Families from New Zealand and from Robertson, New South Wales, were notably more frost-tender and more forked than those from other Australian localities, and from South Africa. New Zealand families from Oakura and Hunterville showed excellent vigour but generally poor frosttolerance and a high frequency of forking. The provenance in which the families possessed the best combination of good frost-tolerance, fast growth, and freedom from forking was from Bondi State Forest (south of Bombala, New South Wales) towards the southern end of the species&apos; natural range.&#xD;&#xD;The phenotypic correlations among family means within provenances were -0.41 between frost score and 1-year height (i.e., the tallest families generally showed the least frost damage), and 0.49 between 3-month and 1-year heights. Frost score at Kinleith was not well correlated at the family level (though highly correlated at the provenance level) with incidence of forking at either Kinleith itself or Kaingaroa.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1265</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1265</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick,  M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf-inhabiting fungi of eucalypts in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-537</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Of the leafspot diseases of eucalypts recorded in New Zealand, only those caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mycospbaerella cryptica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Cooke) Hansford, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">M. nubilosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Cooke) Hansford, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Septoria pulcherrima</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gadgil &amp; Dick are considered to be of any significance. Other fungi reported are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aulographina eucalypti (</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke &amp; Massee) von Arx &amp; Muller, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cercospora eucalypti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Cooke &amp; Massee, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hendersonia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Microthyrium eucalypti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. Hennings, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeoseptoria eucalypti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansford, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trimmatostroma bifarium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gadgil &amp; Dick, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">T. excentricum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sutton &amp; Ganapathi.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1266</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1266</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Marks, G.C., Fuhrer, B.A., &amp; Walters, N.E.M. 1982: Tree diseases in Victoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">538-539</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Tree diseases in Victoria&quot; by G. C. Marks, B. A. Fuhrer and N. E. M. Walters.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>585</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">585</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoy, G. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and nutrition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a recent coastal sand as affected by nitrogen fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Two nitrogen fertiliser trials were established in nitrogen-deficient </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="11"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D. Don growing on a recent coastal sand. Results after 5 years showed that nitrogen fertiliser induced a large increase in basal area growth, an increase in height growth, but no change in tree form. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were ephemerally increased by nitrogen fertiliser.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>332</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">332</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosz, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkiss, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate losses from disturbed ecosystems in New Zealand - a comparative analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Tube lysimeters were used to determine the relative potential of several ecosystems to lose nutrients through leaching after disturbance. The ecosystems examined were all on yellow-brown pumice soils and were dominated by species exotic to New Zealand: (1) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don (radiata pine), (2) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir), (3)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus saligna Sm., </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">and (4) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Ulex europaeus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">L. (gorse). The treatments applied to the systems were trenching and weeding (for 1, 2, and 3), clearfelling (1), clearfelling followed by herbicide application and burning (2), and crushing and burning (4). Soil water was periodically collected from 10 lysimeters in each treated area as well as in undisturbed controls for up to 2 years after disturbance, and analysed for nitrate nitrogen as an indicator of nutrient loss. For the undisturbed systems nitrate loss was in the order gorse &gt; &gt; Douglas fir &gt; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> = radiata pine. Nitrate concentrations from the undisturbed gorse area averaged approximately 5-mg NO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">-N/L whereas nitrate from radiata pine averaged 0.006 mg/L. After disturbance relative nitrate loss was in the order gorse &gt; &gt; Douglas fir = radiata pine &gt; &gt; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. saligna.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> In the radiata pine and Douglas fir sites, trenching produced a greater response (max. 10 mg NO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">-N/L for both sites) than clearfelling or clearfelling followed by burning, probably due to rapid revegetation of the clearfelled areas. At two radiata pine sites, one made less fertile through 16 years of litter removal, soil-water nitrate concentrations increased at the same time after trenching; however, the less-fertile site showed greater resistance to nitrate release. The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> site responded only very slightly to trenching, possibly because of allelopathic influences.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>737</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">737</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in the biomass of a young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth curve</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The dry matter content of above-ground components of a clonal plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D. Don was estimated at eight intervals throughout its fifth growing season after planting. Total above-ground dry matter increment over the 11-month period was 20 t/ha. Stem increment varied from less than 1 t/ha/ month in winter to 3 t/ha/month in summer. Branch growth was approximately 3 t/ha/annum and occurred mostly in spring and summer. Production of 5 t new foliage/ha followed a sigmoid growth curve similar to other pine species and was predominantly restricted to a 4-month period late spring and early summer.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reciprocal cross effects in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-45</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Twenty-nine pairs of reciprocal crosses of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don were made by controlled pollination, incidental to producing full-sib families for progeny testing and third-generation selection. &#xD;&#xD;Seed size of each cross was measured by the weight of 100 seeds. Of the two crosses of each full-sib family, the one with heavier seeds was classified as the &quot;big-seeded&quot; cross and that with the lighter seeds, the &quot;small-seeded&quot; cross. Seeds of the 58 crosses were sown in a replicated split-plot design in the nursery in October 1979. Heights of seedlings were measured in the nursery in March 1980, and in a field test in May 1981 and again in July 1982. &#xD;&#xD;Significant reciprocal cross effects were detected in the nursery and field tests, with a general tendency for the &quot;small-seeded&quot; cross to be shorter than the &quot;big-seeded&quot; cross. Consequently, it was shown that selection among families at age 2 years after planting (mean height 228 cm) would result in one wrong selection (or culling) for every four correct ones.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>623</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">623</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resistance of Douglas-fir to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudocoremia suavis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The resistance of a 70-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) to a major geometrid defoliator has been investigated. The resistance was largely confined to the current-year foliage and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pseudocoremia suavis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Butler) (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) larvae feeding on this exhibited high mortality and reduced growth rates and final weights.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>555</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">555</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bell, T. I. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">hondurensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ganoderma lucidum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Fiji</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-57</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Woodblock cultures of two isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Ganoderma lucidum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">sensu lato from a basidiocarp on a dead tree of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus caribaea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">hondurensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Barr. &amp; Golf. (Caribbean pine) were used to inoculate 98 potted Caribbean pine seedlings in Fiji. Although the inoculum remained active for 22 months in direct contact with seedling roots, pathogenicity was not demonstrated using these isolates.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1004</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1004</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration patterns in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-dominant forest at Rotoehu</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Regeneration in gaps and under closed high canopy, representing the gap and mature phases of the forest growth cycle, was investigated in two small areas within forest dominated by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk (tawa) at Rotoehu in the North Island of New Zealand. Significant differences in regeneration occurred between phases, and within phases diameter distributions varied among species. These results suggest differing replacement strategies among species, largely reflecting differences in shade-tolerance. Of the four major regenerating species, shade-tolerant tawa and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Dysoxylum spectabile </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">(Forst, f.) Hook. f. (kohekohe) commonly develop to advanced stages beneath closed canopies; relatively intolerant </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Litsea calicaris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk (mangeao) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Knightia excelsa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> R. Br. (rewarewa) seldom do, apparently requiring gap formation for development to maturity. In the area where tawa and kohekohe were co-dominant in the canopy, they tended to replace each other, thus maintaining their co-dominance. &#xD;&#xD;In forests where the gap phase is important, replacement trends may best be gauged from gap regeneration alone. Of the indices of species&apos; relative importance tested, four juveniles of largest diameter appeared the most appropriate predictor of future canopy occupation in gaps.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>489</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">489</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greer, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrical impedance ratio technique for rapid assessment of frost damage in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-79</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A simple, low-frequency, impedance technique has been applied to frost damage evaluation in seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don. Stem resistive impedance at 100 Hz was measured before and after a frost to calculate a pre- to post-frost impedance ratio (Z</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="11">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">). By demonstrating a relationship between Z</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="11">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">and the proportion of seedlings surviving a frost (with no more than 30% needle damage) a relationship between Z</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="11">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">and expected survival was derived. &#xD;&#xD;This relationship was used to predict the number of seedlings lightly or seriously damaged in each of two separate populations of seedlings subjected to a range of frosts. Frost damage, with up to one seedling in error out of each batch of six in one population and nine in the other, was correctly assessed in 78% and 90%, respectively, of the frosts of those populations. In frosts where more than 10% of the seedlings were incorrectly classified the impedance ratio tended to overpredict survival. Seedlings with a Z</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="11">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">&lt;0.9 had a 100% chance of surviving, and this screening method could provide for rapid selection of material where no seedling loss is acceptable.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">490</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greer, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrical impedance and its relationship to frost hardiness in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The seasonal trend of stem electrical impedance in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don seedlings over an 18-month period was found to be similar to that in published data for other conifers. Comparison with the seasonal pattern of frost hardiness averaged over three different years at the same site implied that impedance may be related to frost hardiness. However, there was a distinct hysteresis in the relationship between impedance and the hardening and dehardening phases of the seasonal hardiness pattern.&#xD;&#xD;In seedlings induced to harden in controlled environments, a close relationship between impedance and frost hardiness was demonstrated but only for the period when the seedlings were actively hardening. From this relationship, impedance values of outdoor-grown seedlings were shown to correspond to their frost hardiness during the hardening phase (April to June in the Southern Hemisphere).&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>263</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">263</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutchison, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density as an indicator of the bending properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">poles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The outer wood density of 57 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don poles from two stands (aged 15 and 25 years) in the central North Island was assessed gravimetrically using increment cores and indirectly using a Pilodyn Wood Tester, and the poles were tested to destruction by cantilever loading. Relationships between wood density of the outer 20% of the radius and the poles&apos; strength and stiffness in bending were found to be highly statistically significant. From these relationships and regional data for wood density, the bending properties of poles have been predicted for a range of crop ages and growing sites, and these predictions compared to the values given in the Timber Design Code. In this study, pre-preservation steaming of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> poles appeared to influence their bending properties more than anticipated. &#xD;&#xD;The Pilodyn Wood Tester was shown to be potentially useful for segregating poles into strength classes.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>739</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">739</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground weight of forest plots - comparison of seven methods of estimation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-107</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The basal area ratio method, unweighted regression of weight on tree diameter squared, and methods based on logarithmic regressions with a variety of published correction factors were compared using simulated sampling of nine forest plots. The bias and variability of estimates derived using the basal area ratio method, unweighted regression, and logarithmic regression without correcting for expected bias were less than when logarithmic regression was used with correction factors. Logarithmic regression appeared most affected by the inclusion of unrepresentative sample trees. The basal area ratio method yielded the most estimates closest to the measured plot weights and has the added advantage of being the simplest to apply.&#xD;&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>740</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">740</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of the oven-dry weight of stems, needles, and branches of individual </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-109</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1269</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1269</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Satoo, T. 1982: Forest biomass</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1270</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1270</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, R.M.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Atkinson, I.A.E. 1981: Vegetation map of Tongariro National Park, North Island, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1352</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1352</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cremer, K. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borough, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinnell, F. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, P. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Cremer, K. W., Borough, C. J., McKinnell, F. H., &amp; Carter, P. R. (1982):</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">12</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-268</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>741</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">741</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differences in growth and weight of genotypes of pine with special reference to clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The correlations between tree height, diameter at breast height (1.4 m), number of branch clusters, number of branches, and branch basal area for nine New Zealand clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don. were all positive, and similar to those found for six clones in Australia. While clones could, therefore, be graded according to size, principal component analysis indicated that there was a range of &quot;branchiness&quot; within a given size. Current branch basal area increment per unit stem basal area increment was broadly similar for all nine New Zealand clones. Distinct, differences among clones in the relationship of total branch basal area to stem basal area indicated that past growth rates of these two parameters must have been different, while slight differences among clones, if maintained, would lead to different relative rankings in the future. &#xD;&#xD;Principal component analysis of component weights of genotypes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata, P. elliottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Engelm., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. taeda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> L., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. virginiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Mill, suggested that genotypes could be rated in terms of both over-all size and relative branchiness. For these four species there was little indication that increasing the fraction of wood plus bark growth allocated to stems increased total stem production. However, this conclusion could reflect the relatively open-grown condition of the trees. &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>312</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">312</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal splitting of bark: a likely cause of &quot;Type 3&quot; resin pockets in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Cambial damage as a result of longitudinal splitting of the bark of 6-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don results in the formation of minor lesions (Type 3 resin pockets) in the subsequently formed wood. The distribution of this type of lesion in 11-year-old trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> indicates a reduction in the frequency of such defects as bark development proceeds. The origin of resin exudation on the surface of the stem is sometimes related to the presence of these defects, but usually occurs as a result of rupture of resin sacs in the bark.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>524</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">524</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, A. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying properties of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-138</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The performance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> R. Br. (Australian blackwood) boards 25 mm and 50 mm thick was assessed in terms of drying time, shrinkage, collapse, and degrade from warping and cheeking after either air drying, dehumidification drying, conventional kiln drying, or high temperature kiln drying. Even kiln drying at a dry bulb temperature of 70°C, wet bulb 60°C, did not cause undue surface checking. The major problem encountered was the extreme variability of drying rate; quarter-sawn heartwood took twice as long to dry as flat-sawn heartwood. Accelerated drying methods increased this difference and for this reason it is recommended that all material, particularly 50 mm and thicker, be air dried to about 30% moisture content before kiln drying. Air drying of 25-mm boards can be achieved in 12-20 weeks in Rotorua with final kiln drying taking 4-5 days. &#xD;&#xD;Blackwood is a medium density hardwood which has a low shrinkage with only a slight tendency to collapse when dried at elevated temperatures. Preliminary air drying will minimise collapse, making final reconditioning unnecessary. Spring and twist were a problem in the material studied but this could largely be attributed to poor tree form. Warp should be low to minimal in material from silviculturally tended trees.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkes, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heather, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation of resistance to a pulsed current with several wood properties in living eucalypts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Pulse resistance, basic density, moisture level, heartwood extractives content, pH, and levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese were determined for the inner and outer heartwood and the sapwood from 10 trees of each of six eucalypt species. In most instances pulse resistance was positively and significantly (p = 0.05) correlated with basic density (r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">= 0.3-0.8), but was weakly and/or inconsistently associated with the remaining factors. The usefulness of a pulsed current resistance meter in detecting decay in the eucalypts studied is possibly limited because a substantial change in only one or two of the relevant wood properties during decay may not induce a perceptible change in pulse resistance.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>462</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">462</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of compatible polynomial taper equations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-155</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Polynomial taper equations in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth powers were fitted to two data sets, conditioned to be compatible to an existing total volume equation. Accuracy and precision were compared with other models that included one higher power term, the value of the exponent for which ranged from 8 to 40. The latter models showed an improvement in prediction of merchantable and butt log volumes as well as inside bark diameter, although still with slight bias in diameter prediction that varied with relative height.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>601</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">601</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lupin, fertiliser, and thinning effects on early productivity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing on deep Pinaki sands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-182</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur fertilisers significantly increased height growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don on Pinaki sands at Woodhill State Forest, but the presence of Lupinus a r bo reus Sims (yellow tree lupin) did not. Lupin died out of all stands ranging from 741 to 2224 stems/ha by tree age 5 years, but the benefits for basal area and volume increment continued to accumulate up to tree age 11. Stands that have had both lupin and fertiliser can produce 35-40 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> annum on 2224 stems/ha, or double the increment of untreated stands at any stocking. &#xD;&#xD;The maximum benefits from thinning were obtained only on fertiliser-treated stands, which were three or four times more responsive than untreated controls, particularly at stockings exceeding 1500 stems/ha. It is possible to increase the volume of the dominant trees by 40-50% by pre-competitive thinning in conjunction with fertiliser application, but there is a commensurate sacrifice of total production.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>600</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">600</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil water in deep Pinaki sands: Some interactions with thinned and fertilised </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-196</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">In an experimental comparison of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don planted with or without yellow tree lupin (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Sims), versus with or without fertiliser, the lupin and fertiliser combination had 60-70% greater volume production than the controls by tree age 13 years. Depletion of soil water by the more productive stands was also much greater, and could cause critically low levels of soil water potential (-5 bars or less) throughout the profile during late summer and autumn. Critical depletion did not occur in the less productive controls (no lupin or fertiliser).&#xD;&#xD;During the first 7 years (up to the time of canopy closure) differences in stocking produced the most significant differences in soil moisture, but only in the top metre of sand. Thinning greatly reduced depletion of soil water, particularly by stands with fertiliser, but these effects rapidly diminished after 2 or 3 years, and became insignificant after 5 years. After canopy closure the effects of fertiliser began to override those due to stocking, and to produce significant soil moisture differences much deeper down the profile, at 3 to 4 m. Differences in soil water storage beneath extremes of treatment amount to c. 134 mm of rainfall at midwinter.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>738</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">738</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen concentration in foliage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by nitrogen nutrition, thinning, needle age, and position in crown</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-204</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Foliar nitrogen concentrations were sampled at four positions on three </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don trees in each treatment of a 7-year-old replicated thinning x nutrition experiment. Nitrogen concentration decreased with needle age and from top to bottom of the crown, but was unaffected by thinning treatment. In 1-year-old foliage the decrease in foliar nitrogen from top to lower middle of the crown was similar over the range of nitrogen states examined. As needles aged, differences in needle nitrogen among nutritional treatments decreased.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, T. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst. New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of litterfall and branchfall in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-221</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The mass, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content of litterfall was estimated in five </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don and four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">forests in Gippsland, Victoria. Litterfall in pines ranged from 258 to 386 g/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year, and in eucalypts from 388 to 686 g/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year. Dead foliage was the major component of litterfall in both forest types. Litterfall in eucalypts peaked in summer; in pines it peaked both in spring and in late summer to early autumn.&#xD;&#xD;Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in dead foliage varied markedly between seasons but were consistently lowest at times of peak fall of dead foliage. The nutrient content of litterfall in pines ranged from 1400 to 2400 mg N/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year, and 97 to 230 mg P/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year. In eucalypts, the corresponding ranges were 2100 to 4600 mg N/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year and 94 to 200 mg P/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">/year. In comparison with litterfall, branchfall returned only small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to the forest floor.&#xD;&#xD;Concentrations of nitrogen in litterfall of pine and eucalypt forests were comparable; however, concentrations of phosphorus in pine litterfall were usually greater than those in eucalypt litterfall.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1154</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1154</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass and nutrient content of a 29-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand. &#xD;(Corrigendum published in issue </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">13</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p. 370)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">222-228</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A 29-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don stand contained 426 tonnes of aboveground standing biomass per hectare. This included 434 kg N/ha, 66 kg P/ha, 464 kg K/ha, 333 kg Ca/ha, 102 kg Mg/ha, 4.7 kg Zn/ha, 8.6 kg Fe/ha, 28.9 kg Mn/ha, 35 kg Al/ha, and 54 kg S/ha.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>586</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">586</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-year response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to several types and rates of phosphorus fertiliser on soils of contrasting phosphorus retention</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-238</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Superphosphate and three types of rock phosphate were applied to phosphorus-deficient young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don crops growing on soils of contrasting phosphorus retention. On the soil of medium (50%) retention there were strong responses to the fertiliser after 3 years and the response was in proportion to the citric acid solubility of the material (i.e., superphosphate gave the greatest response - an unreactive aluminium phosphate the least). At the site of high phosphorus retention (92%) no statistically significant differences have yet emerged either between types of fertiliser or between plots with and without fertiliser. At the zero phosphorus-retention site, plots with fertiliser have grown slightly more than those without but no difference between fertiliser types has emerged.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1271</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1271</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Douglas, J.J. 1983: A re-appraisal of forestry development in developing countries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-241</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1272</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1272</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Corrigendum for Gifford, H.H. et al. 1982: Design of a new weighing lysimeter for measuring water use by individual trees. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">12</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 448-456&#xD;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>883</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">883</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pekelharing, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, R. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protection Forestry Div., Forest Research Inst., P.O.Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution and abundance of browsing mammals in Westland National Park in 1978, and some observations on their impact on the vegetation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-265</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The high country forests and scrublands of Westland National Park were surveyed by means of pellet lines during the 1977-78 summer to determine the distribution and abundance of the larger introduced mammals. The extent of canopy defoliation in the upper montane forest zone of the Park was also assessed.&#xD;&#xD;Brush-tailed possums (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosurus vulpecula </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerr) were present throughout the Park with the exception of the headwaters of the Karangarua, Douglas, and Regina catchments. Highest pellet densities were recorded in the mid and upper montane forests and in the northern and southern portions of the Park (in the lower reaches of the Callery and Karangarua catchments). Possums were still in the process of colonising the lower southern bank of the Copland catchment and the upper half and lower northern bank of the Karangarua catchment. Red deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cervus elaphus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) pellet densities were highest in the forested zone of the lower Karangarua catchment and decreasd towards its headwaters and northwards. Numbers in the Cook catchment were low and no deer pellets were recorded in the study area north of this catchment. Chamois (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rupicapra rupicapra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) pellets were recorded throughout the Park with highest densities around timber line in the upper forest and scrub zones. Highest pellet densities were recorded in the headwaters and lower northern bank of the Karangarua catchment and in the Callery catchment. Relatively low densities were measured in the forests between the Cook and Callery catchments. Goat (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Capra hircus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) pellets were recorded only north of the Karangarua River in the vicinity of Havelock Creek, where highest numbers occurred in the lower forest zone. &#xD;&#xD;Over half the montane forests showed some canopy defoliation, the degree of which appeared to be related to the length of occupation by possums and their density. The lower reaches of the Karangarua, Copland, and Callery catchments showed the most striking canopy defoliation and contained the highest possum densities. The collective browsing pressure from high densities of possums, chamois, and deer was affecting all stages of forest structure and composition in the lower Karangarua catchment.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>873</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">873</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parkes, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of feral goats by poisoning with Compound 1080 on natural vegetation baits and by shooting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-274</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effectiveness of poisoning feral goats (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Capra hircus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) with Compound 1080 on natural vegetation baits was tested and compared with a hunting campaign. Both control methods probably killed over 90% of the goats in treatment blocks of 1200 ha, but the poisoning method required less skill than hunting. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melicytus ramiflorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Forst., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Schefflera digitata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J.R. et G. Forst., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coprosma lucida</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J.R. et G. Forst, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Rich.) Robinson proved to be useful bait species in terms of their palatability and durability. The Compound 1080 gel used in the trial was too acid, causing chlorosis and eventual abscission of treated leaves.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>120</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">120</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollman, M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology of long-shoot development in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-290</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-shoot initiation in buds of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don is first indicated when the growth rate of axillary primordia nearest the apex appears to exceed that of those located lower in the bud. A basipetally increasing number of primordia is affected by this accelerated growth. Primordia which will become branches form their own axillary primordia. Those which are to develop into seed cones increase the size of the apical dome as a result of a temporary halt of primordium scale initiation and, possibly, of continuing meristematic activity in the pith tissue immediately below the rib meristem. Long-shoot primordia which will remain vegetative grow at a faster rate than those which differentiate into seed cones. In any one bud, therefore, branch primordia are much larger and heavier than seed-cone primordia.  &#xD;&#xD;Researchers wishing to influence differentiation of long-shoot primordia in the bud will need </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">to </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">be selective in the choice of bud material and in the timing of possible treatments. Examination of the annual growth patterns of the shoot below the bud should enable them to do so more accurately. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1193</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1193</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkiss, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient losses from litterbags containing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> litter: Influences of thinning, clearfelling, and urea fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 4-year study using nylon mesh bags in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stand showed that tree canopy density had little or no effect on litter decomposition rate or loss of nutrients. The application of urea at 200 kg N/ha raised the nitrogen concentration in the litter by 0.5%; even though this higher margin was consistently maintained throughout the study, decomposition rate and nutrient release were unaffected. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">During the study relative rates of loss of dry weight and nutrients from litterbags were nitrogen &lt; manganese = calcium = zinc = magnesium &lt; dry weight &lt; phosphorus &lt; boron &lt; potassium. There was little or no loss of nitrogen during the first 97 weeks; this was followed by a small release. In sharp contrast there were substantial losses of phosphorus and potassium within 9 weeks, and potassium continued to be lost until 90% had been released after about a year. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacks, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzgerald, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longevity of response in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> foliar concentrations to nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron fertilisers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-324</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the winter of 1972, a fertiliser trial was established in recently thinned (740 stems/ha) 4- to 5-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don regeneration in Harakeke Forest, Waimea County. In a factorial design experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron were variously applied as urea (168 kg N/ha), superphosphate (112 kg P/ha), and “fertiliser borate 65” (22 kg B/ha). Foliage samples were collected at monthly intervals for the first 3 years, and then about quarterly for 2 more years. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected at quarterly intervals and analysed for total nitrogen, Bray-2 phosphorus, Olsen phosphorus, and hot-water</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soluble boron. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concentration of all three nutrients in foliage increased steeply within a few weeks of application, reached a peak in the spring, and declined during the summer. Phosphorus levels then stabilised and remained consistently higher than in the controls for at least 5 years. Nitrogen and boron continued to decline, though at different rates; for nitrogen, the response lasted about 11 months, and for boron about 5 years. Increased levels of extractable phosphorus and boron persisted in the soil for the duration of the trial but appeared to be declining. The applied nitrogen had no obvious effect on soil total-nitrogen status. Tree growth data suggest (1) a positive effect of phosphorus on basal area increment lasting the full 5 years, (2) an effect of nitrogen on diameter increment lasting 1 year, and (3) no effect of boron. &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1074</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1074</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terlesk, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twaddle, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand reorganisation to facilitate load accumulation in production thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-339</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In harvesting operations such as production thinning where the piece size is small, the time involved in accumulating scattered felled stems into a sufficiently large load to match the capacity of the extraction machine can limit system productivity. Trials in which the stand was organised with a view to aiding harvesting were established in the early 1970s in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands on a range of sites and terrain at Rotoehu, Turangi, and Woodhill Forests. Stockings were over the range 400-850 stems/ha, and the thinnings rows and final-crop rows were nominated early in the trial establishment. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The results of these trials showed that, with a 200 stems/ha final-crop prescription, small gains in productivity were achievable on flat country using a conventional skidder system, and larger ones on steeper country using a small skyline hauler. The increase in productivity obtained using a prebunching machine on flat terrain was not closely related to the reorganisation of the crop.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>461</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">461</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating bark thickness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">340-353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don is related to over-bark diameter, position up the stem, tree height, and breast-height over-bark diameter. Equations have been derived for predicting bark thickness as a function of these variables and as a function of over-bark diameter alone. By using the bark thickness equations, routine bark-gauge measurements together with their associated measurement errors can be eliminated, which should accelerate the derivation of new, more precise, stem volume functions. The bark thickness equations, used in conjunction with a tree or log taper function, can provide estimates of the volume of bark to be harvested or available for utilisation.  &#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>325</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">325</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drysdale, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of unmodified and copper-modified alkylammonium-treated stakes in ground contact</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-363</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don sapwood stakes treated with two unmodified and two copper-modified alkylammonium compounds were examined during 4 years&apos; exposure in the Whakarewarewa &quot;graveyard&quot;. The stakes treated with benzalkonium chloride (10.6 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride (6.2kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) have been colonised and attacked by brown-rot, soft-rot, and white-rot fungi. Stakes treated with these chemicals modified by the addition of a cupric salt were in better condition. The modified treatments partially controlled white rot but treated stakes remained susceptible to soft rot and an unsightly brown erosion. This erosion is thought to be caused by brown-rot fungi. Although none of the four treatments examined is suitable for approval as a groundline treatment, copper modification still offers potential for this end-use and further formulation studies are considered worthwhile. </style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1273</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1273</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aitken-Christie, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Bonga, J.M., &amp; Durzan, D.J. 1982: Tissue culture in forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-365</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1274</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1274</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Bootle, K.R. 1983: Wood in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1275</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1275</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, D.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Hunt, D.M., Clarke, R.T.J., Bell, D.J., Earle, R.L., Joblin, K.N., &amp; Scott, D.B. (Compliers),1983: Biotechnology in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-368</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1276</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1276</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, I. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Statistics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1354</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1354</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Webber, B., &amp; Madgwick, H.A.I. 1983: Biomass and nutrient content of a 29-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">13 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 370</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>876</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">876</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kershaw, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of the assessment of Dothistroma needle blight in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sample size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variance components</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease assessment of Dothistroma needle blight in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was evaluated for accuracy. Disease levels were scored visually by estimating the percentage of the normal crown depth infected. Seven independent observers made a tree-by-tree scoring of eight 200-tree transects on the ground and six of the observers assessed the transects from the air; subsequently 11 ground observers assessed two transects of 100 trees and four of the observers re-assessed them 1 week later.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimates of variance components for ground assessments showed that appreciable variation was attributable to interactions between observer and tree and the residual error effects. This can be largely eliminated by increasing sample size. The variation caused by change in observer bias in assessments repeated after 1 week was of only minor importance. The effect of observer bias was appreciable but can be reduced by increasing the number of observers. Although the size of the different variance components varied among transects, their relative contribution remained fairly constant. Greater accuracy was achieved by more-experienced observers. Corresponding variance component estimates for aerial assessments were slightly smaller than for ground assessments. Disease ratings of the transects showed good agreement in ranking between ground and aerial assessments.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accuracy of disease assessments depends on site conditions, observer skill, and sample size and structure. The mean disease level of a 100-tree transect obtained from ground assessments by three observers will have a coefficient of variation of about 10%. An aerial assessment by two observers of a single transect will have a coefficient of variation of about 25% since it involves assigning a single global figure per observer per transect.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth losses in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands unsprayed for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth loss</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over a period of 5 years a stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don annually sprayed for protection against </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary showed 6.0 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha more basal area than unsprayed neighbouring stands. This difference arose from losses in diameter increment, as well as mortality, in the unsprayed areas. The growth of dominant trees in the unsprayed areas was not significantly affected. The standard operational treatment, spraying at the 25% level of green crown infection, was only marginally effective in preserving total basal area increment.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>875</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">875</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease control by aerial spraying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in tended stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-40</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial spraying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease severity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary and growth data on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don after aerial spraying with copper oxychloride for 4 consecutive years were analysed at Kaingaroa State Forest, Tiritea Plantings, and Mawhera State Forest, and in a 14-year-old spray trial in Cpt 360 at Kaingaroa State Forest. Reduction of disease levels after the spray treatments was variable between sites and between seasons. The disease levels decreased to trace levels after pruning and thinning, whereafter the rates of reinfection were variable. &#xD;&#xD;Differences in height associated with spraying for disease control could not be demonstrated. Basal area increased in sprayed plots after 1 year or more of substantial disease reduction. Thinning, however, eliminated basal area differences between treatments. Volume differences between treatments in the 14-year-old spray trial were not significant.&#xD;&#xD;A marginal cost analysis and a Silvicultural Stand Model were used to estimate the net financial gain from spraying. It was estimated that volume savings of 3-3.5 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/spray would be needed to break even at an average cost of $22.50/ha/spray. The data suggest that in the experimental plots spraying was not justified on purely financial criteria as a response of this magnitude was not obtained.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1159</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1159</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment requirements of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cuttings and seedlings compared</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On three pasture sites at Putaruru, Rotorua, and Taradale, and on one forest site at Kaingaroa, the establishment requirements of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cuttings were found to be similar to those of seedlings. The removal of grass competition for a minimum of 1 year improved height growth of both cuttings and seedlings at age 5 by an average of 1.7 m (30% improvement) and diameter growth by an average of 3.2 cm (32% improvement) (equivalent to 1 year&apos;s growth). Grass release for 2 years gave no significant increase in growth and would not justify the additional cost, even on drier sites. Only at Kaingaroa did the application of fertiliser at establishment result in some improvement in growth of both stock types. &#xD;&#xD;Although by age 5 the cuttings and seedlings had shown similar height growth, the diameter growth of the seedlings was found to be 1.0 to 2.4 cm better than the cuttings, depending on site but not establishment treatment. The rapid diameter growth recorded on the farm sites in this study indicates the advantage of growing trees on sites with a history of pastoral farming.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>587</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">587</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibson, A. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> site index from environmental variables</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-64</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two hundred and ninety-nine plots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in forests throughout the North Island of New Zealand were sampled. At each plot a site index (tree height at 20 years) estimate was obtained, and soils were sampled to determine soil depth, strength, and nutrient concentration. Climatic data were extrapolated from the nearest available station. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the large number of items of data available for each plot to a smaller, mutually independent set. A model was constructed by multiple regression analysis which related site index to this set of variables. The model has a standard error of 2 m around a mean site index of 29.2 m, and predicts increasing site index with increasing rainfall, nutrients, topsoil depth, and soil penetrability, the optimum average annual temperature for growth being 12°C and the optimum soil pH 6.&#xD;&#xD;Validation of the model on a New Zealand-wide set of plots, subjectively chosen to be in extreme conditions, showed that it generally behaved reliably. It did, however, overpredict growth for an unusual forest on shallow slopes receiving 4000 mm of rainfall per year.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>437</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">437</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New class of growth models for even-aged stands: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Golden Downs Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-88</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A methodology for modelling the growth of managed even-aged stands has been developed. The state of a stand is represented by a number of variables - typically basal area, stocking, and top height. Changes of state through growth and mortality are given by a system of differential equations which are a multivariate generalisation of the Bertalanffy-Richards model. For estimation purposes random perturbations are included, and the parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood based on the resulting stochastic differential equations. The growth equations are complemented by models for thinning, early growth, volume per hectare, and diameter distributions. The methods have been applied to the development of a model for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don in Golden Downs Forest, Nelson, with satisfactory results.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attiwill, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stewart, H. T. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass equations for  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  in Gippsland, Victoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Published biomass equations, based on a large and widely dispersed sample, for the above-ground components of individual </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees were tested with a regional sample of up to 62 trees from Gippsland, Victoria. The masses of some components were considerably under-estimated, indicating that the widely based equations are inappropriate to the region. Biomass equations for unpruned trees growing in closed-canopy stands were therefore developed from our data for the Gippsland region. The mass of needles, of live branches, of total branches, of stem wood, of stem bark, and of total stem are given as functions of diameter at breast height, diameter at the base of the live crown, and total height. These equations are considered suitable for use in regional surveys.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>779</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">779</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Draper, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter production of a young stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Some effects of nitrogen fertiliser and thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-108</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dry matter content of the above-ground components of a 7-year-old plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was recorded for 4 years after treatment in a thinning x nitrogen fertiliser factorial experiment. Fertiliser application significantly accelerated maximum canopy development. Stem production was closely related to the amount of stem material present after initial treatment. Nitrogen fertiliser increased the fraction of dry matter allocated to crowns and especially to needles. Thinning increased the fraction of dry matter allocated to crowns in the year after treatment. As canopies closed there was a tendency to allocate an increasing fraction of dry matter to stems at the expense of branches. The increase in dry matter production after fertiliser application was related to an increase in foliage amount rather than to changes in foliage efficiency.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>264</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">264</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treloar, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber recovery from pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> butt logs at Mangatu: Effect of log sweep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sixty 5.5-m pruned butt logs, from two managed stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in Mangatu State Forest, were selected on the basis of three size classes and three sweep categories. All logs were sawn to 25-mm boards using a standard conversion procedure in a single-band sawmill at Rotorua. The produce was graded according to commercial grades and provisional Clear and Clearcutting grade classifications.&#xD;&#xD;Conversion factors increased with increasing log size and decreased with increasing sweep. A change in the sweep : diameter ratio (deviation : small-end diameter (s.e.d.)) of 0.1 was associated with an average drop in timber recovery of about 5%. Straight logs (average s.e.d. = 390 mm) yielded 45% of the outturn in Clear grades compared to 34% and 28% for moderately swept (average sweep 16 mm/m) and severely swept (30 mm/m) logs respectively. Increasing sweep also caused a marked reduction in the recovery of Clearcuttings longer than 3 m.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Regression equations linking log characteristics and grade outturn indicated that only the higher grades can be predicted on an individual log basis with any degree of confidence. The most significant log variables were small-end diameter, defect core diameter, sweep, and taper.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">448</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geerts, J. M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematical solution for optimising the sawing pattern of a log given its dimensions and its defect core</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect core</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mathematical solution for a two-dimensional cutting problem of an irregular space presented is capable of being extended to a third dimension. The computer program based on this algorithm uses information on marketable timber assortments (dimensions, prices for the various grades, and dressing) to optimise the sawing pattern for a specified log with a certain defect core. In the two-dimensional examples three grades are recognised: clear boards, one face clear, and knotty grade boards. The run time on a single processor is extensive and real-time on-line applications will be realistic only using a multi-processor, for which the dynamic programming algorithm described is highly suited.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>482</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">482</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anton, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness of Australian-grown stress-graded </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with cross-sections of 35 x 150 mm and 35 x 200 mm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-8284</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) timber, 35 x 150 mm and 35 x 200 mm in cross-section, was mechanically and visually graded, then subjected to mechanical testing to determine modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Results were compared to previous ones for radiata pine 35 x 120 mm and 35 x 90 mm in cross-section, and to normally accepted in-grade strength and stiffness requirements. Timber stiffness met the accepted requirements for all the visual and mechanical grades. Under the 1973 Australian visual grading rules the material had comparable strength ratings to that of mechanically graded timber. If, however, the current visual rules had been used the timber strength of the F8 and F7 grades would have been inadequate. A return to the 1973 rules appears warranted. For machine grading, the lower 2.5 percentile of modulus of rupture was, for most grades, slightly below the normally accepted limits and a minor change to the current grading programmes appears to be warranted for the larger cross-sections. Mean modulus of rupture, for all machine grades, was lower than found previously for radiata pine of smaller cross-sectional width.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1423</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1423</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will,G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1424</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1424</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>766</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">766</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKelvey, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sch. Forestry, Univ. Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provisional classification of South Island virgin indigenous forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-178</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A largely subjective provisional classification of virgin indigenous forests has been produced for the South Island of New Zealand. Three geographical zones were recognised, and within each zone forest types were identified from a combination of two approaches. Canopy-tree stocking data collected during the systematic line-plot sampling of the National Forest Survey of New Zealand (1946-55) were examined with the assistance of a computerised cluster analysis technique. In areas not covered by the National Forest Survey plot sampling, forest descriptions from more recent work were used. The resultant 94 forest types were distributed between 10 forest classes to produce a three-level classification.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>408</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">408</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Naemacyclus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 1: Biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-196</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ascospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Rooted cuttings of three clones and seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don were inoculated with ascospores or mycelium of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cyclaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Butin) DiCosmo </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">et al.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> and kept for 3 months in growth rooms at different temperatures. All cuttings belonging to two of the clones developed typical symptoms of Cyclaneusma needle-cast and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> was isolated from needles taken from these cuttings. Needles from cuttings of the third clone yielded very few isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> and the cuttings did not exhibit any symptoms of ill health. Seedlings were not infected by the fungus. An estimate was made of the number of spore-bearing apothecia of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> present on the litter layer of a stand of 10-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">, subject to the needle-cast, by collecting needles shed over fortnightly periods and counting the number of spore-bearing apothecia present on a sub-sample. The collected needles were returned to the stand, placed in a mesh-lined frame, and examined every fortnight until no more apothecia were seen. The two peak periods of needle-cast were in spring and autumn, and the greatest number of apothecia was found in autumn-winter (May to August). Records from a Hirst spore trap set up in the same stand showed that the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> ascospores occurred most frequently in autumn-winter and that ascospore release was dependent on rainfall. Monthly isolations from needles showed that current season&apos;s needles were first colonised by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> in autumn-winter (May-June) when they were about 8-9 months old and by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Lophodermium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">spp. about 2 months later. Most of the infected needles were shed when they were about a year old, but some needles were retained until the following winter.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1119</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1119</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slater-Hayes, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Naemacyclus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 2: Reduction in growth of the host, and its economic implication</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Twenty pairs of 9-year-old final-crop trees were selected in a stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don heavily infected with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cyclaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Butin) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">DiCosmo et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">. at Kaingaroa State Forest in 1977. Each pair consisted of one heavily diseased tree and one healthy tree. Disease severity, in terms of percentage of crown infected, was recorded annually. Relationships between disease severity and growth were studied by complete stem analysis at tree age 15 years. &#xD;Annual volume increments of the diseased trees were significantly reduced from age 7 onwards. Reduced diameter growth in the lower parts of the stem of the diseased trees caused small changes in the relative diameter distribution. The relationship between disease severity and volume loss showed a reduction of the average volume increment of approximately 60% at an average disease severity of 80%. Stand growth was projected to age 30 for various proportions of diseased trees. For each 10% increase in the proportion of diseased trees a reduction in total volume of 10-14 m3/ha and a subsequent reduction in revenue at clearfelling of $600-$700/ha may be expected under the given stand conditions. &#xD;Nine pairs of trees were injected with a solution of carbendazim fungicide in 1980 and 1981 in an attempt to control the disease. Injection with the fungicide gave a significant growth response associated with a trend to reduced disease severity. Some of the growth response may have been attributable to a nutritional effect as it occurred in healthy and diseased trees.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pas, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slater-Hayes, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Naemacyclus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 3: Incidence and severity of the needle-cast</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-214</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">An aerial survey of 80 000 ha of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don plantations in New Zealand in 1983 showed that the needle-cast caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cyclaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Butin) DiCosmo </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">et al.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> was present in all forests surveyed. Stands aged between 11 and 20 years showed a considerable range of disease severity (trace to 60% crown infection) and trees with more than 20% crown infection occupied 11% of the survey area in this age-class. Stands younger than 6 years and older than 26 years of age showed very low disease severity (less than 20% of the crown infected) but in the &gt;25-year age-class such lightly diseased trees occupied 77% of the area surveyed. The survey values were extrapolated to the entire estate of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> and it was estimated that the annual increment loss incurred through infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> was of the order of 0.2% in the &gt;25-year age-class and 3.8% in the 11-20 age-class. Over the forest estate as a whole, it equalled 2.3%.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>556</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">556</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Naemacyclus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 4: Chemical control research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Fungicides were screened for ability to control needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cydaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Butin) DiCosmo </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">. Undetached shoots were dipped in water-based suspensions at fortnightly intervals for 20 months from the time of flush. Significant improvements in levels of needle retention were achieved with dodine (86% retention), anilazine (76%), benomyl (74%), and dichlone (66%), in comparison with untreated controls (39%). Injections of acidified aqueous solutions of carbendazim into stems of 8- to 10-year-old trees resulted in reductions in foliage yellowing, needle loss, and numbers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> colonies isolated from the foliage. Needle loss was reduced two- to three-fold on 0- to 1-year-old shoots after one season of injections; after 2 consecutive years, of injections needle loss was reduced seven-fold on 1- to 2-year-old shoots. Yellowing and defoliation were also reduced by injections of the non-fungicidal compounds ortho-phenylenediamine and L-arginine monohydrochloride, implying that not all the effects of carbendazim are a consequence of its fungicidal properties. Aerial applications of benomyl (0.25 kg/ha) in an emulsion of water (6 litres/ha) and BP crop oil (4 litres/ha) in June and July failed to check the disease in a 10-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> plantation.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Power, A. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodd, R. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Univ. of California - Berkeley, Forest Products Lab., 47th Street &amp; Hoffman Blvd. Richmond, CA 94804, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early differential susceptibility of juvenile seedlings and more mature stecklings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-228</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The relationship between maturation state of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don and its early resistance to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Hulbary var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">linearis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">infection (measured as number of needle blight bands) was examined. Two-year-old seedlings, grown in the field, were found to have much higher levels of infection than related stecklings of a more advanced maturation state. By the end of the second season of growth, seedlings were almost completely defoliated as a result of the infection. There was no evidence that hedging </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> trees at different heights up to 4m provided cuttings with any differences in susceptibility to infection. Seedlings from the Guadalupe population showed a lower level of infection than seedlings of the other populations tested.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>278</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">278</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cromer, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wheeler, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barr, N. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Div of Forest Res, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineral nutrition and growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-239</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineral nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting media</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> R.T. Bak., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. maculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Hook, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. brockwayi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> CA. Gardn. were grown for up to 10 weeks in a solid rooting medium and flushed daily with one of five different nutrient solutions. Stable relative growth rates and internal nitrogen concentrations were established after an initial nutrient adjustment (lag) phase. Relative growth rate and relative nutrient uptake rate were directly related after the lag phase. Partitioning of assimilate to roots decreased from 0.35 (root weight/total weight) at low concentrations of nutrients, to 0.10 at high concentrations.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>493</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">493</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grozdits, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Univ. California, Forest Products Lab., 47th Street &amp; Hoffman Blvd., Richmond, CA 94804, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Abies concolor</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bark extractive yields as affected by process variables</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The effect of temperature, particle size, sodium carbonate applied, and bark consistency on total extractive yield and on the extract tannin content from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Abies concolor</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Gord. &amp; Glend.) Lindi, (white fir) whole bark was investigated. A Graeco-Latin square design was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the variables on extractive yield and a completely random, uneven design replication was used to indicate the magnitude and trends that any of these variables might have. The most feasible and economic, but nonexhaustive, extraction process possible for the production of polyphenols from white fir bark for use in tannin-formaldehyde wood binders is extraction of particles smaller than 0.23 mm at 60 °C and at 20% or less consistency, with sodium sulphite/bisulphite added to stabilise the extracts.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1278</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1278</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pearce, A.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Riedl, O., &amp; Zachar, D. 1984: Forest amelioration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1279</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1279</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Wratt, G.S., &amp; Smith, H.C. 1983: Plant breeding in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1280</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1280</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Eckholm E., Foley, G., Barnard, G., &amp; Timberlake, H. 1984: Fuelwood: The energy crisis that won&apos;t go away</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-253</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1281</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1281</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazard, J.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Statistics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">425</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and inorganic fertiliser as sources of nitrogen for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a coastal sand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-276</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Soil sampling during early forest growth on coastal sand showed little indication of nitrogen accumulation in the mineral soil. In spite of 7 years’ intermittent lupin (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Lupinus arboreus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Sims) growth and regular 6-monthly applications of fertiliser (a total of 900 kg N/ha, plus other nutrient elements) over a 10-year period, total-nitrogen levels remained below 0.03%. &#xD;&#xD;A bioassay of soil samples using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don seedlings showed that potentially-available-nitrogen was influenced by experimental treatment (fertiliser addition, lupin exclusion) to a greater extent than total-nitrogen. Potentially-available-nitrogen responses to the presence of lupins and to fertiliser were observed in the second year of the trial and from the fifth year onwards. The lupin effect was very similar to that of fertiliser treatment. Highest values resulted from the combined influence of lupins and fertiliser, but the effect was additive rather than interactive.&#xD;&#xD;Foliar-nitrogen levels declined during the first 5 years of tree growth and showed no effect of lupins or fertiliser treatment. In the sixth year the onset of nitrogen stress in trees growing without fertiliser or lupins (foliar-nitrogen range 0.9-1.2%) was associated with significant and recurring treatment differences. The effect of fertiliser (foliar-nitrogen range 1.1-1.5%) was sometimes, but not always greater than that of lupins (foliar-nitrogen range 1.0-1.4%) and highest values (1.2-1.6%) were recorded where trees were influenced by both lupins and fertiliser. The lupin effect lasted for at least 3 years after lupins had died out of the understorey at tree age 4 years and the fertiliser effect for at least 4 years after the final application.&#xD;&#xD;Evidence from foliar analysis indicated that tree nitrogen demand was not met by fertiliser treatment alone, and the efficiency of fertiliser-nitrogen utilisation appeared to be low. All improvements in tree nitrogen status attributable to lupins were achieved without additional management costs.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>233</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">233</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen status of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings after undercutting: Changes in total, soluble, and insoluble nitrogen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Changes in total, soluble, and insoluble nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don seedlings were monitored for 56 days after a single undercutting (root pruning). After undercutting there was a marked reduction in total soluble and insoluble shoot nitrogen concentration. Some of this mobilised nitrogen contributed towards lateral root growth while 15% was lost, possibly from the damaged root as exudate. Twenty-one days after undercutting, total seedling nitrogen content began to improve, coinciding with lateral root dry matter gains. By 56 days, undercut seedling nitrogen content approached that at Day 0, while control seedlings had acquired an additional 20.6 mg nitrogen.&#xD;&#xD;Lateral root dry weights and nitrogen content of undercut seedlings were higher than those of control plants after 56 days. However, soluble nitrogen concentration in lateral roots of undercut seedlings was not significantly different from the controls, although total and insoluble nitrogen concentrations were significantly below control plant values.&#xD;&#xD;There was no significant difference in chlorophyll concentration of needles between control and undercut seedlings.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>491</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">491</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Griffin, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crane, W. J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cromer, R. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Div of Forest Research, PO Box 4008, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation and fertiliser effects on productivity of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed orchard: Response to treatment of an established orchard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-302</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A clonal seed orchard of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don growing in Victoria, Australia, was irrigated and fertilised with urea and superphosphate over a 4-year period. &#xD;&#xD;In two of the years, irrigation significantly increased female &quot;flowering&quot;. Water input (rainfall and irrigation) in the year prior to flowering accounted for 71% of the variation in flower crops. A positive flowering response to nitrogen was observed in the 2 years of higher rainfall, and a positive interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser in the drier years. Response to nitrogen was thus dependent upon an adequate water supply.&#xD;&#xD;Stem basal area increment was greatest in irrigated plots treated with urea, and our results were consistent with the hypothesis that female flowering increased as a direct consequence of increased vegetative growth.&#xD;&#xD;It was estimated that mean annual seed yield over the 4-year period from the most productive treatment was 29.1 kg/ha compared with 17.4 kg/ha from untreated trees.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>313</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">313</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood anatomy of five exotic hardwoods grown in Western Samoa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-318</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The wood anatomy of five hardwood species grown as exotics in Western Samoa has been examined. The species are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Anthocephalus chinensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Lamk) Rich, ex Walp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cedrela odorata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> L., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus deglupta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Blume., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Swietenia macrophylla</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> King, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Tectona grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> L. &#xD;&#xD;There should be no difficulty in distinguishing between the timbers described, and between these timbers and the indigenous timbers of Western Samoa. However, when the origin of the specimen is unknown, identification of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">C. odorata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> may be difficult because of its similarity to other species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Cedrela</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> and, because of limited information, it is not certain whether </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">A. chinensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> can be separated from the other two species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Anthocephalus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>641</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">641</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton, K. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre cross-section dimensions of undried and dried </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> kraft pulps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319-330</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A procedure has been developed for the measurement of undried (uncollapsed), and dried and reconstituted (collapsed) fibre cross-sections in unbleached and bleached kraft pulps made from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don wood of low and medium basic density. The data obtained show that pulp drying causes fibres to be collapsed and fibre walls to be somewhat reduced in thickness. The widths of unbleached kraft fibres are generally unchanged by pulp drying although those of corresponding bleached fibres are significantly decreased by the drying process.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>481</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">481</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anton, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lind, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength, stiffness, and stress-grade of structural </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Effect of knots and timber density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331-348</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot area ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Australian-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don (radiata pine) timber of 35 x 70 mm, 35 x 90 mm, and 45 x 90 mm cross-section was mechanically graded and then tested in bending to determine modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Knots contributing to failure were measured and classified and their knot area ratio calculated. The air-dry density of the timber was also determined.&#xD;&#xD;Accuracy of prediction of MOR using MOE was shown to be independent of timber density but was improved by including knot area ratio, and sometimes knot position, in the regression.&#xD;&#xD;Reductions in timber density and increases in knot size reduce theoretical mechanical stress-grade yields. Therefore a reduction in the market value of sawn structural timber is predicted if forest management aims to increase the rate of growth of plantation trees without compensatory attention to density and branch size.&#xD;&#xD;When the radiata pine timber used in the study was graded to the normal Australian visual grading rules, it generally failed to meet normal bending strength requirements. A re-assessment of the grading rules is recommended.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">107</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plywood at angles to face grain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-367</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The strength and stiffness properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D. Don plywood at angles to the grain of the face veneer have been modelled by theoretical equations and compared with test results. Stiffness properties were calculated assuming linear elastic behaviour of each wood veneer in the plywood, and strength properties were determined using a two-dimensional plane stress failure criterion and assumed values for shear strength and axial strength of wood. Experimental values were close to the theoretical relationships derived for in-plane bending strength and stiffness, tension strength, and compression strength, and for stiffness bending perpendicular to the plane of the plywood. The derived relationships were used to calculate strength ratios which may be used for the design of plywood gusset plates and other components where stress is applied at angles other than parallel or perpendicular to the grain of the face veneer. Experimental results verify that the current code basic working stresses parallel to the grain derived from out-of-plane bending tests can be used for in-plane bending.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>889</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">889</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plackett, D. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chittenden, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preston, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exterior weathering trials on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> roofing shingles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">368-381</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">A series of test roofs clad with radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don) shingles that had been pressure-treated with various water-borne preservative formulations were installed at a Forest Research Institute test site in Rotorua in 1977. A further series of test roofs installed in 1978 included radiata pine shingles pressure-treated with a commercial light organic solvent preservative. &#xD;&#xD;Evaluation of selected radiata pine shingle test roofs in early 1984 showed that, although preservative leaching had occurred from shingles treated with an alkyl ammonium compound, a copper-chrome-arsenic preservative, and a light organic solvent preservative, the shingles appeared sound when examined microscopically. Slight lichen growth was evident on some shingles. In contrast, untreated radiata pine shingles displayed marked fungal infection, early stages of decay, and plentiful mould and lichen growth. Untreated western red cedar (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Thuja plicata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don) shingles, which were used as a reference point from which to judge radiata pine shingles, showed lichen and mould growth after 7 years&apos; exposure. Checking and cupping of western red cedar shingles were attributable in part to the inclusion of some flat-sawn material.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>642</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">642</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood residue qualities and some utilisation options</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">382-394</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don wood residues can be divided into two categories - top logs and whole trees &lt;20 years old (predominantly of corewood quality), and the slabwood from sawn sawlogs (predominantly of outerwood quality). These two residue types are further defined by their wood basic density with top logs generally &lt;400 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> and slabwood generally &gt;400 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">. The over-all basic density range for either residue category normally lies within 100 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="11">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">. The actual density values of a given wood supply are dependent on tree age, and the growing site and silvicultural history of a forest stand. Moisture contents are higher and basic densities are lower for whole trees (&lt;20 years old) than for top logs, which contain the same number of growth layers. &#xD;&#xD;It is estimated that up to 60-70% of New Zealand&apos;s </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> resource could be utilised as residues rather than as solid wood. Residue utilisation options include the manufacture of chemicals, panel products, and a range of pulp and paper products. Pulp and paper products are considered to be the most sensitive to wood quality differences.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-destructive assessment of spiral grain in standing trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-399</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plywood: Influence of panel width and loading method on bending properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">400-403</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don plywood panels of two constructions and four different widths were tested in third-point bending over a span of 1050 mm. No significant difference was found between moduli of rupture for the different widths. An ASTM centre-point bending test was carried out on 50-mm-wide specimens cut from the panels. It was found that the moduli of rupture of these specimens tested in third-point bending were significantly lower than the ASTM test values. Moduli of elasticity were similar in all tests.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>712</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">712</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stratton, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Kraft pulping properties of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">404-408</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handsheet properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulping properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The kraft pulping properties of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (L.) Karst and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> (Bong.) Carr were compared with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> D. Don. At kappa number 30, kraft pulp yield was approximately 48% from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. sitchensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">and 46% from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">. Handsheet properties of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> pulps were similar to those from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> of equivalent wood density but the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. abies </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">pulps were somewhat inferior. Pulps from the 72-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> trees examined were approximately equivalent in yield and strength to those from 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Pinus radiata.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1282</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1282</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Gordon, J.C. &amp; Wheeler, C.T. (Eds.) 1983: Biological nitrogen fixation in forest ecosystems: foundations and applications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">409-410</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1001</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1001</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Six Dijkstra, H. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, I. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bos Bureau Wageningen, P.O.Box 635, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest architecture in terrace rimu forest of Saltwater Forest, South Westland, and its implications for management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parts of the terrace rimu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb.) forest of Saltwater Forest in South Westland, New Zealand, were found to be naturally regenerating in an even-aged group pattern; the size of the even-aged groups varied from 0.2 to 20.0 ha, the majority being 3 to 10 ha. Studies of forest architecture and age structure identified five main growth phases - (a) a senility/regeneration phase, (b) an early competition phase, (c) a competition phase, (d) a homeostatic phase, and (e) a late homeostatic phase. &#xD;&#xD;The results, together with past studies of attempts to manage these forests, suggest that future silviculture could be based on a group regeneration system. Careful logging is required, but good silvicultural tending should ensure long-term productive management in this type of forest.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>699</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">699</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levett, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, E. R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Primary Industry, P.O.Box 417, Konedobu, NCD, PNG</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weight and nutrient content of above-ground biomass and litter of a podocarp-hardwood forest in Westland, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The above-ground biomass and litter of an indigenous podocarp-hardwood forest plot in Hochstetter State Forest, Westland, was estimated by sampling thirty 1-m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> quadrats after the forest had been felled. Canopy trees were divided into foliage, twigs less than 1 cm diameter, branches and stems 1-5 cm diameter, and branches and stems greater than 5 cm diameter. Understorey vegetation (less than 4 m tall) was divided into foliage and twigs less than 1 cm diameter, and branches and stems greater than 1 cm diameter. Soil litter was divided into leaves and twigs less than 1 cm diameter, and woody detritus greater than 1 cm diameter. Oven-dry weights and weights of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen, and sulphur were determined for each biomass and soil litter component. For the total above-ground biomass these were 254 t/ha, and 118, 425, 592, 206, 27, 126, 306, and 120 kg/ha respectively. Thirty quadrats were sufficient to reduce the standard error to about 20% of the mean for all components other than woody detritus in the litter. It was estimated that a chip wood logging operation would remove 189 t/ha (dry weight) of the above-ground forest vegetation and 72 kg Na/ha, 282 kg K/ha, 425 kg Ca/ha, 130 kg Mg/ha, 14 kg P/ha, 75 kg Cl/ha, 163 kg N/ha, and 66 kg S/ha. In the absence of fertiliser application this could have a significant effect on longterm productivity in the low-nutrient Westland ecosystem.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1005</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1005</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardy, G. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selective logging of dense podocarp forest at Whirinaki: Early effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-58</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A selective logging trial was established in 1979 at Whirinaki State Forest Park in the North Island, New Zealand, in dense podocarp forest dominated by rimu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb.) to determine whether forest of this kind could be logged and remain a podocarp-dominant high forest with multiple values intact. Three different tree-selection criteria were used in the removal of 9-15% of merchantable wood volume from three blocks - preferential removal of apparently unstable trees (S), individual tree selection (I), and group selection (G).</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An immediate assessment of logging-induced damage showed more widely dispersed slash and a somewhat higher incidence of more serious kinds of damage to residual trees in Block S. There were large numbers of small, mostly ephemeral, naturally regenerated, podocarp seedlings but very few larger ones - a situation which is not well understood. Conversely, regeneration of the dominant hardwood, tawa (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk), was well represented in all sizes. Differences between blocks were slight.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the first 3-year period after logging, tree mortality (almost all wind</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">induced and mostly during a single major storm) occurred at similar rates in the unlogged control and in Blocks I and G, but was much less in Block S.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gross volume increment, almost all in merchantable podocarps, was similar in all blocks, but at </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">c.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 0.9 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/annum was lower than has been recorded for similar forest elsewhere in the central North Island and in south Westland, South Island. Net decrement, about half in merchantable trees, occurred in all blocks, but was much lower in Block S (-1 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha cf. -5m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/annum).</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>280</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">280</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cromer, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barr, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, E. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McNaught, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Div. of forest Research, CSIRO, P.O.Box 4008, Queen Victoria Tce, A.C.T. 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response to fertiliser in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation - 1: Above-ground biomass and wood density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-70</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sample trees of 10-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were removed from untreated plots and from plots which had been treated with fertiliser shortly after planting. Regression equations relating the logarithm of each biomass component to the logarithm of tree basal area were fitted for stem wood, stem bark, live branches, and live needles. Treatment effects were significant only for live-needle biomass, with unfertilised trees having greater needle biomass per unit of basal area than fertilised trees.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The regression equations were solved for all trees and the biomass data converted to an area basis. Total above-ground biomass increased with increasing level of applied phosphate, up to 67 kg P/ha. Application of phosphorus resulted in significant increases in all above-ground components including stem wood, stem bark, live branches, and live needles. There was no additional response to nitrogen and potassium applied in combination with phosphorus at any level up to 800 kg N/ha.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A large response to phosphatic fertiliser occurred in diameter growth, with only a minor response in height growth. This caused a significant increase in the average taper of the fertilised trees. The pronounced response in growth did not result in any significant change in wood density.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The partitioning of the above-ground biomass components between crown and stem did not differ substantially between fertilised and unfertilised trees, and this appeared to be related to the lack of a response in height growth. Stem wood biomass in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands can be determined from simple measurements of height and basal area.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>279</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">279</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cromer, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barr, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tompkins, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Div. of Forest Research, CSIRO, P.O.Box 4008. Queen Victoria Tce, A.C.T. 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response to fertiliser in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation - 2: Accumulation and partitioning of nutrients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-88</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An application of 67 kg phosphorus/ha to a plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don shortly after planting, increased the above-ground biomass from 63 t/ha to 117 t/ha. Differences between unfertilised and fertilised trees in nutrient uptake were of a similar magnitude for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. &#xD;&#xD;The way in which the nutrients were distributed amongst the biomass components differed substantially for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but differences between treatments were small. Needles contained the highest proportion of the three nutrients examined; in fertilised trees they contained some 50% of the nitrogen and 40% of the phosphorus but only about 30% of the potassium. The stem wood and stem bark together contained some 50% of the potassium. &#xD;&#xD;There was a decrease in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the top to the base of the green crown within one age-class of needles. Although it was less marked, there was also a decrease in nutrient concentration with increasing age of needles. Trees which were severely deficient in phosphorus showed little variation in the concentration of this element in the crown, whereas trees with higher nutrient status exhibited steeper gradients in nutrient concentrations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus concentrations in the current foliage of trees which received 67 kg P/ha showed a substantial decline between the ages of 4 and 6 years. This internal dilution occurred earlier where less fertiliser had been applied, but did not occur where a heavier application had been made. The phosphorus concentrations in current foliage, litter, and soil (exchangeable), all provided reliable estimates of the current phosphate status of P. radiata aged 10 years.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>589</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">589</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallagher, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calvert, K. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term foliar phosphorus response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to superphosphate fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar phosphorus concentrations have been recorded for up to 15 years in the seven blocks of a long-term trial monitoring phosphorus fertiliser application rates on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. In unfertilised plots on the most deficient sites foliar phosphorus concentrations have not altered greatly from 0.06% P (o.d. wt) over time, but at the less deficient sites foliar phosphorus has tended to decline over time. In fertilised plots there was an immediate increase in foliar phosphorus, proportional to the amount of fertiliser applied, followed by a slow decline over time. After thinning there tended to be a rise in foliar phosphorus lasting for about 2 years. A simple multiple regression model explained 73% of the total variation. Further variation in foliar phosphorus associated with annual fluctuations accounted for only 5% of the total.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>588</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">588</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholson, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorn, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical analysis of pine litter: An alternative to foliage analysis?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently fallen needles were collected from the forest floors of 102 plots of 18- to 20-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in forests in the North Island of New Zealand. At the same time 1-year-old foliage was collected from secondary branchlets. Manganese showed a relatively strong relationship between foliar and litter concentrations; nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, copper, and zinc showed a moderate relationship. There were significant differences between forests sampled in the litter : foliage ratios for most nutrients. The method of sampling precluded any attempt to distinguish between the two most likely causes of this difference - forest floor residence time or nutrient cycling. Foliage concentrations were only marginally better correlated with tree growth than litter concentrations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="11">After further work in calibrating the technique for the specific regions in which it might be used, litter analysis is potentially useful for mature stands (greater than 30 m tall) which are difficult and expensive to sample by other methods.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>789</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">789</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messina, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, I. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth and survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: effect of weed control and fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of pre-planting herbicide/spade cultivation and post-planting fertiliser application on early growth and survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. Br. (Australian blackwood) were studied for approximately 3 years at a site in the Hunua Ranges of northern New Zealand. Response in height and diameter increment to phosphorus applied as superphosphate was linear up to the maximum rate applied (30 g P/tree). Nitrogen (20 g N/tree) applied as urea had no effect on either height or diameter growth. Tree growth was unaffected by nitrogen x phosphorus interaction and fertiliser x pre-planting treatment. Molybdenum, potassium, and micronutrients afforded no significant growth response. Both diameter and height growth showed positive responses to preplanting treatment. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="11">Survival was not significantly (p &lt; 0.05) affected by pre-planting treatment although there was a difference in the means (98% survival compared with 90% for no pre-planting treatment). None of the fertiliser treatments significantly affected survival.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1283</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1283</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKelvey, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Wardle, J.A. 1984: The New Zealand beeches - ecology, utilisation, and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>161</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">161</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and morphology of seedlings and juvenile cuttings in six populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don provenance-progeny trial on two contrasting pumiceland sites, the development of seedlings and juvenile cuttings was compared through to 9 years from planting. The populations represented were Ano Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria, Guadalupe, Kaingaroa, and Nelson. At planting the seedlings were 1 year and the cuttings 4 years from seed, the cuttings having been taken the previous year from 50-60 cm above the original root collars. The cuttings showed appreciable maturation, with an earlier shift to producing sealed buds, and they outgrew the seedlings. These differences were evident even after covariance adjustments were made to allow for the carryover of an initial size difference between seedlings and cuttings. Bark thickness was less in the cuttings, but only after adjusting for covariance on stem diameter. The cuttings generally gave slightly better ratings for butt sweep, stem crookedness, branch angle, general branch habit, and Dothistroma resistance, although the differences for stem straightness and branch habit tended to be reduced when adjustments were made for covariance on stem diameter. However, height in relation to diameter and adjusted branch frequency scores did not differ materially between seedlings and cuttings. At one site the cuttings had less butt sweep but more forking With a few exceptions all populations showed similar seedling-cutting differences.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>727</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">727</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter content and production of close-spaced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The weight and production of the above-ground components of a stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were estimated between ages 5 and 13 years. Initial stocking was approximately 6900 stems/ha.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The weight of 1-year-old and total foliage peaked at about age 7, with older foliage forming an increasing percentage of total foliage weight as the stand aged. Live branch weight remained approximately constant but weight of dead branches increased with time. Loss of dead branch material through decay and shedding was about 5% per year. Maximum mean annual increment was 21 t/ha/yr and current annual production about 36 t/ha/yr.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The allocation of increment among components indicated a shift to stemwood production at the expense of needle, branch, and bark production throughout the 8 years of growth.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Box 8002, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Link, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. growing on a productive site contained 75% and 65% more dry matter in the above-ground parts of the trees than did an adjacent stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The eucalypt and pine growth was close to that expected from more extensive studies in the same area.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The most striking difference among the stands was their nitrogen economy. To a depth of 40 cm but excluding roots in the soil, the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> contained over 60% more nitrogen than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 40% more than the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Using pine as a basis, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had accumulated 77 and 277 kg N/ha/annum for 8 years.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">398</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Bo x8002, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter content and nutrient distribution in an age series of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-179</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter and nutrient content were determined for the above-ground vegetation, the forest floor, mineral soil, and litterfall in five plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. The stands had a site index of 42 m (based on an index age of 20). Crown component weights varied inversely with stocking. Tree foliage ranged between 6.2 and 15.5 tonnes/ha. Stem material increased with stand age to 410 tonnes/ha at 17 years. Mean annual increment of above-ground tree material ranged from 17 to 32 tonnes/ha and was highest in the 10-year-old stand. Understorey biomass was highly variable. The forest floor weighed 4.7 to 11.0 tonnes/ha. Leaf fall averaged 5.2 tonnes/ha/annum and was unrelated to stand age but varied significantly between years. Leaf fall had a summer maximum and winter minimum. Branch fall was erratic but was a minimum of 0.7 tonnes/ha/annum in the 4-year-old stand and a maximum of 4.9 tonnes/ha/annum in the 17-year-old stand.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significant differences in foliar nutrient concentrations among stands were unrelated to stand age. Total nutrient content was closely related to stand dry weight. There were considerable variations in soil nutrient concentrations which were unrelated to stand age except for phosphorus in the surface soils, which decreased with age. The weight and nutrient content of the litterfall was high and that of the forest floor low, compared with published data on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species. This indicates a high rate of nutrient cycling in New Zealand&apos;s </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations which also have a relatively high level of productivity.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>214</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">214</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cavana, R. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glass, B. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic analysis of selected special-purpose species regimes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-194</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economics of growing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine) in a small farm woodlot in the central North Island were compared to certain specialpurpose species, viz cypresses, eucalypts, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. Br. (Australian blackwood), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Juglans nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (black walnut). The blackwood was assumed to be planted in gaps in a scrub canopy, and the other species on grass cover. The tending regimes for all the species were designed to produce high-quality, clear, butt logs which would be sawn in Rotorua and sold on the domestic market.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The economic analysis included, for each species, the calculation of the internal rates of return and the net present values at the 5% and 10% real discount rates (on a pre-tax basis). The analysis indicated that the following real rates of return could be expected for each species: radiata pine 4.0-9.9%; cypresses 4.0-8.0%; eucalypts 3.1-7.5%; blackwood 5.3-8.0%; and black walnut 3.8-5.6%.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>696</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">696</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leitch, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagg, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State Forests and Lands Service, Box 164, Myrtleford 3737, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clopyralid herbicide residues in streamwater after aerial spraying of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-206</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial spraying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residues of clopyralid (also known as 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid or 3,6-DCPA) in streamwater were monitored after helicopter application of the herbicide LONTREL L at a rate of 2.5 kg a.i./ha to 56 ha of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantation at Archerton in north-eastern Victoria, Australia, to control the woody weed, silver wattle (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Link). During and after the spraying, the streamwater was regularly sampled 0.5 km below the sprayed area and at a point 13 km downstream for a 19-day period, during which there were seven substantial rainfall events totalling 143 mm. The highest clopyralid concentration (0.017 mg/L) was detected just below the sprayed area soon after the start of the first rainfall event after spraying; this concentration is much lower than the maximum recommended level of 1 mg/L in potable water. At the downstream sampling point, the highest concentration detected was 0.001 mg/L</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> The results indicated that the main contamination was due to rainfall washing herbicide deposits from streamside vegetation that had intercepted minor amounts of spray drift.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The negligible concentrations of clopyralid found in streamwater during this study, despite substantial rainfall (72 mm) within 3 days of spraying, were attributed to several factors: (i) the small proportion of catchment (16%) that was sprayed, (ii) the presence of unsprayed streamside reserves, (iii) the use of techniques that ensured accurate spraying and minimised spray drift, and (iv) the pattern of rainfall after spraying that included low-intensity storms followed by high-intensity storms.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>867</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">867</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of clear lengths from pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sawlogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results from analysis of 165 pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don butt logs, drawn from 11 forests and converted by one standardised sawpattern, were used to introduce the concept of evaluating sawn produce by recoverable clear lengths. Samples represented the range of straight pruned log types expected from the &quot;Transition Crop&quot;. Clears and clearcuttings were expressed as distributions, by percentage of round log volume, in nine nominated clear length classes. The effects of extracting clear lengths on over-all conversion, consequent volumes of defecting waste, and numbers of crosscuts to be made on boards were also determined. Volumes in each clear length class, defecting waste, and numbers of crosscuts required were all found to be predictable and have been modelled.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The predictive models derived adequately identified the clearwood which could be sawn from the range of pruned log types investigated. Comparisons with earlier results showed the clearwood potential of a large proportion of the &quot;Transition Crop&quot; logs was poorly represented under standard timber grades. Therefore it is proposed that appraisal of pruned sawlogs by their recoverable clearwood becomes standard practice. This would provide both an alternative and a complement to evaluations by timber grades, and promote better understanding of the potential of various pruned log types for sawn timber.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">109</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural properties of timber from two poplar varieties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-232</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For two poplar varieties, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus deltoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Marsh and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &apos;Androscoggin&apos;, moduli of rupture and elasticity were determined from bending tests on 181 specimens of 100 x 50-mm and 60 specimens of 150 x 50-mm timber. For material graded to Building A grade there was no significant difference in strength between the two sizes or the two varieties. A 10% lower modulus of elasticity for the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. deltoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was not considered of practical significance. From analysis of the near minimum strengths and other limited data it was concluded that Building A grade poplar could have the same basic working stresses in design as No. 1 Framing grade </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don provided that nail loads, bolt loads, and stress perpendicular to the grain should be reduced by 30%. Problems in the utilisation of poplar are unlikely to be related to strength considerations.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>110</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">110</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending properties of structural timber from a 28-year-old stand of New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233-250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Code value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seventy-eight upper logs taken from a 28-year-old stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don in Kaingaroa State Forest, New Zealand, were sawn to maximise yields of 200 x 50-mm and 100 x 50-mm timber which was then dried, planed, visually and mechanically graded, and tested in bending. &#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="11">The timber was not as strong or as stiff as timber from older trees. Although the basic working stress in bending was higher than the code value, the modulus of elasticity was lower but not to an extent that is likely to cause problems in practice. A simplified grading rule was proposed which yields material with a basic working stress 50% higher than No. 1 Framing grade. Relationships between log variables and the properties of timber from each log were derived, and it was shown that currently prescribed design moduli of elasticity for Engineering grade might be obtained only for timber from logs with a basic density in excess of 490 kg/</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">m</style><style face="bold superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="bold" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">397</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State Univ, Box 8002, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, US</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Dry matter and nutrient content of 8-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing at Taheke forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-254</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An 8-year-old plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm. with 829 stems/ha had a height, basal area, and volume close to that of a stand of the same age in Brazil. The weight and nutrient content of the trees and forest floor in the two stands were very similar. Mean annual increment of the New Zealand stand was 16 tonnes/ha but this could have been increased by closer spacing.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1284</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1284</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Upton, G. &amp; Fingleton, B. 1985: Spatial data analysis by example - Vol. 1: Point pattern and quantitative data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1285</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1285</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Bitterlich, W. 1984: The Relascope idea. Relative measurements in forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-256</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1286</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1286</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Akkermans, A.D.L., Baker, K., Huss-Danell, K., &amp; Tjepkema, J.D. 1984: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Frankia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> symbioses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-257</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1287</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1287</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M.I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Duryea, M.L., &amp; Brown, G.N. (Eds.) 1984: Seedling physiology and reforestation success</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258-260</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>751</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">751</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causes of juvenile instability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-280</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toppling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of root configuration and soil cultivation on stability of juvenile </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were studied in New Zealand plantations. Roots of toppled and stable trees were excavated, and morphological features of the two sets were assessed and analysed in pairs. It was concluded that straight-grained taproots and sinker roots reduced the likelihood of toppling. The amounts of toppling in seven cultivation trials were assessed between ages 1 and 5. Cultivation varied in its effect on toppling frequency, because of differences in tree size, soil strength, and vertical root development</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>663</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">663</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klomp, B. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings and cuttings to age 15 years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a 2-ha block of alternate rows of seedlings and cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don established on a cleared indigenous forest site, mortality during the first 6 years after planting was higher among cuttings from 7-year-old trees (37%) than among seedlings (22%). There were more deaths associated with Armillaria root rot among cuttings (23%) than seedlings (13.5%) over the same period. No significant difference in height growth was evident between the two types. Although cuttings were smaller in diameter at breast height (a difference of 1.8 cm at plantation age 6 years and 2.6 cm at 15 years), annual diameter increments during the period 12-15 years after planting were not significantly different. Cuttings had fewer culls as they had less malformation and a more uniform size. Although cuttings had fewer branches in the low pruning zone, seedlings had fewer branches in the high pruning zone, and the pruned butt log over-all (0-6 m) contained an equal number of branches and branch whorls for both seedlings and cuttings. Seedlings had a significantly larger mean branch basal area. Seedlings took longer to prune (10.2 min/tree) than cuttings (7.7 min/tree) and in all three pruning lifts had larger diameters over stubs (17, 21, and 24 cm) than cuttings (15, 18, and 21 cm) because of their larger diameters at breast height.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings appear to have some silvicultural advantages over seedlings, such as lower stockings required at planting because of less malformation, smaller branch size, shorter pruning times, and greater uniformity of size.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>692</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">692</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belton, M. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic trees in the Canterbury high country</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey of exotic trees in the Canterbury high country showed that less than 0.1% of the 1.8 million ha region is occupied by exotic trees. The major species present were Corsican pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> subsp, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">laricio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Poir.) Maire) &gt; ponderosa pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ponderosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> C. Lawson &gt; radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) &gt; European larch (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix decidua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mill.) &gt; Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco). A strong rainfall gradient was the major determinant of growth and, on average, could account for over 75% of the variability in wood production. In the moist zone growth rates were good, with basal areas and volumes of over 130 m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and 1500 m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha respectively being attained by 40-50 years. Maximum net annual increment ranged from &lt;10m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha to &gt;30m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, depending on moisture availability. Other site factors such as slope, aspect, and exposure appeared to influence growth but made minor contributions to the statistical analysis. Malformation (excluding butt sweep in larch) was worst in radiata pine (43% of all stems measured) &gt; larch (32%) &gt; Douglas fir (21%) &gt; Corsican pine (18%) &gt; ponderosa pine (10%). Wood densities tended to be low, in line with the national trend of decreasing density with increasing latitude and altitude. European larch showed the greatest incidence of spread of self-sown seedlings (62% of all stands), followed by Corsican pine (42%), ponderosa pine (37%), Douglas fir (36%), and radiata pine (25%). The incidence of forest pathogens was low. Forestry is an efficient form of land use in parts of the Canterbury high country, and has a definite role in any diversification away from traditional pastoral land use.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>728</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">728</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter and nutrient relationships in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-336</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Published and previously unpublished data on the weights and nutrient contents of the trees and litterfall in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don have been summarised. The 101 observations of tree weight data cover a wide range of silvicultural treatments; the 42 observations of litterfall cover a wider range of stand age and most include nutrient data. &#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle mass can attain 15 t/ha in stands 4 to 8 years old but drops to about 10 t/ha in older stands. Total branch mass is related to stand height in unmanaged stands. Stem mass can be readily estimated from conventional stand measurements. Needle litterfall averaged 3.2 t/ha/yr and total litterfall 4.0 t/ha/yr.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Total nutrient mass in the various ecosystem components increased until&#xD;canopy closure, after which considerable variability existed among stands.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1146</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1146</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Loughlin, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology, strength, and biomass of manuka roots and their influence on slope stability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-348</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuka (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leptospermum scoparium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J.R. et G. Forst.) root systems growing in shallow, stony, hillslope and terrace soils consisted of shallow lateral  structural roots up to 275 cm long, and rapidly tapering sinker roots which extended to 120 cm below the ground surface. Mean tensile strength of manuka root wood (34.2 MPa) was similar to that of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root wood. Total root biomass averaged 25 tonnes/ha. Manuka roots provide good soil protection against shallow landslides, but this protection diminishes quickly after clearing of manuka scrub.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical assessment of interference microscopy as a technique for measuring lignin distribution in cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-360</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin distribution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This report investigates sources of experimental error involved in the quantitative measurement of lignin concentration in the layers of the tracheid cell wail using interference microscopy. The refractive index of lignin in the middle lamella region is found to be 1.604 while in the S2 region it is 1.596. The lower value in the S2 is attributed to either residual carbohydrates or chemical differences in the lignin of the two regions. The refractive index of holocellulose varies among specimens from different parts of the stem and it is recommended that this value be determined on matched samples for each specimen. This value does not vary between earlywood and latewood, or between chlorite and per-acetic preparations. The refractive index of the unlignified middle lamella is 1.516 in both primary and secondary xylem and differs from the expected value of 1.504 for pectin. Specimen orientation is an important consideration when comparing wholewood and holocellulose with a maximum acceptable error of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">± </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4°.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1288</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1288</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within and between-tree variation in lignin concentration in the tracheid cell wall of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-369</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The variation in lignin concentration between earlywood and latewood, corewood and outerwood, branch wood, root wood, and compression wood was determined for the S2 and cell corner middle lamella regions of the tracheid cell wall of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don tracheids, using interference microscopy, The average lignin concentration in the S2 region was 21% v/v while the cell corner middle lamella had a value of 81% v/v. The greatest variation among trees occurred in the cell corner middle lamella region. The lignin concentration of 24% in the S2 region in mild compression wood was slightly higher than normal.</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>525</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">525</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, A. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, D. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kininmonth, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst, New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying of major cypress species grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370-383</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Old shelter belt-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hartw. sawn timber showed excessive collapse and internal checking after kiln drying. Careful air drying is recommended followed by mild kiln or dehumidification drying. Plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mill, performed better than over-mature shelterbelt-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and both may be kiln dried from green if temperatures are kept below 40°-45°C for a substantial portion of the drying cycle. Otherwise, air drying followed by kiln drying is recommended. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Murr.) Pari, sawn timber was kiln dried from green without difficulty and showed low distortion levels in drying. The hybrid x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressocyparis leylandii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Jacks, et Dall.) Dall, had similar drying characteristics to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="100%">.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>752</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">752</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cullen, A. W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on ripped and unripped Taupo pumice soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-18</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don root systems in southern Kaingaroa State Forest showed clearly that the trees were making full use of the extra soil volume provided by ripping on both Kaingaroa gravelly sand and Kaingaroa loamy sand. These studies also demonstrated that root growth ceases when the soil resistance to penetration exceeds 3 MPa. The extra soil volume provided led to extra tree growth on Kainaroa gravelly sand, but not on Kaingaroa loamy sand. Ripping also lessened the incidence of severe juvenile instability on Kaingaroa gravelly sand. &#xD;&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>887</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">887</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goh, K. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to fertiliser and herbicide treatment in a clearfelled logged and a clearfelled logged and burned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-29</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diammonium phosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The growth response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings was measured for 3 years after the clearfelling and harvesting of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. forest using the following treatments: podocarp logging only; podocarp logging and burning; logging of all tree species to chipwood standard (10 cm dbh); chipwood logging and burning; with or without fertiliser and/or herbicide treatments. Seedling mortality 3 years after planting exceeded 55% in the unburnt treatments but was less than 39% in the burned treatments. Height and diameter growth were better in the burned than the unburned treatments, and in the chipwood than the podocarp logged plots. Fertiliser application produced no measurable effect on seedling growth rates but herbicide application induced a small growth increase. Nutrient levels in the soil and foliage were adequate for the needs of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Few of the interactions between burning, logging method, fertiliser, and herbicide application were significant. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>591</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">591</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prince, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholson, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What site factors determine the 4-year basal area response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to nitrogen fertiliser?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-40</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The increase in basal area growth 4 years after fertiliser application in 44 trial comparisons in which 200 kg/ha nitrogen had been applied to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was regressed against soil and environmental variables and silvicultural treatments. Large positive responses tended to occur in stands less than 10 years old, particularly if growing on nitrogen-poor soils and if they had recently been pruned or thinned. Smaller positive responses occurred in older stands, and in stands on soils with total-nitrogen greater than 0.2%. Negative responses could occur if nitrogen was applied to stands on soils with Bray phosphorus less than 10 ppm. &#xD;&#xD;The period of enhanced growth due to fertiliser was previously considered to last for 4 years but it now appears that it may be followed by a period during which the treated trees grow slightly more slowly than the untreated. This affects economic evaluation of the response. The normal conclusion that fertiliser is best applied close to rotation age, is somewhat modified by the fact that response decreases with age of stand. Timing therefore appears to be a matter of economic indifference.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">463</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stem form in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-54</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The change in tree form of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don after application of nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertiliser was examined through analysis of bark thickness, relative taper curves and tree volume equations. Based on some 1300 sectionally measured trees, the results indicate that application of phosphorus leads to thinner bark and a slight improvement in form, while nitrogen alone results in a slight deterioration in form. A weak negative relationship between the change in form and the basal area response to fertiliser suggests that only when basal area response exceeds 35% will average form improve by more than 2.5%.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>87</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">87</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belton, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth decline and phosphorus response by Douglas fir on a degraded high-country yellow-brown earth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-68</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An 18-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudtsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) plantation growing on a hygrous high-country yellow-brown earth soil in Canterbury, New Zealand, showed localised symptoms of ill health - absence of cones, stunting and chlorosis of needles, premature needle cast and a premature decline in shoot growth and basal area increment. Soil and foliar nutrient analyses indicated phosphorus deficiency was the principal cause of the growth disorder, and this was confirmed by growth responses to applied phosphorus in field and greenhouse trials. Soil exchangeable aluminium levels were high and aluminium toxicity may have compounded phosphorus deficiency problems. In the field trial, superphosphate increased needle nitrogen content, but no response was obtained to nitrogen applied as urea either alone or in combination with other nutrients. Urea significantly reduced phosphorus uptake at the end of the first growing season, but not the second. In contrast to the field trial, Douglas fir seedlings in the greenhouse trial responded to nitrogen applied as ammonium nitrate provided phosphorus was also applied. It is suggested that immobilisation of urea-nitrogen in soil organic matter may have contributed to the failure of trees in the field  trial to respond to nitrogen.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>621</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">621</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Forestry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil development under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-77</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The weight of the forest floor under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don averaged about double that under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. up to age 17 years.  The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were higher and of calcium lower in the forest floor under pine. Differences in mineral soil nutrient status had apparently developed by age 4 years with more total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium but less exchangeable magnesium in the top 40 cm of soil under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>399</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">399</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Box 8002, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal development of a young plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 5-year-old plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Maid. grew over 4 m in height and added basal area of 4.6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha in 12 months. Production of dry matter in the above-ground portion of the stand averaged 36 tonnes/ha/annum over a 2-year period with over 70% in bole material. The season of sampling was unimportant in determining the biomass of stand components since foliage production was closely linked with leaf litterfall. Branch and stem mass increased with time as woody litterfall was small compared with production. Nutrient concentrations in living tissue tended to decrease with increased tree size and often varied among seasons. Although season of sampling affected estimates of stand nutrient content, no simple pattern of change was observed. Calorific values of foliage and live branches were highest in summer or autumn but seasonal differences in stem components were not statistically significant.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>922</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">922</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retention of spray on bracken pinnae: Effect of application volume and formulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher relative spray deposits were found on pinnae of bracken fern (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pteridium esculentum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forst. f.) Ckn.) when herbicides were applied from a helicopter in a lower rather than higher volumes of water. At the same application volumes a formulation containing less surfactant gave higher relative deposits than surfactant-rich ones. The differences can be explained by assuming that droplets bounce when they fall on a wet surface. This hypothesis has been supported in laboratory experiements. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1022</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1022</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosnell, T. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slicing study of pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-108</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A conversion study carried out at a veneer slicing plant involved the slicing of 23 bolts of pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The slicing operation produced several categories of three grades of clear veneer and one grade of knotty veneer. Three slicing strategies were used. Over-all veneer conversion peaked in the middle size range and fell rapidly as small-end diameters dropped below 425 mm. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate-Hill, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture removal from green sapwood during platen pressing. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">16</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-252</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-117</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of initial degree of pore saturation (in the range of 60-100%) and amount of compression (5-35% strain) on moisture expression and energy relationships during platen pressing of small rectangular blocks of sapwood from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. was investigated. The dependent variables were related to initial degree of pore saturation or initial moisture content and percentage strain by means of regression equations. Reductions in percentage moiture content ranged from 2% to 57% in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and from 0% to 62% in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Energy ratios were greater in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (145-913) than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(46-622) and indicate the potential of compression drying in fuelwood production, especially for the pine.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation in lignin concentration in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tracheids with growth rate, stem eccentricity, site, and silvicultural treatment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin concentration in the tracheid cell wall of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was examined in relation to growth rate, stem eccentricity, site, and silvicultural treatment, using interference microscopy. The greatest variation occurred in the cell corner middle lamella, with a range of values from 76% to 92% v/v. S2 lignin concentration varied from 20% to 22% v/v. The observed variation appears to be independent of any of the factors examined.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1289</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1289</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Landsberg, J.J., &amp; Parsons, W. (Eds.) 1984: Research for forest management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Leary, R.A. 1985: Interaction theory in forest ecology and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-125</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1291</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1291</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chavasse, C.G.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Terrace rimu forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, I. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Terrace rimu forest - reply</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1006</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1006</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of naturally regenerated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and podocarps in unlogged and selectively logged podocarp/ tawa forest, Pureora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of naturally regenerated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk (tawa), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb, (rimu), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prumnopitys ferruginea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D. Don) de Laub. (miro) over 22 years in untagged and selectively logged podocarp/tawa forest at Pureora, central North Island, New Zealand, was studied in relation to crown class, position in relation to canopy gaps, competition, and phase of forest growth cycle.&#xD;&#xD;Height increment of seedlings (defined as &lt;2.5cm dbh) and diameter increment of saplings and poles (5-30 cm dbh) were significantly affected by crown class in all species. Growth rates were similar in all species; height growth averaged 12-13 cm/annum in dominant and co-dominant plants and 3-6 cm/annum in dominated plants, while diameter growth averaged 2-3.5 mm/annum in dominant and co-dominant plants and 1-2 mm/annum in dominated plants. Tawa saplings and poles grew significantly faster in logged forest (c. 2.5 mm/annum) than in untagged forest (c. 1.5 mm/annum), a reflection of the increased light levels resulting from canopy disruption.&#xD;&#xD;Mortality rates of dominated seedlings (c. 1%/annum over 22 years) were similar in tawa, rimu, and miro. These species maintain slowly-turning-over banks of slow-growing established seedlings in the understorey, surviving on average for c. 100 years at Pureora, and capable of responding to opening or thinning of the canopy. Although tawa can develop to maturity in the understorey, miro and especially rimu appear to become increasingly light-demanding after the seedling stage at Pureora, and to be significantly gap-dependent for development to maturity.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>529</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">529</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hathaway, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Conservation Centre, Aokautere, Ministry of Works &amp; Development, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species for soil conservation planting in seasonally dry hill country</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">The performance of 56 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">species (119 provenances) at two exposed, seasonally dry, hill country sites in the Wairarapa district was assessed at age 5 years. There were significant differences among species in height and diameter growth, Eucalyptus tortoise beetle (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Paropsis charybdis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Stal) and leaf roller caterpillar (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Strepsicrates macropetana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Meyrick) damage, wind damage, stem straightness, crown width, crown density, and branch size. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Eucalyptus cordata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Labill., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Deane et Maid., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. fraxinoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Deane et Maid., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. oblique </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">L&apos;Herit, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. pulchella</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Desf., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> F. Muell. ranked highly for most traits at both sites and are considered to be the most suitable of those species tested.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>590</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">590</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prince, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholson, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., New Zealand Forest Service, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and nutrition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on rhyolitic tephra as affected by magnesium fertiliser</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dolomite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epsom salts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An area of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don with extreme magnesium deficiency in southern Kaingaroa State Forest was treated with a mixture of ground dolomite (CaCO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.MgCO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and Epsom salts to supply 100 kg Mg/ha. Recovery in tree appearance and growth was slow but by 2 years after treatment a strong response was noticeable. Over a 5-year period trees treated with dolomite (750 kg/ha) and Epsom salts (200 kg/ha) grew 66% more in height and 45% more in diameter than untreated trees. &#xD;&#xD;Biomass determinations 5 years after fertiliser application showed that treated trees had taken up 29 kg Mg/ha more than untreated trees. Although magnesium was probably the major growth-limiting nutrient at this site, the particular amendments used to remedy the deficiency included other nutrients (calcium and sulphur) that may have been in short supply. The dolomite component may also have affected soil dynamics by its liming action. Slight boron deficiency was induced in the magnesium-treated pines.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1072</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1072</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intra-annual growth of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height and diameter growth of 5-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was measured monthly at four forests throughout New Zealand. A conditioned seven degree polynomial was fitted to the cumulative growth. The differential was used to calculate the proportion of growth in each month. There were significant differences in growth pattern between the four forests.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log quality and the strength and stiffness of structural timber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-186</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A sample of 78 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs was measured and sawn to maximise yields of 100 x 50-mm and 200 x 50-mm timber. The average bending strength and stiffness of the timber were found to depend on the basic density of the log but the lower fifth-percentile strength was more dependent on branch index. For the 28-year-old stand sampled, logs with a low branch index yielded 100 x 50-mm timber of No. 1 Framing grade strength without grading of the timber. When the timber was graded the influence of branch index on strength was reduced but logs with a large branch index yielded graded timber that was below strength.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>483</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">483</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computermatic timber-grading machine - laboratory evaluation of performance with respect to feed speed and the dynamic/static deflection relationship</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-196</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber of various stress-grades was passed a number of times through a Computermatic stress-grading machine running at 60 m/min and 150 m/min in a laboratory. The deflection of all the tested points on each stick was recorded, and deflection at each of the points was also determined statically for comparison. The range of dynamic deflection values for each point (termed repeatability) and the mean deflections were also calculated. Data from tests on verification sticks were used to determine differences between deflection measurements taken statically and those taken in a Computermatic machine. There were no consistent differences in mean deflection measurements at the two feed speeds. A mean increase in repeatability error of one-half of one machine measuring unit found at the higher feed speed was considered to be of little practical significance in industry. The modulus of elasticity as determined by the Computermatic machine on the verification sticks at the point of least stiffness was on average slightly lower than the same property determined on the static machine. Three percent of the sticks had modulus of elasticity differences greater than the 10% allowed by the current Australian Standard.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">112</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bier, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress-grades for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plywood from basic density and knot ratio</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-212</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From density measurements on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don peeler logs, veneer, and plywood, and from bending tests on 5- and 7-ply panels, relationships were derived that predict plywood panel density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and compression strength of clear plywood from the basic density of peeler logs. The property-reducing effects of knots were then superimposed on these predictions in an assessment of the log resource that showed current plywood quality may be at least one stress-grade better than the stress values implied by the New Zealand design code. On the other hand, low-density logs yielded plywood with strength properties less than these values. Density of logs and average knot ratios required to achieve desired stress-grades were also identified.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate-Hill, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confined and unconfined radial compression perpendicular to the grain of green sapwood from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood specimens from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. were compressed radially to high strains either between flat platens (unconfined compression) or in a jig which prevented expansion at right angles to the direction of compression (confined compression). Stress at proportional limit, stress at 12.5% strain, and work to proportional limit were analysed. Two types of equation often used to express the relationship between wood strength and specific gravity were inappropriate. The two strength properties and work to proportional limit were greater in confined compression than unconfined compression. In both forms of compression </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> specimens had greater strengths than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> specimens.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ün</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zerodt, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whybrew, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression rolling and hot-water soaking: effects on the drying and treatability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> heartwood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression rolling improved the permeability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook f.) Oerst (red beech) and increased its preservative uptake by up to a factor of six (compared to unrolled controls), without having a substantial effect on the drying rate. Hot-water soaking improved drying, particularly in the radial direction, but had little effect on the permeability. A combination of both treatments conferred no additional benefits over those found for the two individual treatments.&#xD;&#xD;Microscopic observation revealed the probable causes of these results. After compression rolling, the vessel structure (especially tyloses, perforation plates, and vessel to vessel pits) frequently showed deformation, rupture, collapse, and other signs of damage. Thus pathways within the vascular system were reopened for fluid flow. On the other hand, hot-water soaking did not affect the vessel structure substantially, but there was a relocation and partial removal of the extractives encrusting the ray parenchyma cell walls and pit membranes, with a resultant increase in drying rate, which for flat-sawn boards was twice that of unsoaked controls.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, A. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kininmonth, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pretreatments to hasten the drying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four different pretreatments were tested to accelerate drying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook, f.) Oerst. heartwood - prefreezing, compression rolling, steaming at 100 °C, and soaking in hot water. Steaming improved the drying rate, but caused excessive fine internal checking in green wood; its use is restricted to treatment after predrying to about 40% mc. A short period of soaking in hot water at about 70 °C reduced the drying time substantially and was the only treatment suitable for green timber. Neither prefreezing nor compression rolling had any effect on drying rate and both caused excessive degrade.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1293</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1293</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, J.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Cihlar, J. (Ed.) 1986: The use of LANDSAT data in forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1294</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1294</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Co-operative research reports</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate-Hill, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Wingate-Hill, R. &amp; Cunningham, R. B. 1986: Moisture removal from green sapwood during platen pressing. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">16 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-117</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1425</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-256</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1078</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1078</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, T. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patel, K. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative morpho-histological studies on the sites of shoot initiation in various conifer explants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-268</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various juvenile explants from conifers have been, used to form shoot buds </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro.</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The best explant must be selected empirically and the number of shoots formed varies with the explant. A comparative morpho-histological examination was made of the sites of shoot initiation arising from embryonic explants of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loud, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus rigida</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mill., cotyledon explants of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata.</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta,</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and epicotyl explants of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea glauca</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voss, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B.S.P., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea engelmanni </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parry. The study revealed that despite the different sites and timing of initiation of shoot formation, the patterns of shoot development were similar. In all species the formation of meristematic centres or meristemoids led to bud primordia and finally adventitious shoots with apical domes and needle primordia. This developmental sequence occurred in the absence of concomitant callus formation on the cytokinin-containing medium.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunstan, D. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, G. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot production and elongation on explants from vegetative buds excised from 17- to 20-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-282</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement in shoot primordia production was achieved on explants from vegetative buds excised from a 17- to 20-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) during the dormant season. Seventy-five percent of inoculated explants produced an average of 8.3 shoot primordia each when grown on a modified Boulay medium containing benzyladenine (1 mg/L) and ammonium nitrate (800mg/L). The optimum duration of exposure to ammonium nitrate was 6 weeks. Approximately 66% of these shoot primordia grew to a length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm, and were suitable for subsequent excision. A comparison of shoot primordia initiation amongst nine randomly selected trees showed that distinctly superior and inferior trees occurred, with a range from 100% to 0% of explants showing the shoot primordium response. The average number of shoot primordia per responsive explant showed similar differences with a range from 8.8 to 0. Five out of the nine trees responded favourably with primary multiplication factors from 8.8 to 4.1 primordia per inoculated explant. The origins of shoot primordia and their location on the bud explant were found to be dependent upon the donor tree.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abo El-Nil, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wochok, Z. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed weight and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bud induction potential in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cotyledons cultured </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differences in bud induction on cotyledons from seedlings of six full-sib families and a wild seedlot of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco were observed after culturing on a half-strength Murashige &amp; Skoog basal medium containing 5.0 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M benzyladenine (BA) and different auxin supplements. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at a concentration of 0.05 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M or a mixture of indoleacetic acid at 2.8 to 5.7 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plus indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 2.5 to 4.9 m</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">Μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> induced high percentages of explants to differentiate buds. Cotyledons from full-sib families gave substantially more bud induction than cotyledons from wild stock. No significant interaction was observed between seed parents and treatments for bud induction. Seeds of full-sib families weighed significantly (at p = 0.05) more than seeds from the wild seedlot used in this study. A strongly positive correlation between seed weight and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bud induction was observed.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>878</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">878</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patel, K. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rumary, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantlet formation in black and white spruce - 3: Histological analysis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root formation and the root-shoot union</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study describes the histology of adventitious root formation on the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-formed</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mill.) B.S.P. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. glauca </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Moench) Voss (black and white spruce). Some swelling occurred at the base of the shoot, and some callus was formed below the base under the influence of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), an active ingredient of the rooting powder used. Some of the cells within the base of the shoot and in the vicinity of the vascular system differentiated into cambium-like cells which later produced tracheid nests and resin canals. The tracheid nests were composed of irregularly arranged tracheids of various sizes surrounded by the cells of the cambium. Some of the derivatives of the cambial cells located at the periphery of the tracheid nests differentiated into the root meristemoids. The cells of these meristemoids were small and contained densely staining cytoplasm and large nuclei. Later in culture, these cells differentiated into the root primordia which then assumed the normal configuration of a root. These roots were connected with the vascular tissue of the shoots through the tracheid nests. The continuity of the vascular system of the tissue culture-derived plantlets of black and white spruce was confirmed by clearing them with sodium hydroxide and then staining.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>800</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">800</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, G. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunstan, D. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of nutrient medium upon shoot initiation on vegetative explants excised from 15- to 18-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea glauca</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison was made of the growth responses of explants excised from vegetative buds of 15- to 18-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea glauca</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Moench) Voss (white spruce) when cultured upon seven nutrient media. One nutrient medium, GMD, was found to be superior in the induction of shoot primordia (average 8.1 per explant) and in its primary multiplication value (average 3.24 shoot primordia per original bud). Five of the other nutrient formulae also gave rise to shoot primordia, though at significantly lower values. Only explants grown on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium failed to give rise to shoot primordia. Medium GMD was devised after a comparison of elemental concentrations within a range of media that have been published for use with various tree tissue cultures.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>307</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">307</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diner, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strickler, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karnosky, D. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Initiation, elongation, and remultiplication of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix decidua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> micropropagules</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-318</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix decidua</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mill, was micropropagated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">using juvenile tissues from young seedlings as well as tissues from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-cloned propagules. Wounds made to seedling hypocotyls stimulated adventitious bud initiation at wound sites. Initiation frequency was best using 2-week tissue incubation on medium supplemented with 4.4 x 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-5</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="6"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">molar cytokinin. A cytokinin pulse treatment of nongrowing older adventitious shoots stimulated renewed growth. Clone population sizes were increased </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">using successive generations of propagules as source tissues for initiation of adventitious buds. Clones were further rapidly augmented by bud break on plantlets horizontally affixed in soil; apices had been excised from these plantlets.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>390</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">390</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fouret, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arnaud, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larrieu, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miginiac, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sequoia sempervirens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as an </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> rejuvenation model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319-327</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rejuvenation modes of two clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sequoia sempervirens</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Endl.) obtained from a 50-year-old tree (Clone 1) and a 500-year-old tree (Clone 2) were studied by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture technique. The progress of the explants towards physiological rejuvenation was assessed by spontaneous rooting, induced rooting, and length of the main shoot. Two criteria (reactivation of isolated apical meristems and ex-flasking stem growth) were used to assess ontogenetical rejuvenation. For Clone 1, frequent subcultures on a medium without hormones effected physiological rejuvenation. Maintenance of explants of both clones on medium with BAP (benzyl-amino-purine) and NAA (naphthalene-acetic-acid) for several months without subculturing was effective to some extent. After frequent subcultures on medium with BAP and NAA the material of Clone 2, was reactivated but later and to a smaller degree than Clone 1 material. The older the original tree, the stronger the treatment needed to obtain physiological rejuvenation. Ontogenetical rejuvenation was more difficult to achieve than physiological rejuvenation.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>615</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">615</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pearson, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Induction of vitrification in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cultures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The flooding of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bong.) Carr. (Sitka spruce) cultures on hormone-free medium with water resulted in promotion of both apical extension and bud and shoot proliferation. New growth became vitrified within 14 days and the cultures reverted to normal after the water was poured away, with the cultures treated for the longer periods (28-56 days) reverting more quickly. Mean bud and shoot production in cultures submerged for 56 days followed by 28 days in air was 15 compared to two in untreated cultures. Retreatment of the apical portions of the vitrified and reverted cultures by 49 days&apos; submergence followed by 28 days&apos; air resulted in a further increase in mean bud and shoot proliferation to 28. The increases in bud and shoot numbers after submergence were due mainly to the initiation and development of adventitious structures on the vitrified and reverted portions of the stems. Rooting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was higher in treated cultures.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>942</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">942</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field performance of micropropagated Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In March 1981, Weyerhaeuser Company established a field trial across five sites in coastal Oregon to test performance of Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco plantlings derived from cotyledon explants through tissue culture. Main objectives of the trial were to (1) compare survival and growth of plants produced by different propagation techniques (stock types) from the same genetic material, (2) compare field performance of plantlings derived from select orchard families with that of plantlings derived from local wild seed, and (3) assess the effects of size and form at planting time on subsequent plantling performance.&#xD;&#xD;After 5 years, survival in the stock-type trials was 91% for plantlings, 99% for seedlings, and 49% for rooted cuttings. In the larger family comparisons, plantlings exhibited 74% survival. Owing to smaller initial size and 1 early year of reduced growth, plantlings are now 11% shorter than seedlings but both have had the same height increment during the past 3 years. Rooted cuttings are only 66% as tall as seedlings. Plantlings derived from select families are significantly taller on all sites than those derived from wild seed, the best family being 27% taller.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Early plagiotropism in some plantlings reduced survival but had no effect on height growth. All plagiotropic tendencies disappeared by the third season in plantlings but continued to persist in the rooted cuttings. Poor rooted cutting performance probably reflected ortet age (8 years) and/or unsatisfactory culture environment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>995</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">995</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simola, L. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huhtinen, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth, differentiation, and ultrastructure of microspore callus of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by nitrogenous supplements and light</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-368</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The growth of microspore callus cultures of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. Karst, was stimulated by weak fluorescent and red light as opposed to darkness. Putrescine (0.1 mM) was able to enhance growth in the dark. The effects of spermidine and spermine on growth were rather similar but root differentiation was stimulated by spermidine in blue, red, and fluorescent light, by spermine only in red light. Glutamine (500 mg/L) and a combination of it and casein hydrolysate (1000 mg/L) retarded growth and root differentiation. The root had a weakly developed central cylinder with tracheids. The microspore callus cells had normal ultrastructure. Accumulation of starch, plastoglobuli, and some weakly developed grana were characteristic of plastids. Greening of cultures was not observed in red light. Accumulation of secondary metabolites was very prominent, especially in the vacuoles of some cells cultured in blue light. The plastids in those cells were usually rather small and contained very little or no starch.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>694</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">694</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirby, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth parameters of cell suspension cultures of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and effects of nitrogen sources on growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-376</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic analysis of factors affecting proliferation of cell suspension cultures of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) derived from cotyledonary callus indicated that an initial inoculum of 30 mg dry weight per 10 ml medium resulted in optimal growth on a medium containing full-strength salts, 15/</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M NAA and 500 nM BAP. Study of the effects of specific nitrogen sources on dry weight accumulation revealed that 30 mM KN03 as a sole nitrogen source was superior to ammonium and nitrate medium and produced a 120%</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">increase in growth after 8 days in culture. Although a low level of ammonium (10 mM) when supplied as a sole nitrogen source could promote modest growth for 5 days, ammonium at either higher levels (30 and 50 mM), or for longer periods, was toxic. Cells grown on glutamate exhibited a pattern of growth similar to controls for the first 7 days, after which growth decreased sharply. When grown on glutamine (10, 30, and 50 mM) as a sole nitrogen source, cell cultures of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. menziesii</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grew rapidly with a shortened lag phase, and exhibited exponential growth rates approaching twice that of control cells grown on ammonium and nitrate.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1066</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1066</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teasdale, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generation of a sustainable </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cell suspension culture and studies of cellular nitrogen nutrition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-386</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don cell suspension culture was developed from excised embryos using a Schenk and Hildebrandt medium modified by addition of 2.6 mM ammonium phosphate and 10 mM arginine hydrochloride. Initiation of the culture involved selection of initially rare meristematic cells from the dominant mass of differentiating cells with limited mitotic capacity. The chromosomally normal culture was found to be capable of long-term culture and amenable to quantitative growth experiments using dry-weight yields of suspension-cultured cells. Responses to nitrogen nutrients provided growth contour plots illustrating the interaction between ammonium and nitrate nutrients, with optimal growth in the vicinity of 3mM ammonium and 15 mM nitrate ions. Arginine was able to replace ammonia entirely, nitrate was necessary for good growth. Glutamine and asparagine were also growth effective, whereas little benefit was found with lysine, ornithine, or glutamate, and urea yielded an intermediate response. Higher levels of lysine (3mM), glutamate (10 mM), or casein hydrolysate (10 mM amino acids) resulted in growth reduction. The effectiveness of beneficial organic nitrogen supplements is ascribed to endogenous supply of reduced nitrogen for general cellular biosynthesis, and such supplements are considered unnecessary when inorganic nitrogen is optimised.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1065</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1065</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teasdale, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buxton, P. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> embryos with reference to artificial seed production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-391</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aluminium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryos excised from mature </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don seeds were cultured in a small volume of a nutrient medium contained in a small aluminium capsule to form an artificial seed. The embryos developed with normal morphology, although not as large as those from natural seeds. All plants from artificial seeds formed roots in sterile soil. The growth of embryos placed radicle-down into the same agarified-medium was inferior in that the lengths of cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots of the resulting plants were all markedly reduced. When embryos were cultured in liquid medium, development was aberrant, with virtually no root growth. Nutrient supply through the (natural) cotyledonary route appeared to be superior to entry through roots or hypocotyl.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolf, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartney, V. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer system to assist with management of a tissue culture laboratory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392-402</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This computer system provides information on each clone, maintains subculturing records over time, and enables comprehensive retrieval of information and error checking. The system has application in tissue culture laboratories handling a large number of clones and in the maintenance of gene-banks.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">207</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advantages of clonal forestry for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - real or imagined?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-415</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The advantages of using tested clones in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don forests were compared with current open-pollinated and control-pollinated seed orchard strategies. Clonal forestry shares with control-pollinated orchard strategies advantages of shorter plant production times, control of pedigree, flexibility of deployment, multiplication of valuable crosses, and efficient capture of additive genetic gains. It may have additional advantages in increasing uniformity, allowing clone/site matching, controlling growth habit, and capturing nonadditive genetic gains. However, a control-pollinated orchard strategy coupled with vegetative multiplication is currently proving to be more cost-efficient in establishing managed stands. Use of a clonal strategy requires evidence for greater economic gains.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">95</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishing kauri in a pine stand and in scrub</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and survival of kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D. Don) Lindi.) planted within a young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus elliottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Engelm. stand on an exposed site on the Coromandel Peninsula were significantly better than that of kauri planted within adjacent low (1 m high) and tall (3-4 m high) scrub. However, on a sheltered site no significant improvement occurred. Fertiliser application to kauri at planting within pines was not worthwhile but in tall scrub was beneficial. This indicates that pines not only provide shelter but may also induce beneficial soil changes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1007</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1007</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Oeveren, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gleason, C. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of even-aged </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands in North Westland, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Untended, fully stocked, even-aged stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech) or</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> N. fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst. (red beech) of natural and cultural origin and ranging in age from 20 to 100 years, were sampled using temporary and permanent plots on a range of sites in North Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Changes in stand parameters with age were quantified in order to assess growth of these stands, and thus gain some insight into their silvicultural potential. &#xD;&#xD;Stands of each species followed a similar pattern of growth, with rapid early height and basal area increment. Mean top height reached a maximum of c. 27 m by age 100 years. Basal area reached an equilibrium of c. 41 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 46 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as early as age 30 years. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus truncata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands had, on average, a somewhat lower mean diameter at any given age than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands, and maintained higher stockings. Both species attained similar maximum volume of c. 460 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha at age 100 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1008</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1008</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beveridge, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardy, G. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selective logging in podocarp/tawa forest at Pureora and Whirinaki</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Pureora and Whirinaki Forest Parks 30-40% of total merchantable timber volume was harvested in 1961 from two unreplicated 15-ha blocks of podocarp/tawa forest; a further block remained unlogged as a control. In 19 years after logging at Pureora, the actual number of merchantable trees lost in the two logged blocks was considerably lower than in the control, although the rate of residual tree loss was similar. This suggests that logging has, in part, anticipated natural mortality and has not adversely affected stability. In 22 years after logging at Whirinaki, mortality of merchantable trees occurred at similar rates in all blocks, suggesting that logging has not adversely affected stability there either.&#xD;&#xD;Logging appears to have had little impact on regeneration of canopy species. Naturally regenerated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(A. Cunn.) Kirk (tawa) seedlings are widespread in both localities, and podocarp seedlings are widespread at Pureora but scarce at Whirinaki where podocarp population structures in virgin forest are not stable.&#xD;&#xD;At Pureora, gross volume increment in merchantable trees, mostly podocarps, was higher in the unlogged control and in one logged block than the other (0.5-0.6 cf. 0.3 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/annum). Net decrement occurred in all blocks, but was much higher in the control than either logged block. Total net decrement (i.e., including non-merchantable trees) is likely to be considerably higher. Growth plots in logged and virgin forest at Pureora indicate a likely average recovery period, for 80% of equilibrium basal area, of nearly 100 years for selectively logged forest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>234</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">234</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Court, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvester, W. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of foliar urea applications in the presence and absence of surfactant on the nitrogen requirements of conditioned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate-nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rationale behind foliar urea spraying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings after conditioning was investigated. Field application of urea (5% w/v) from the boom sprayer with and without surfactant resulted in inconsistent amounts of spray retained by the shoot, and surfactant additives gave no advantage. An increase in nitrogen subsequently resulted from recovery of spray runoff by roots.&#xD;&#xD;Dipping individual needles into Tween 80, Silwet L-77, and Citowett enhanced retention 1.8, 1.8, and 1.5 times, respectively, over that in the absence of surfactant. Foliar urea uptake was 13-26 times faster than nitrate-nitrogen uptake and 3.5-7.5 times faster than ammonium-nitrogen. Absorption of ureanitrogen within 6 hours was 100% while ammonium and nitrate uptake was 40% and 55% complete, respectively. These results led to exclusive use of urea with surfactant in subsequent nitrogen applications. &#xD;&#xD;Effective interception and retention of spray on needles in the field was dependent on a suitable application technique. Nursery seedlings absorbed 1.3 times and almost twice as much urea in the presence of Tween 80 and Silwet L-77, respectively, when aerosol and atomiser applications were used.&#xD;&#xD;In glasshouse experiments two spray applications of urea 1% (w/v) containing 0.5% (v/v) Tween 20 raised the level of nitrogen in needles of wrenched seedlings from 0.9% to 1.6% N. It was predicted that a single, finely dispersed spray of 2% (w/v) urea could produce a similar increase in nitrogen concentration. The absorbed foliarly applied </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">15</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N urea 2% (w/v), 0.287 atoms % excess, contributed 12.5% of the nitrogen absorbed for production of new roots. Thus, foliar urea applications could be significant in root growth of conditioned seedlings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>592</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">592</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, J. A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stem volume increment and its relationship to needle mass, foliar and soil nutrients, and fertiliser inputs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-75</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The hypothesis was tested that the stem volume increment in the first year after fertiliser application in a series of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don fertiliser trials would be proportional to the needle mass, and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in foliage, soil, and applied fertiliser. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus contributed little to the relationship and the model could be simplified to: &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">∆</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Volume (m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/yr) = -0.115 + 0.269 kg N in the needle mass.&#xD;&#xD;This simple relationship was then tested on a range of independent data and found to predict accurately. It can be used in simple physiological growth models and when reversed may be used to estimate the efficiency of fertiliser uptake.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu-Chou, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, L. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizal fungi of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> planted on farmland in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizal fungi of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were studied on agroforestry sites in the central North Island of New Zealand. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhizopogon rubescens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Tul., the most common mycorrhizal fungus of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in conventionally grown forests, was replaced by two less-common myeorrhizal fungi - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tuber </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Scleroderma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. The soil fertility of the agroforestry sites is high, especially in phosphorus, and this may be the major factor affecting the change of the mycorrhizal fungal species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>557</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">557</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occurrence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> rhizomorph populations in the soil beneath indigenous forests in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basidiospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The distribution of rhizomorphs of species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was determined in indigenous forests at three sites up to 80 km apart in the Rotorua-Bay of Plenty district, New Zealand, by systematically taking cylindrical soil core samples 16 cm diameter by 22 cm deep. There was significant between-site variation in the frequency of occurrence of rhizomorphs (4-19%; p &lt;G.05). At one site with four plots (36 x 28-36 m; up to 1.4 km apart), there was between-plot variation in rhizomorph frequency (13-31%; p &lt; 0.01), mean rhizomorph length per unit area of soil surface (2-9 m/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ; p &lt;0.01), and yield of isolates from samples containing rhizomorphs (41-89%; p &lt;0.01). Distribution of viable rhizomorphs was clustered in two plots (p &lt;0.05). Cultural techniques were used to identify species and intercompatibility groups among isolates made from rhizomorphs and basidiomata. Plots contained 19-93 groups of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Stevenson) Herink per hectare and 15-58 groups of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Stevenson) Boesewinkel per hectare. Dimensions of intercompatibility group clusters varied from less than 4 m to at least 30 m across. Five out of eight billets of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Cunn.) Kirk and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, protected from soil rhizomorphs by plastic shields, were each colonised by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species 20-22 months after being partially buried 1-5 m from a dense cluster of sporulating basidiomata of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. novae-zelandiae.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> This result, together with the high numbers of intercompatibility group density, suggests that basidiospores may play an important role in the establishment of infection centres in New Zealand forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>720</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">720</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacKenzie, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection changes and volume loss in a 19-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand affected by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root rot</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-108</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The level of infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. in a 19-year-old, wide-spaced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don stand was re-assessed after 9 years. Although the over-all infection level had changed little, the individual trees infected at the end of the period were not necessarily the same ones which had been infected at the start. Thirty-one percent of the trees infected at the start were uninfected at the end of the 9-year period. Sectional measurements showed that growth trends reflected changes in infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. Volume loss due to lethal infections was predicted to be between 26 and 61 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha on a 28-year rotation. Over the same period of time the loss of potential volume attributable to sublethal infections was estimated at 5.5 to 11 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">532</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume and taper of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grown in the central North Island of New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume and compatible taper equations have been developed for plantation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. growing in a central North Island forest. Previously published non-linear and polynomial forms of compatible taper equations were estimated but found to be inadequate for describing the shape of the whole stem. An extension of the non-linear form was developed, which characterised the neiloid, paraboloid, and conoid sections of the stem satisfactorily and for which the standard error of estimate of bole diameter is ± 13 mm. This development, it is claimed, goes some way to resolving the conflict between equation compatibility and prediction bias.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>189</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">189</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, S. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fountain, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraction of protein from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> tissue for analysis by electrophoretic and serological techniques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-128</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The extracts obtained by this method of extraction of protein from mature tissues of some </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species are suitable for analysis of protein by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, isozyme analysis, and serological techniques. The relative freedom from interfering substances makes the method suitable for taxonomic studies.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1077</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1077</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorn, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, E. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note - Zinc deficiency in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at Cape Karikari, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees exhibiting stunted growth and a terminal rosette of buds had foliar zinc concentrations less than 10 ppm. Corrective fertiliser application of 25 g zinc sulphate per tree (5.6 g Zn/tree) re-established tree vigour and improved foliar zinc concentrations to above 10 ppm.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1295</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1295</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Timell, T.E. 1986: Compression wood in gymnosperms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Compression wood in gymnosperms&quot; by T.E. Timell.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tustin, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>76</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">76</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownlie, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puruki experimental catchment: site, climate, forest management, and research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-160</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multidisciplinary research has been undertaken at the Purukohukohu experimental basin, particularly in the Puruki catchment over the past 15 years. This period covers the conversion of Puruki from pasture to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don, the development of the trees to canopy closure, and the effects of differential intensities of thinning on growth to the middle of the rotation. Results of investigations into tree growth, nutrient cycling, and catchment hydrology are presented in papers collected in this issue of the Journal. This paper backgrounds the site, climate, history, and management of the catchment, and the development of the trees. &#xD;&#xD;Puruki is a 35-ha catchment located at the southern end of the Paeroa Range in the central North Island of New Zealand, at an elevation of 600 m. The rhyolitic pumice soil, previously under rye grass/clover pasture and regularly treated with fertiliser, provides ample moisture and nutrients for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growth under the climatic conditions: 1500 mm of evenly distributed rainfall annually, 5 GJ/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> of solar irradiance annually, and average monthly temperatures of between 5° and 15°C. Puruki was uniformly planted with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">at 2200 stems/ha in 1973 and trees in the individual subcatchments (Tahi, Rua, and Toru) were progressively pruned to 2.2 m height and thinned to 160, 550, and 290 stems/ha respectively by 1985, with further thinning intended. A part of Rua was left unthinned as a control. In closed canopy stands periodic volume increment attains 52 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year. The removal of between half and three-quarters of the tree basal area every 3 to 4 years reduced volume increment to between 25 and 30 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year, but this is likely to increase when management thinning is completed and the stand leaf area can increase uninterrupted to unthinned levels.&#xD;&#xD;The interrelationships between aspects of the research work covered in the accompanying papers are illustrated using a conceptual modelling framework. The data collected at Puruki have proved valuable for testing theoretically based models and calibrating empirical models of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth under conditions of ample moisture and nutrient supply.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">321</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dons, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otago Catchment Board, PO Box 858, Dunedin, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology and sediment regime of a pasture, native forest, and pine forest catchment in the central North Island, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-178</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The hydrology and sediment regime of a 0.10-km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pasture, 0.34-km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pine forest, and 0.28-km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> native forest catchment were compared. The highly permeable pumice soils of these catchments resulted in generally low annual stormflow yields (0.54-5.2% of gross rainfall) and consequently low annual sediment yields (4.0-27.0 t/km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/yr). The pasture catchment had the highest average flows, highest peak flow rates, and greatest stormflow yields, but lowest evaporative losses. The pasture catchment also recorded the maximum instantaneous sediment ccncentrations and the maximum instantaneous sediment discharges. The pine forest catchment had the lowest annual average flows, lowest low flows, and lowest instantaneous sediment concentrations and discharges, but evaporative losses were similar to those from the native forest catchment. The native forest catchment had the lowest stormflow yields, lowest peak flows, and highest low flows. Some of the differences in hydrologic responses from the native forest catchment could be explained by drainage density rather than land use.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>240</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">240</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, A. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hewitt, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke, J. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Quality Centre, Dept of Sci &amp; Ind Res, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use impacts on streamwater nitrogen and phosphorus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-192</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen and phosphorus data were obtained monthly for 14 years for streams draining three adjacent catchments of different land use. Comparisons of concentrations between catchments showed a land-use effect for total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus in the order pasture &gt; pine &gt; native but this order was reversed for nitrate. No effect of land use was detected for ammonium. The catchment converted from pasture to pine near the start of the study period began to show consistent streamwater chemistry differences relative to the pasture catchment after 4 to 5 years of tree growth. The results of trend testing were difficult to interpret solely in terms of changes in land use because significant trends were found to occur in data collected from catchments with stable land use.&#xD;&#xD;We conclude that long-term monitoring alone is of limited value in understanding the influence of land use on water quality and that research efforts are better directed when complementary studies on catchment processes are also conducted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarvis, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norman, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the interception of solar radiant energy in intensively managed stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model has been constructed for predicting the interception of solar radiant energy by an array of plants with ellipsoidal crowns. The applicability of the model to stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was investigated by comparing model predictions with measurements of instantaneous irradiance below tree crowns in a 9-year-old stand. The agreement between actual and predicted transmittances was generally good. However, small errors in measuring crown shape and leaf area can cause large variations in predicted instantaneous transmittances. When predicting the interception of solar radiant energy on a daily basis, small errors in measuring crown shape or leaf area did not cause large variations in intercepted radiant energy.&#xD;&#xD;Model simulations indicated that there is a linear relationship between intercepted photosynthetically active radiant energy (PAR) and above-ground dry matter production in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing on a fertile site. This relationship was unaffected by thinning and light pruning. Assuming that the relationship is unaffected by more extreme thinnings and primings, simulations indicated that unthinned-pruned stands can intercept up to 25% more PAR than unpruned-thinned stands with the same leaf area index. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>473</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">473</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lane, P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling canopy photosynthesis in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-228</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model for simulating canopy net photosynthesis in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don has been developed from measurements of rates of net photosynthesis on individual shoots and a radiative transfer model. It has been shown that estimates of net photosynthesis for a tree crown can be in error by up to 40% if the model assumptions do not agree with the method of measuring rates of net photosynthesis. Specific leaf area has been used to account for the variation in rates of net photosynthesis due to the physiological and morphological state of individual shoots throughout the canopy. Comparing estimates of canopy net photosynthesis for three different stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with above-ground dry matter production indicates that the model realistically estimates canopy net photosynthesis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>276</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">276</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cranswick, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabkiewicz, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in carbohydrate concentration and composition of different tissue types of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal variations of the non-structural carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, sucrose, cyclitols, and quinic and shikimic acids and starch were studied in buds, foliage of different ages and crown positions, stem wood and bark, and roots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don trees. The trees were either 12 years old from seed or rooted cuttings of two clones, growing in a fertile site at Rotorua. Of all the carbohydrates analysed, starch showed the most consistent patterns of accumulation and depletion, although the periods when starch concentration peaked differed with tissue type. In foliage, bark, and buds the proportion of carbohydrate present as starch was low, but in roots starch concentrations were similar to those of soluble carbohydrates. Soluble carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, cyclitol, quinic and shikimic acids) were present in high concentrations throughout the year, although these also showed compositional changes with season and tissue type. Total non-structural carbohydrate contents were estimated to constitute some 2.8% of the total biomass of a tree. &#xD;&#xD;Carbohydrate compositions and concentrations of the soluble fractions in foliage were found to be similar to published data for</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. However, starch contents differed by at least four-fold between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (24% of total dry weight) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (6%); the lower starch levels in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> foliage appear to result from its continuous growth habit in New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>77</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">77</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollock, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as related to stand age and thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don dry matter and leaf area were measured at the Puruki site annually between ages 2 and 12 years in stands undergoing contrasting thinning. Current dry matter production and its partitioning to leaves, branches, and stems were estimated. &#xD;&#xD;In an unthinned stand stocked at 2200 stems/ha, 230 t dry matter/ha accumulated by age 12 compared with 75 t/ha in a stand thinned to 160 stems/ha; however, the mean dbh in the unthinned stand was only 22 cm compared with 37 cm in the heavily thinned one. Basal area increment peaked at over 10 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year at age 4 but decreased to 3-4 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year by age 12, irrespective of thinning. Without thinning, basal area attained almost 60m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha by age 12, while the removal of 90% of the trees in two thinning steps reduced basal area by 70%. Leaf area (all surfaces) index peaked at 34 at age 6 but declined to 20 with increase in stand age. Above-ground production varied between 2 and 40 t/ha/ year depending on stand age and thinning treatment. Thinning prevented most branch and tree mortality evident in the unthinned stand. &#xD;&#xD;Between ages 2 and 12 years, partitioning of annual above-ground dry matter production to leaves decreased from 40% to less than 20%, to stem increased from 35% to 60%, and to branches remained constant at around 23%. Thinning had little measurable effect on partitioning. Production above-ground increased, at a given leaf area index, with stand age. A shift in partitioning from roots to stem wood, rather than an increase in the efficiency of production </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">per se</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, probably underlies this result. Tentative estimates of partitioning based on total current dry matter production were developed for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing without moisture or nutrient limitations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>474</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">474</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling procedures for estimating forest biomass in the Puruki watershed</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-282</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assuming that there are no biases in the selection of bounded plots or trees to be biomassed, the error associated with estimates of stand biomass consists of the error associated with sampling trees for biomass and the error associated with the variability of stand characteristics between bounded plots. At Puruki, the error associated with sampling trees for biomass is generally the larger. Post-stratification of plots according to altitude had little effect on the percentage error associated with estimates of biomass per hectare, partly because poststratification reduces only one component of the error and partly because it was often reducing the smaller of the two errors. The percentage error associated with estimates of mean net stem weight increment depended on whether it is appropriate to combine data from both years in deriving a relationship between biomass and diameter over bark at breast height. Cost-effective schemes for sampling trees for biomass assume a linear relationship between a function of biomass and a function of diameter. The trees chosen are generally at the extreme ends of the diameter distribution. This means the assumption of linearity cannot be checked.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>78</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">78</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lane, P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specific leaf area of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as influenced by stand age, leaf age, and thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283-291</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specific leaf area (SLA) was determined annually for three </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands at Puruki from ages 2 to 12 years old and undergoing periodic thinning. The canopy SLA averaged 160 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/g but decreased with stand age from 190 to 150cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/g, while the SLA of individual leaf age-classes ranged between 100 and 220 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/g.&#xD;&#xD;The most important cause of variation in canopy SLA, based on a theoretical analysis, was fascicle density. Density increased from 0.25 to 0.34 g/cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with stand age and by 7% as leaf age increased from 1 to 2 years old. Additional smaller sources of SLA variation were due to random fluctuations in fascicle average dimensions and a reduction in the number of needles per fascicle with increase in stand age. Most of the variation in canopy SLA was accounted for by stand age (74%) and leaf age (10%).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>475</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">475</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Theoretical ratio between &quot;one-sided&quot; and total surface area for pine needles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses suggest that, for all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. where needle cross-section can be assumed to be a sector of a circle, the ratio 1/ pi should be used to convert from total to &apos;one-sided&apos; surface area. The ratio pi should be used to convert from &apos;one-sided&apos; to total surface area provided that needles have not been arranged in any preferred manner when measuring &apos;one-sided&apos; surface area. It is emphasized that the method of measuring needle area, and whether values are of total or &apos;one-sided&apos; surface area, should be clearly stated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>949</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">949</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bollmann, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage development within the crowns of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees at two spacings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-314</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle production, development, and abscission in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees were examined on branches of different ages and orders over an 8-month growing season in two stands of different spacing (6700 and 760 stems/ha) and age (7 and 9 years) growing on a fertile site. &#xD;&#xD;Trees of the more open stand consistently had three orders of branching and living branches up to 6 years old, while the close-spaced stand had only two orders of branching and living branches up to 4 years old. The main period of needle emergence was from August to November, although a few fascicles in the topmost crown level continued to emerge until March. Final needle length decreased with depth in the crown and generally with increasing branch order. Needle length of fascicles which emerged early in spring were in only a few cases significantly greater than those of summer-emerging needle fascicles. Generally needle elongation had ceased by mid-February while the main period of branch elongation was considerably less, i.e., from September to early November, and coincided with the period of needle emergence. The close-spaced trees showed net gains in numbers of fascicles in the first-order branches in the upper two crown levels at the end of the season. Trees of the medium-spaced&#xD;stand showed greatest net foliage gains in the second- and third-order branches and losses in the first-order branches; the upper two crown levels, however, could not be reached. Values for specific needle areas of the needles, measured in May only, ranged from 121 to 293 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/g and increased with crown depth and decreased with needle age.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>964</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">964</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santantonio, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santantonio, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology &amp; Env. Research, P.O.Box 7072, -750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in live and dead fine roots during two successive years in a thinned plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-328</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous studies in a 12-year-old plantation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don characterised seasonal changes in standing crops of fine ( &lt; l mm diam.) and small roots (1-2 mm diam.) in the thinned and control treatments. In the present study, standing crops of these roots were estimated from soil core samples for a second year to determine if the seasonal periodicity observed in the first year could be considered a general pattern. Results from Year 2 generally confirmed those from Year 1. With the exception of differences in late-winter/early-spring, standing crops of live fine roots indicated similar seasonal changes by treatment in the 2 years. Comparing the effect of treatment, we found no summer peak in the thinned treatment for either year. The over-all standing crop of live fine roots in the thinned treatment was 35% of the control. The seasonal periodicity of dead fine roots in the control was similar for both years, but in the thinned treatment, we found large differences by year. The over-all standing crop of dead fine roots was only 8% lower in the thinned treatment. Standing crops of small live roots did not change seasonally. The over-all standing crop of small live roots was lower in the thinned treatment but increased from Year 1 to Year 2. This increase may indicate an expansion of the networking system to which fine roots are attached. No similar expansion, however, was detected for fine roots in the thinned treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>426</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">426</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Root invasion of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> litter in trenched plots</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-330</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buried PVC cylinders were not effective in excluding tree roots from soil and litter in an unthinned</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stand growing on pumice soil. Within 8 years roots had entered from a depth of 85 cm and were colonising the litter layer.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>572</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">572</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutcheson, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lepidopterous</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> defoliators in a developing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331-337</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 4-year sampling programme of lepidopterous defoliators in a young developing stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don snowed that canopy density influenced the relative abundance of the two major defoliator groups, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudocoremia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp (Geometridae) and Tortricidae. Suction trap sampling showed that tortricid populations decreased as canopy closure led to reduced herbaceous growth, while </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudocoremia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. responded positively to increasing foliage density. Efforts to estimate the consumption of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> foliage by measuring larval frassfall were frustrated by the high variability in rainfall leaching from frass traps.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>333</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">333</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mees, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkiss, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen availability and comparison to uptake in two New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil and forest floor net nitrogen mineralisation, and inorganic nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall, soil leachate, and streamwater, were measured; estimates of apparent plant nitrogen uptake derived from these data were compared to biomass estimates of nitrogen uptake for four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands - a high- and a low-stocking density on a very fertile former pasture site, and a high- and a low-nutrition treatment on a low-fertility coastal sand site. Net nitrogen mineralisation rates for the four sites were 126, 90, 9, and 2 kg/ha/yr respectively. The annual rate for the low-nutrition treatment at the coastal sand site was lower than any previously reported for forests. Apparent nitrogen uptake from the forest floor and soil did not agree with biomass uptake estimates except at the highly stocked former pasture site. Differences in stocking did not have a significant effect on nitrogen mineralisation. At the coastal sand site, nitrogen mineralisation rates were significantly greater in the high-nutrition plots than the low-nutrition plots but were much lower than the rate required for current tree growth for both treatments. There are various possible reasons for the low measured nitrogen mineralisation rate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollock, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uptake and accumulation of nitrogen in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands as related to age and thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-371</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accumulation of nitrogen in above-ground components of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Don trees was measured annually in winter between ages 2 and 12 years, and stand estimates of above-ground current annual nitrogen uptake were derived. The trees, which were growing at Puruki in stands without known nitrogen or water limitations to growth, were subjected to different intensities thinning commencing after age 6.&#xD;&#xD;At age 2 the stands contained 20 kg N/ha in above-ground tree components, which increased to 600 kg/ha in the unthinned stand by age 12. In contrast, the heavily thinned stand contained only 200 kg N/ha in the live trees at age 12, but 500 kg N/ha had been deposited on the forest floor in two thinning steps. Nitrogen concentration (dry weight basis) averaged 1.6% in 1-year-old leaves, with no trend evident with stand age or thinning treatment. However, in 2-year-old leaves nitrogen decreased from 1.5% at stand age 2 to around 1.1% at stand age 5 and thereafter increased to 1.5%, a pattern evident in older leaves as well. Nitrogen live branch wood and bark decreased from 0.3% and 1.1% respectively at age to 0.15% and 0.65% by age 6, but remained more or less constant thereafter. Nitrogen in stem wood and bark decreased asymptotically from 0.26% and 1.0% respectively at age 2 to 0.10% and 0.46% by age 12. Stem nitrogen concentrations were not affected by thinning. Calculations of the current uptake of nitrogen by the leaf mass took account of (i) the nitrogen requirement for leaf growth which peaked at 160 kg/ha/year at age 5-6), (ii) net nitrogen remobilisation from older leaves (which exported between 10% and 30% of their nitrogen, depending on current requirements for growth), and (iii) withdrawal of nitrogen from leaves immediately prior to abscission (estimated as 50% of the level in the retained cohort of leaves).&#xD;&#xD;Initially the rate of nitrogen uptake above-ground increased with age from around 30 kg/ha/year at age 3 to 120 kg/ha/year at age 5. Thereafter, uptake decreased to around 90 kg/ha/year by age 12 regardless of thinning intensity, even though up to two-thirds of the stand basal area was removed at each thinning. On average 65%, 15%, and 20% of the above-ground nitrogen uptake was accounted for by leaf, branch, and stem components, respectively. With increasing stand age the percentage utilised in woody components increased slightly and leaf decreased slightly.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1296</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1296</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Landsberg, J.J. 1986: Physiological ecology of forest production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">372-373</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Physiological ecology of forest production&quot; by J.J. Landsberg</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>820</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">820</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myers, B. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craig, I. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in water potential of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fascicles during temporary storage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-8</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Excised </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don fascicles were stored in cold, humidified glass vials for some hours prior to measurement of needle water potential using a pressure chamber. Tests of the technique with various types of fascicles suggested that the change in water potential during storage for up to 12 h was within acceptable limits (&lt;0.06 MPa) for fully expanded C+1 fascicles grown in the field, but not for current expanding fascicles nor for fascicles growing under mist irrigation in a shade house.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>580</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">580</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peredo, H. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem sunscald after thinning and pruning young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the sandy soil region of Chile</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a 6-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stand growing in the sandy soil region of Chile, eight 400-m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plots were established for the evaluation of chemical, silvicultural, and silvicultural-chemical control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma septospora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Dorog.) Morelet needle-cast. All the trees within the four silvicultural and silvicultural-chemical plots were thinned to 450-500 stems/ha and pruned to 50% of the green crown in Novemeber 1983, and slash was removed. All trees exhibited stem malformation during the spring of 1984. The damage length and orientation, the flattening of the stem in the sunscald zone, and the summer solar course for the latitude, led to the conclusion that damage was due to insolation. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>672</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">672</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal fluctuations in foliar nutrient concentrations in a young nitrogen-deficient stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with and without applied nitrogen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-32</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage samples were collected regularly over a period of 13 months from three treatments of a nitrogen fertiliser trial established in a 3-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane et Maiden stand on a yellow-brown pumice soil in Kaingaroa Forest Treatments sampled were (1) control (no fertiliser); (2) 250 kg urea/ha, and (3) 500 kg urea/ha; (1) and (2) were sampled each month, and (3) every third month. The first collection was made just before treatments were imposed in early Novemeber (spring). Samples were analysed for nitrogen, phosporus, potassium, calcium, magnessium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Both urea treatments gave a positive response in foliar nitrogen concentration. For Treatment (2) this response was shortlived (c. 10 months) and reached a peak about 2 months after treatment (2.34% N compared with 1.15% N for (control). Although data for (3) are incomplete, it seems that the response in foliar nitrogen was greater than for (2), but still did not last beyond a year.&#xD;&#xD;Nitrogenous fertiliser significantly increased the N : P ratio in foliage for the 11 months following treatment. A large growth response to applied N, observed in the season following treatment, indicates that the change in N-P balance was beneficial. &#xD;&#xD;Nutrient concentrations in the foliage of untreated trees varies markedly with season. Fluctuations were relatively small for zinc, iron, nitrogen, and copper; intermediate for magnesium, boron and potassium; and large for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1051</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1051</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svenson, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can DRIS improve diagnosis of nutrient deficiency in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-42</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms were obtained for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in New Zealand using foliage chemical analysis results and site index data from published studies. The norms were then tested on fertiliser trials in which response to varied nutrition was known. DRIS proved accurate at ranking treatments in order of growth and nutritional health.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>80</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">80</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min of Forestry, Forest Res Inst, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground dry matter and nutrient content of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by lupin, fertiliser, thinning, and stand age</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-64</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen accumulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry matter and nutrient content of above-ground tree components were estimated at ages 7, 10.5 and 17 years in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don established on a nitrogen-deficient sand dune. Experimental treatments included lupin (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sims) exclusion and biennial fertiliser application in a replicated split-plot factorial design with stocking reductions as subplots. &#xD;&#xD;Lupin and fertiliser treatments significantly increased growth, with the most productive stands accumulating twice as much dry matter and nutrients as the least productive. The distribution of dry matter and nitrogen between crown and stem changed with stand age and stocking but not with fertiliser addition. Lupin stimulated crown development more than the stem during early growth of the trees but this effect disappeared after the suppression of lupin by the pines. By age 7 years, the accumulated application of 570 kg fertiliser N/ha was less effective than lupin as a source of nitrogen. Relative to the controls, nitrogen accumulation in the above-ground tree components represented only 12% of added fertiliser in both thinned and unthinned stands. It appears that nitrogen not immediately available to the young trees was quickly leached from the sand. Application of a further 392 kg fertiliser N/ha between ages 7 and 10 gave an increase in above-ground tree dry matter and nitrogen content. More significantly, on this naturally nitrogen-deficient site, growth of stands with fertiliser surpassed those with lupin. Lupin was suppressed by pines at stand age 5 and fertiliser application ceased at age 10. Efficiency of nitrogen accumulation in above-ground tree compponents after fertiliser application was still only 12%, averaged across the thinning treatments. However, much of the nitrogen incorporated in the trees was evident as needle litter during this stage. The continued high growth rate at age 17 indicates that nitrogen mineralisation made this nitrogen available again. The tightness of the bio-geo-chemical cycle after canopy closure is likely to ensure that the benefits achieved by earlier nitrogen additions are maintained.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content and uptake of close-spaced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nutrient content of the above-ground components of a stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were estimated between  ages 5 and 13 years. Initial spacing was approximately 6900 stems/ha. Total nutrient contents exceeded those of conventional, less densely stocked plantations of comparable age. At age 13 the trees in the stand contained nutrient contents within 10% of a 29-year-old plantation grown for sawn timber production. &#xD;&#xD;The average rate of accumulation of nutrients into the trees had peaked by age 7 years for most nutrients. The rate of nutrient accumulation depended on the nutrient concerned and the changing pattern of dry matter increment. The rate of accumulation fell most quickly for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, for which nutrient concentrations decreased with needle age. The rate was maintained at more stable levels for calcium and manganese which increased in concentration in aging needles.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambert, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry Comm. of NSW, P.O.Box 100, Beecroft, New South Wales 2119, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil properties as affected by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-91</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soils beneath planted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were compared with soils beneath adjacent native </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest at two sites with contrasting nutrient status in New South Wales. At the lower fertility site, soil under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was lower in nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, and pH, and higher in organic matter and exchangeable aluminium than soil under native forest. An apparent deficit in total nitrogen in the pine ecosystem could be accounted for by the quantity in thinnings. At the higher fertility site, the soil under pine had lower concentrations of nitrogen and organic matter than that under native forest, but was not significantly different in other respects. As reported in similar studies, organic matter content appeared to be the main soil property influenced by plantation establishment; this effect was more pronounced at the poorer site where rooting depth was limited to 30-40 cm by a sharp change in texture.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>146</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">146</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence and severity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle-cast in fifteen </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fifteen forests totalling 70 000 ha of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were surveyed for Cyclaneusma needle-cast in 1983, 1984, and 1985. Disease severity was highest in 11- to 20-year-old stands and lowest in the 1- to 5-year-old and over 25-year-old stands. Disease severity generally increased from 1983 to 1984 and again to 1985 but there was significant variation between regions. No difference in disease incidence between years could be demonstrated. Losses in wood volume, due to the disease, of 5% per annum in the forests sampled were predicted for stands aged between 6 and 20 years old.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1120</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1120</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Werff, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123b James Street, Whakatane, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypress canker in New Zealand plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-108</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypress canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A national survey to determine the distribution and extent of the disease commonly known as cypress canker was carried out in 1981 and 1982 in plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartweg, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Miller, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(A. Muuray) Palotte, and in shelterbelts of X </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressocyparis leylandii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Jackson and Dallimore) Dallimore cv. &apos;Leighton Green&apos;. One of the two fungi responsible for the disease, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium unicorne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, was found throughout the country except on the West Coast of the South Island. The other, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium cardinale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, was found near Auckland, Wanganui, Palmerston North, and Christchurch. The incidence of the disease was low. Damage to trees by other fungi, insects, and animals was also low.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>71</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">71</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batcheler, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Challies, C. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loss of Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) from Carbopol gel smeared on foliage to poison deer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in a gel carrier was applied to the leaves of broadleaf (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Griselinia littoralis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raoul) baits (cuttings) to poison deer. In two trials on Stewart Island, assays for F</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> showed that the poison disappeared during rain, 97% being lost in 207 mm of rain and 81 mm of rain in the respective trials. In one trials significant losses of Compound 1080 also resulted from biodegradation in storage.&#xD;&#xD;Baits set to kill deer were sampled after 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of weathering. Only 10% of the treated leaves retained toxic gel after 45 days. About 1.4% of the Compound 1080 was lost from the leaves per millimetre of rainfall. This rate was similar to loss rates for Compound 1080 from other baits commonly used in animal control operations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1086</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1086</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEESAW: A visual sawing simulator, as developed in Version 3.0</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer graphics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Program SEESAW is a computer simulation program for the sawing of pruned logs. It was developed to aid in the evaluation of pruned log types and to provide a tool for analysing their interactions with various sawing patterns and sawmill practices. &#xD;&#xD;This version of the program accommodates important sawmill variables such as saw kerfs and number and positioning of knees on the carriage and, through the use of interactive computer graphics, simulates all sawmill activities, i.e., sawing, edging, docking and grading, and resawing.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>955</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">955</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowell, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plackett, D. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimensional stability of flakeboards made from acetylated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> heartwood or sapwood flakes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-131</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative humidity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don heartwood and sapwood flakes were acetylated with acetic anhydride in the absence of solvent or catalyst by a simple dip procedure. No difference in reagent penetration or reactivity was seen between heartwood and sapwood flakes. Acetylation weight gains of 13-19% were achieved with both types of flakes. &#xD;&#xD;Flakeboards made from acetylated heartwood or sapwood flakes swelled in liquid water tests at a slower rate and to a lesser extent than control boards made from untreated flakes. The equilibrium moisture content for flakeboards made from acetylated flakes was lower at each relative humidity tested and these boards swelled less in humid air than control boards made from untreated flakes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>47</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">47</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Lifting and handling procedures at Edendale Nursery - effects on survival and growth of 1/0 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Holding stocks of 1/0 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don overnight in the nursery packing shed caused a significant decrease in seedling water potential from -0.23 to -0.58 MPa. Although watering restored water potentials, growth after planting out was lower than in seedlings planted straight after lifting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Harris, E.H.M., 1986: Oceanic forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>940</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">940</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rimbawanto, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coolbear, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dourado, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed maturation precedes cone ripening in New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-148</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlled pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early collection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cones may be of considerable benefit for seed production in New Zealand, especially in seed orchards where controlled pollination is used. In this study on the development of seed germinability, cones matured more slowly than the seeds inside them. Thus seeds ripening on the tree were fully germinable and of high vigour by the end of July, much earlier than previously thought, although at this stage they were difficult to extract from the cones without several weeks of air-drying. Cone colour and moisture content were thus ruled out as indices of seed development, but specific gravity may prove a useful guide.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">939</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rimbawanto, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coolbear, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial ripening of prematurely harvested cones of New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and its effect on seed quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-160</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second-year </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cones harvested as early as April ripened successfully in dry storage and produced seeds of high germinability and vigour. This is 3 months earlier than previously recorded. The limiting factor was not the development of the seeds themselves, but the point at which cones became amenable to efficient extraction by conventional kilning techniques. In most trials this took between 6 and 9 weeks. Prolonged artificial ripening beyond 12 weeks caused some loss of seed vigour, but no index of cone maturation during storage formed a sound basis for assessment of viability and/or extractability of the seeds. Artificial ripening triggered a change from developmental to germinative mode and there was a concurrent loss of seed moisture but this was not the only change involved in this process. Seeds from artificially ripened cones showed a limited response to stratification treatment, suggesting a small degree of residual dormancy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">48</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min. of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., P.O.Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frost damage, survival, and growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings on a frost flat</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three cultivation treatments (ripping only, discing and ripping, and ripping and bedding) were tested on a frost-prone site in Otago. Incidence of frost damage and tree survival and growth were compared for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Loudon. Frost damage to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was severe on uncultivated plots but was significantly reduced on the intensely cultivated plots; rip/bed sites gave the best results. Survival of these species followed similar trends. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was relatively unaffected. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> IV2/0 stock did not grow well on the uncultivated plots, and growth responded markedly to ripping. More intensive cultivation did not yield additional growth. Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> did not improve significantly with soil cultivation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>647</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">647</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kile, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Div. of Forestry &amp; Forest Products, Stowell Ave., Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus subgranosus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as a vector of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chalara australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, causal agent of a vascular disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus cunninghamii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-186</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The potential role in Australia of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus subgranosus</style><style face="bold italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schedl (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) as a vector of the fungus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chalara australis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker &amp; Kile, which causes a vascular disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus cunninghamii</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook.) Oerst. was studied by determining the way in which the beetle carries its mycoflora, by making direct isolations from living beetles, and by induction of beetle attack on disease-free trees and billets of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. cunninghamii.</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The origin of subsequent </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. australis</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infections in these trees or billets was investigated. The relationship between the fungus and the life cycle of the beetle in naturally attacked host trees was also examined. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chalara australis</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was isolated from 0.6% of 2966 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. subgranosus</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adults and 1.2% of tunnel walls in billets were infected. Isolations from beetle frass indicated that infection of trees occurred prior to beetle attack. Because saprophytic survival of the fungus in the wood of the dead host trees is limited, there is little opportunity for the fungus to contaminate emerging brood. While a small number of beetles may possibly carry and transmit </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. australis, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the fungus is not dependent on the beetle for dissemination or ingression.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>355</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">355</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improved techniques for the laboratory rearing of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thanasimus formicarius</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An improved rearing method for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thanasimus formicarius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Col: Cleridae) involved transferring larvae hatched from eggs laid in vitro into bark-beetle infested billets. This technique is particularly useful in quarantine conditions. In addition, the successful long-term cool storage of reared adults greatly improved the efficiency of the rearing programme.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>237</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">237</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comerford, N. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Science Dept., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction of forest floor material and mineral soil on orthophosphate sorption</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of forest floor materials on phosphorus sorption by high and low phosphorus-fixing soils was investigated. Organic matter and soil were either incubated for 1 month and equilibrated in 2N potassium chloride or simply mixed and equilibrated. Orthophosphate levels then were measured. Admixing organic matter decreased the phosphorus sorption on both high and low phosphorus-fixing soil, presumably by the action of organic anions also in the leachate. When soil and organic material are mixed during cultivation, changes in phosphorus sorption characteristics of soils should be considered in evaluating cycling and mineralisation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1211</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1211</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whyte, A. G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term growth responses in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fertiliser experiments.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability to forecast increases in crop productivity reliably over a whole rotation is frequently restricted by a lack of experimental data measured consistently over a long enough period of time. Four long-term trials in Australasian plantation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don, in which responses to fertiliser have been measured for between 10 and 18 years, are analysed here to examine whether responses increase, decrease, or are maintained with the passage of time. Three of the four experiments showed a diverging and compounding response to fertiliser throughout the periods of measurement. Such a finding appears to be in complete accord with widely held principles of crop growth and yield. Nevertheless, the same result was not achieved in the fourth trial; after a highly significant response of 4.5 m</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha in stand basal area 4 years after fertiliser application, the response eroded to 2.0 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha after a further 6 years of growth. Other examples are cited where fertiliser responses were either compounded or partially lost with time. Sites with marginal or marginally-induced nitrogen deficiency seem likely to exhibit sustained responses but grossly deficient sites may not necessarily behave similarly. Examination of the residual errors in the trials, and their effects over time, suggests that experimental variation is a function of site, as well as a response to basic growth and size factors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>427</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">427</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlton, J. F. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min. Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment of selected legumes in a mid-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legumes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three out of eight legumes tested grew well from seed sown in a 10-year-old, recently thinned and cultivated, 250 stems/ha stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don. Productivity was lower than would be expected in the open, but </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lotus uliginosus</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schkuhr. &quot;Grasslands Maku&quot;, lotus hybrid G4712 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">(cornicufatus x liginosus)</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims all produced a sward or an understorey layer which persisted for at least 4 years. Four legumes failed completely when resown 2 years later (1983) without cultivation in the same stand. Maku lotus and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trifolium repens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (white clover), when resown again (1984) without cultivation, established and persisted for two seasons but plant vigour was very low and there was no sward formation. Poor productivity was not primarily associated with presence of accumulated litter, herbicide treatment before sowing, or animal browsing.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>730</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">730</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient concentrations within stems of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-225</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient removal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient concentrations in both stemwood and stembark were plotted against stem diameter and tree age and regressions were calculated which may be combined with stem taper equations and wood density to predict nutrient removal in stemwood under a range of harvesting scenarios for the central volcanic plateau of New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>729</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">729</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, A. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Boron, copper, manganese, and zinc in stemwood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron and zinc concentrations increased with wood age in four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees. Manganese increased with wood age in three trees and decreased in one tree. Copper concentrations were unrelated to age. Zinc concentrations varied significantly among trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beveridge, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review: van Goor, C.P. (Chief co-ordinator) 1982: Indonesian Forestry Abstracts. Dutch literature until about 1960</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-233</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1301</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1301</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecroyd, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Boland, D.J. et al., 1984: Forest trees in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1302</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1302</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennent, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - de Vries, P.G. 1986: Sampling theory for forest inventory. A teach-yourself course</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Pine needles and tree stems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>839</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">839</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nugent, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successful control of fallow deer by recreational hunters in the Blue Mountains, Otago.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The annual reported kill of fallow deer (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dama dama</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) in the Blue Mountains, Otago, declined from 2038 in the 1962-63 year to 394 in 1984-85. Surveys of faecal pellet density in 1975, 1980, 1983, and 1985 indicated that deer density decreased through the late 1970s and into the 1980s. The decline up to 1980 was mainly the result of commercial hunting. Although commercial hunting ceased after 1980 the efforts of recreational hunters continued the decline in deer density. By 1985, most deer inhabited areas &gt; 1.5 km away from access points. In the 1984-85 year 1284 hunters spent 3710 man days hunting, but most had little impact on the deer population. Only 199 hunters (15.5%) killed deer, and just 45 (3.5%) accounted for over half of the reported kills. This core group hunted more frequently than average, but were also the most skilled at finding and killing deer. Most hunters (84%) came from within 90 km of the Recreational Hunting Area. The ability of recreational hunters to control deer populations appears to depend on the size of the hunter population within 100 km and on the extent of road access.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>656</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">656</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family tests as a basis for the genetic improvement of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vigorous and healthy growth (16-m heights) was shown by 8-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden families in New Zealand trials Central Victorian families were 10-15% greater in diameter growth and 35-50% better in tree form scores than seedlots from eastern Victoria (Errinundra) and southern New South Wales. There were no large or consistent differences among the three provenances of central Victoria - Macalister, Toorongo, or Rubicon. The large variation between populations within the Toorongo provenance, showing the Mt Erica population top ranked for diameter growth and the Upper Thomson River population bottom ranked, supports the theory of introgression from the Errinundra variety. Multiple trait index selection across sites was used to choose the best 20 central Victorian half-sib families. Selection of these families should give gains of 7.5% for diameter, which equates to a 19% volume gain, over unselected central Victorian families. Predicted gains in form score are 8% for these selected families. Genetic variability in resistance to wind damage was demonstrated and this characteristic was also used in the selection of half-sib families. Half-sib family selection can be utilised for seed production gains and there are methods of advancing the population in open-pollinated families.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inglis, C. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype and location effects on internode length of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-279</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guidelines</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long internode</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation study</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internode length of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in New Zealand is under strong additive genetic control, and it is an important index of the amount of clearwood yielded by unpruned trees. Variation between genotype in internode length is much greater on fertile, high-latitude sites, but rankings of genotypes are quite stable over all sites. Both multinodal (short-internode) and long-internode breeds have been developed to supply timber products for differing end-uses. Much greater yields of clearwood can be obtained from a long-internode breed, but this will be at some cost in gains for growth and form traits when compared to the most advanced multinodal tree type. It is important to match the choice of breed with the planting site, and with subsequent management of the forest crop; this will be greatly assisted when the effects of the tree breeding programme can be accounted for in existing forest planning models.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>914</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">914</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reducing the frequency of seedling malformations in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> nurseries by the application of insecticides.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">280-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insecticides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The results of three trials undertaken in consecutive years in the Forest Research Institute Nursery, Rotorua, gave strong support to the hypothesis that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thrips tabaci</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindeman is the cause of needle crinkling and multileadering in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don seedlings in forest nurseries. Fortnightly applications of an insecticide led to a reduction in the number of thrips present on the seedlings, and a reduction in the number of seedlings becoming multileadered. The lowest incidence of malformation occurred in beds of seedlings which had been sprayed at fortnightly intervals with 10 g deltamethrin in water using a spray volume of 100 L/ha.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>753</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">753</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cullen, A. W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rijkse, W. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, otorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stock types on ripped and ripped/bedded plots at Karioi Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287-296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two site preparation techniques - ripping and ripping plus bedding - were compared with an uncultivated control treatment on compacted, podsolised soils from weathered andesitic tephras at Karioi Forest. Two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Eton seedling stock types (1/0 and 1.5/0) were used.&#xD;&#xD;Ripping/bedding caused a significant improvement in height and diameter growth between ages 2 and 7 years, but the improvement was not large enough to justify the cost of cultivation on the grounds of improved growth alone. Root form and vertical extension were better in the cultivated plots than in the control, but no significant differences in stability between cultivation treatments were recorded. The 1.5/0 stock was larger at planting time than 1/0 stock, was more difficult to plant properly, and exhibited much poorer root form than 1/0 stock. It toppled almost twice as often as the 1/0 stock, despite slightly deeper planting and a larger mean root: shoot ratio. Growth was not significantly different between stock types by age 7.&#xD;&#xD;Root extension was related to penetration resistance, and was severely restricted when the resistance exceeded 3 MPa.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Packaging and cool-storage effects on growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-303</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth capacity, shoot height, and diameter growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartweg seedlings were reduced by 48 hours or more of cool-storage, regardless of type of packaging. However, seedlings packaged horizontally in either </style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">a </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wax-impregnated kraft cardboard box with polythene liner (DL-55 planting box) or a 4-ply gusseted kraft paper bag with polythene liner (Capcote bag) produced greater height growth in the year after planting than those seedlings packaged vertically in the conventional manner. &#xD;&#xD;Correlations between root growth capacity and final height and diameter were significant. However, there was not the same strong relationship with growth increment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1230</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1230</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeates, G. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Private Bag, Lower Hutt, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earthworm and enchytraeid populations in a 13-year-old agroforestry system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-310</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological activities</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarterly sampling of the Tikitere trial in 1986-87 gave estimates of average earthworm populations of 378, 283, 150, 0, and 1 earthworms/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in plots containing 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don/ha 13 years after planting. These are lower than published values for the same plots of 547, 435, 304, 389, and 287 earthworms/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> estimated 2 years after planting. Both soil pH and pasture productivity have fallen in the intervening period. Populations of Enchytraeidae averaged 10 000-64 000/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, being most abundant at 50 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%">/</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ha. The declining earthworm populations and soil pH indicate significant changes in soil biological activity which may influence post-harvest management.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>885</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">885</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penman, J. T. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume, taper, and bark thickness in seedlings and cuttings from Mamaku Forest, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A row-by-row comparison of &quot;bulk collected&quot; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cuttings and seedlings was planted out in 1970 on a cleared indigenous cutover site in Mamaku Forest. The cuttings came from 7-year-old parents. The area had been marked for a final thinning to a stocking of 200 stems/ha in 1985. Sectional measurements were taken on 38 thinned trees (19 seedlings and 19 cuttings) in January 1986. The mean diameter at breast height (dbh) and total stem volume under bark were lower in cuttings. However, there were significant differences in tree form and taper, which resulted in 8% more total stem volume under bark in cuttings for trees of the same dbh and height. Bark thickness was less in cuttings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>392</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry of weathering and solubilisation of copper fungicide and the effect of copper on germination, growth, metabolism, and reproduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-328</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conidia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copper fungicide (as 50% cuprous oxide W.P. formulation) applied to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don needles is solubilised by complexation and oxidation processes to potentially give &gt;30mg cupric ion (Cu</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)/L in aqueous solution. Bioassays using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary conidia showed that exposure to 20 mg Cu</style><style face="italic superscript" font="default" size="100%">2+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/L in the presence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle aqueous exudates (which stimulate germination, and support fungal growth) for periods as short as 1.5 h was sufficient to kill the spores. Lower concentrations (10 mg/L) of Cu</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, while not greatly reducing conidial germination rate, substantially reduced germ tube length and effected the hyphal anatomy, while 5 mg Cu</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/L prevented production of conidia by mycelium grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Low dose rates (0.1-5 mg/L) affected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> mycelium metabolism, causing a five-fold increase in secondary metabolite (mainly dothistromin) synthesis, but did not reduce conidia germination. Cu</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> concentrations in water films on the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle surface need to be above 10 mg/L to prevent infection from taking place, or above 5mg/L to prevent re-infections from secondary conidia.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1075</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1075</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terlesk, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand reorganisation: Results from the trials at Hautu Forest, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-344</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four layouts were tested in a stand reorganisation trial established in Pinus radiata D. Don at Hautu Forest in 1973 - groups of four trees at 800 stems/ha, and groups of five trees, short lines of five trees, and the more conventional rectangular spacing at 1000 stems/ha. The final-crop 200 stems/ha were pruned to 6 m in three lifts. A production thinning was carried out at age 10 years in 1983 with a yield of 100 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and an estimated cost of NZ$12.50/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The sale price on skid was $16.00/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;The growth of the pruned final-crop stems was only marginally affected by the presence of the production thinning element and little mechanical damage was caused by thinning. The economics of production thinning were improved, although the load accumulation gains were not as clear as expected. Times for prebunching in the groups of four and five and in conventional rows were all less than the lines of five. In the groups of four an initial stocking of 800 stems/ha was sufficient to give an acceptable final-crop stocking of 200 stems/ha.&#xD;A second stand reorganisation trial established in 1975 investigated a paired row concept, i.e., pairs of final-crop rows alternating with pairs of rows for production thinning. Identification of the final-crop rows allowed them to receive seed orchard stock, cultivation, and fertiliser treatment to compensate for the green crown removal at pruning time. These advantages were sustained until the production thinning at age 10 years. Satisfactory levels of production were achieved using current machines and systems. However, more sophisticated harvesting systems would have benefited from the concentration of thinnings from adequate and well-defined corridors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>265</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">265</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing methods for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pruned logs - an indicative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">345-358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect core</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Split-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three hundred pruned logs from two compartments in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island were sawn in Rotorua in a preliminary study to examine the effects of different sawing strategies on conversion and grade recovery in an actual sawmill trial. The results showed that grade sawing has the potential to substantially increase the proportion of high-value timber grades over fixed saw pattern breakdown methods. Log positioning (no taper, split taper, and full taper) had little influence on grade recovery but split taper showed a clear advantage in conversion.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selecting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for resistance to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle blight</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary was assessed on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in New Zealand in nine progeny trials ranging in age from 2 to 10 years. Resistant families could be identified from all assessments and rankings were consistent over sites and years. Heritabilities were moderately high, specific combining ability (SCA) was very small compared to general combining ability (GCA), and there was no indication of substantial genotype x location interaction. The greatest net gain in volume from resistant progeny will result from placing as much selection emphasis on Dothistroma resistance as on improved growth rate and stem form. Genetic gain expected from seed orchard progeny from performance-tested first-generation parents is calculated from progeny test data to be about 11-12%. The actual reduction in disease with disease-resistant stock may be greater because of the epidemiological effect which occurs when all trees in a stand are resistant.&#xD;&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skidtrails and their effect on the growth and management of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees growing on and just off four major skidtrails in Tairua Forest was compared. Those growing on the skidtrails were markedly inferior in height, diameter, and form. This significantly affected the selection of trees for thinning and pruning so that, by age 7.5 years, only 4% of the trees planted on the skidtrails remained to form the final crop compared with 15% of those planted off the trails. Trees left on the trails were 2 cm smaller in diameter and 1 m shorter than those left off the trail. These results suggest that, for soils similar to the clays of Tairua, consideration should be given to either leaving major skidtrails implanted, or carrying out some sort of site amelioration.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Mare, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root patterns of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on five ripping treatments in a Canterbury forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-40</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eight years after planting, root systems were compared for 30 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Eton trees excavated from each of five different ripping treatments and an unripped control. Taproots of trees from deep-ripped (100 cm) treatments penetrated to a far greater depth (153 cm) than those from the shallow-ripped treatment (60 cm). Taproots of trees planted on the unripped site penetrated to a maximum depth of 48 cm because of the presence of a hard pan. &#xD;&#xD;A single line rip (deep or shallow) resulted in some orientation of primary lateral roots. This orientation became more pronounced in the secondary lateral roots, which were confined along the line of the rip. Although lateral roots were more evenly distributed in the unripped and cross-ripped treatments, least development was in the north-east quadrant and greatest development in the south-west. &#xD;&#xD;The number of butt-swept trees was not significantly affected by treatment, but ths severity of stem deviation and sinuosity resulting from initial butt sweep was related to treatment. The straighter the taproot and the deeper its penetration, the less stem deviation. &#xD;&#xD;It is suggested that all sites with a shallow hard pan be deep-ripped, using winged rippers, to maximise soil disturbance, and that forests on the Canterbury Plains have rows orientated south-west to north-east.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>868</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">868</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log index</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect core</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Half-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log variables</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Pruned Log Index (PLI), derived from measurements of log size and shape and the size of the defect core, has been developed as an absolute measure of pruned sawlog quality. It is based entirely on measurable log variables routinely acquired under either of two established pruned log analysis systems. Being dependent on accurate and detailed measurements, PLI is of higher precision than other existing forms of pruned log classification. Consequently its application should be limited to real logs only (other less precise measures are more appropriate for predicting future log quality). &#xD;&#xD;The index was developed and validated with the assistance of the pruned log sawing simulator SEESAW. Simulation was used in preference to the real sawing results available in order to avoid the confounding influences of sawmill variables. This simulation approach also allowed the performance of trial formulae to be examined under three distinct sawing systems. Initial derivation of formulae was intuitive, based on previous experience, and all formulae included terms for log size, log shape, and defect core size. Trial indices were regressed against conversions to clears grades from SEESAW simulations using two sets of real log data from the SEESAW &quot;library&quot;. Set 1 consisted of 74 pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs, originally acquired through sawing studies, and was used to explore and evaluate trial formulae. Set 2 consisted of 15 logs, originally acquired through log cross-sectional analysis, and was used for validation.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>869</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">869</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison, via the SEESAW simulator, of three sawing systems for pruned logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-67</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Half-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from 89 real pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs, representing most of the pruned log types currently being traded in New Zealand, were used in a comparison of sawing systems. Each log was &quot;sawn&quot; three times in the SEESAW simulator to provide results from No Taper Cant, Half-taper Cant, and Half-taper Live sawing.&#xD;&#xD;Total conversion to sawn timber and volumes of clearwood recovered were very similar under all systems but the form in which this timber was produced differed markedly. Half-taper Cant sawing proved the best system for most purposes because it produced the fewest pieces and the most desirable distribution of widths. No Taper Cant sawing gave the second best result and is recommended as a good system for mills which do not have a half-taper sawing capacity. Half-taper Live sawing gave the poorest result with a 43% increase in the number of pieces produced and 47% of clears grades recovered in narrows less than 100 mm wide.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>871</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">871</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of the SEESAW simulator and Pruned Log Index to pruned resource evaluations - a case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods presented for evaluating pruned sawlogs are based on accurate and detailed individual log measurements. The measurements provide data both for the calculation of Pruned Log Index (PLI), which is an absolute measure of pruned log quality, and for sawing simulations. The prime objective in pruned sawlog evaluations is to determine accurately the potential of logs to produce clears grade timber. Sawing simulations, using sample log data, provided better estimates of pruned sawlog potential than could be derived from a timber grade study in a real sawmill. The SEESAW simulator was used to design a standardised sawpattern (STDSP) which maximised recovery in clears grades. SEESAW was then used on a range of logs from the database to provide optimum STD SP results on clears grades recovery. Upper benchmarks for STD SP were set by deriving relationships between PLI and those simulated sawing results.&#xD;&#xD;Twenty pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs from Waratah in the central North Island were sawn to STD SP at the Timber Industry Training Centre sawmill. Sawing results and data from those logs were used in validations of SEESAW and the upper benchmarks. The Waratah logs were also used to provide an example of how a straightforward evaluation of pruned sawlog samples should be carried out. This included a demonstration of how the benchmark relationships established between PLI and SEESAW results can substitute for the continual use of the simulator and reduce the time taken for data analyses from days to minutes.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>870</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">870</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classing pruned logs and benchmarking sawmill recoveries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data on 357 logs from 25 standardised timber grade studies (including </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hartweg, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Miller) were used to derive methods of classifying pruned sawlog samples and rating sawmill recoveries in pruned log conversion. Results from SEESAW simulations were used to set upper benchmarks for total conversion and recovery in clears grades. Six pruned log classes, ranging from &quot;unpruned&quot; through to excellent, were established. Sample means from the 25 studies were represented in five of these classes demonstrating the wide range of pruned log quality currently available in New Zealand. However, over half the sample means were grouped within the third lowest class and a further quarter were in the class below that, which confirms well-pruned logs are still scarce. &#xD;&#xD;Large differences in mill conversions and clears grades recovery were also identified. This was demonstrated by comparing results from five sawmills with the simulation-established benchmarks. On similar log types, clears grades recovery from the best-performed mill came within 4.5 percentage points of the benchmark while the worst mill was down 18.4 percentage points. Such diversity in results demonstrated why the quality of pruned logs should be assessed on their potential rather than on grade recovery by any particular mill.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>194</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">194</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Candy, S. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compatible tree volume and variable-form stem taper models for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tasmania</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A tree volume model based on Schumacher&apos;s form and a compatible, segmented, and variable-form stem taper model were found to be the best models for predicting volume, volume and diameter to a given height, and volume to a top diameter limit for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don sample trees. Schumacher&apos;s tree volume model was modified by incorporating DBH to total height ratio (R) and mean annual DBH increment (DBH/age) as extra predictor variables. The variable-form stem taper model incorporated DBH, R, and DBH/age as extra predictor variables to the average-form model. The model predicts increasing butt swell with increasing DBH and increasing upper-stem taper with increasing DBH/age. Compatibility enforced algebraically gave more precise and less biased predictions of volume in the butt section compared to the empirically-compatible version of the taper model. The model suffered from bias when predicting diameter near the tip but bias was not a problem in volume prediction. A random coefficients regression procedure was used to generalise the taper model from an average-form to a variable-form model.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>195</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">195</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Candy, S. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management Research Branch, Tasmanian Forestry Commission, Box 207B, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield models for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tasmania</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-133</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A set of growth and yield models for intensively managed </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantations in Tasmania have been constructed so that temporary inventory plot data can be used as the starting point for the simulation of stand dynamics. Stand-level increment models have been derived for mean dominant height, basal area, mortality, and volume. A combined parameter prediction and recovery method was used to forecast the parameters of the Weibull distribution which was used as a model of the diameter distribution. A model for the simulation of thinning has also been constructed. &#xD;&#xD;Where possible the models have been cast as generalised linear models and a quasi-likelihood approach was adopted in the modelling of the random component of each model, resulting in an iteratively reweighted least squares procedure for the estimation of model parameters. A Poisson-like variance function was used to model the error variance of forecasts of stand variables - mean dominant height, basal area, and volume. Binomial or binomial-like variance functions were used for the mortality, diameter distribution, and thinning models.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1009</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1009</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Regeneration patterns in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beilschmiedia tawa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-dominant forest at Rotoehu: A modified presentation of some of the data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1304</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1304</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rook, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Kossuth, S.V. &amp; Ross, S.D. 1987: Hormonal control of tree growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1305</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1305</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Roche, M.M. 1987: Forest policy in New Zealand - a historical geography 1840-1919</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136-137</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Cole, D.W. &amp; Gessel, S.P. 1989: Forest site evaluation and long-term productivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1061</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1061</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maintaining health in plantation forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-154</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In reviewing the current mechanisms for maintaining health in plantation forests, this paper suggests that the health of New Zealand&apos;s radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don) forests has declined over the last 30 years and can be expected to continue to decline. There is a need to monitor forest health, largely for the predictive capability this will provide. It is also necessary to have alternative replacement species for the time when radiata pine may become uneconomic. It is proposed that in the next decade the attitude to forest health in the industry should be somewhat modified from its present &quot;specialist&apos; status, and instead forest health should be regarded as a normal economic component of silvicultural decision-making. Forest staff should be more involved in health maintenance and forest health data should be incorporated in decision-making models. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>831</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">831</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tasman Forestry Ltd., Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health - an industry perspective of the risks to New Zealand&apos;s plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-158</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because of the very nature of their business, New Zealand forest managers are familiar with managing for risks. Plantation value losses caused by diseases and insects have been exceeded only by losses caused by wind. The work and educational background of New Zealand&apos;s forest supervisors gives them an  understanding of control measures but not of preventative measures. By overseas standards New Zealand&apos;s forest plantations have very few significant insect or&#xD;disease problems but losses due to the most significant disease, Dothistroma needle blight, exceed $7.00/ha/year in the North Island and, locally, leader-dieback associated with Diplodia whorl canker can cost more than $1.30/ha/year. Forest managers in New Zealand are anxious to see that the New Zealand forest industries and the Ministry of Forestry combine their efforts to ensure an objective approach to forest health risk management and there is a need for the Industry as a whole to recognise the risk and the responsibility for minimising it.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>897</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">897</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poole, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZFP Forests Ltd., PO Box 648, Tokoroa, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health issues in South-east Asian countries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-162</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although plantations are not yet a large part of South-east Asian forestry, they are becoming increasingly important as wood supplies from natural forests are depleted. Insect and fungal pathogens can have severely detrimental effects on tree plantations and usually where this has happened foresters have responded by changing tree species or siting. Awareness of the potential dangers of forest pathogens is highest in areas which already have a plantation crop industry, such as rubber or cocoa.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>341</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">341</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, R. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferry, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, I. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistromin risk assessment for forestry workers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-170</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fungal toxin dothistromin has the furobenzofuran moiety in common with aflatoxin Bl, a known mutagen, human hepatotoxin, and potential human carcinogen. Environmental contamination with dothistromin has been assessed in field studies by sampling forest air, water in the catchment area, and clothing and skin of forestry workers. The possible adverse health effects of such contamination have been assessed retrospectively in two independent epidemiological studies. Dothistromin has also been tested for mutagenicity in a wide variety of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bio-assays, most of which have been positive, and for the purpose of a more&#xD;complete risk assessment, in a mouse </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vivo </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutagenicity assay. Dothistromin appeared to be just as genotoxic as aflatoxin Bl in the mouse bone marrow/peripheral red blood cell assay. The toxin was also detected in the urine of these animals. This work and all the earlier findings with dothistromin have implications for the health and well-being of forestry and other workers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>301</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">301</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, A. M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZFP Forests Ltd., PO Box 648, Tokoroa, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle blight in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands of Kinleith Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-179</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Since 1966 copper fungicides have been aerially applied to control Dothistroma needle blight within the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don stands of Kinleith Forest. The total cost of this programme has been $18,400,000 (1988 dollars). Current control costs are substantially less than they were when spraying began because of improvements in application techniques and reduction in spray volume. Spray records for 40 stands (10 300 ha total) showed that the average spray frequency per hectare per rotation was 5.45 (range 2.10-10.30). Yield information was available for 10 of the 40 stands. There was no correlation between expected yield and spraying frequency for these areas. A theoretical Dothistroma-resistant breed of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">was evaluated in terms of spraying cost. Savings of 56% are estimated if this breed was established within Kinleith Forest in place of existing breeds.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>558</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">558</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root disease in New Zealand forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-197</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The Armillaria root disease caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">A. novae-zelandiae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Stevenson) Herink and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">A. limonea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Stevenson) Boesewinkel continues to affect plantation forestry in New Zealand. Although the land area being converted from indigenous forest to pine plantation is declining, limited evidence demonstrates that stands already planted on such sites may harbour nonlethal, chronic infection throughout the rotation, with a consequent reduction in growth yield. There are indications that chronic infection may persist in certain second-rotation stands, although the total area of forest infected by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">species is unknown. Effective control and management of this disease must be based on a sound knowledge of its development during the course of the rotation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>809</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">809</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, F. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Univ. of Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Inst., PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forty years of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ips grandicollis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">198-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Both </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Sirex noctilio </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Fabricius and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Ips grandicollis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Eichh. have been involved in serious outbreaks since their respective establishments. Some progress has been made with biological control but success in the long term may depend on attention to key silvicultural aspects of stand management.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>456</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">456</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glass, B. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay distribution in relation to pruning and growth stress in plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Pruning has been adopted in managing eucalypt plantations for sawlog and veneer log production in New Zealand; however, internal decay can gain entry through pruned branch stubs. Longitudinal movement of decay along the pith was observed in 15 destructively sampled </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">F. Mueller, as was radial movement towards the pith, but no decay was detected outwards into wood laid down after pruning. Eucalypt pruning guidelines with respect to branch diameter at time of pruning were supported. Three core zones are distinguishable in eucalypts — the decay core, the defect core, and the brittle heart core. In </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. regnans, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">brittle heart rather than internal decay or pruned branch stubs will probably determine the ultimate diameter of the central core. The silvicultural trade-offs involved in the timing and frequency of pruning mean that future research will need to focus on occlusion of pruned branch stubs, patterns of spread of&#xD;internal decay, and a quick and simple means of detecting brittle heart in standing trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>296</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">296</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Little, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPM Forest Products Research Unit, PO Box 63, Ridgley, Tasmania, Australia 7321</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paropsine chrysomelid attack on plantations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tasmania</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-227</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Of the 36 species of paropsine chrysomelids occurring naturally on eucalypts in Tasmania, five species have been observed attacking the introduced eucalypt, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Deane et  Maiden) Maiden, which is the main eucalypt species used in commercial plantations in Tasmania. The chrysomelids are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Paropsis porosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Erichson on seedlings; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Chrysophtharta agricola </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Chapuis) on juvenile foliage; and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. bimaculata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Olivier), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. delittlei </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Selman, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. charybdis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Stal on adult foliage. To date </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. bimaculata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">has been the most significant pest causing extensive and severe defoliation on several occasions to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">plantations in northern Tasmania. A preliminary appraisal has been made of the significance of attack experienced to date for plantation growth rates. With current planting rates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">at about 3500 ha per annum and likely to increase in the future, integrated control and resistance breeding programmes are needed to keep these pests in check.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>232</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">232</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobos Suarez, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz Urrestarazu, M. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extended abstract: Forest health problems affecting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in Spain with special reference to the Basque region</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>832</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">832</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newhook, F. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Univ. of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest health in the South Pacific - a plant pathologist&apos;s view</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-242</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil compaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Worldwide we could be said to be in the middle of a &quot;dieback decade&quot;. The term is relatively new but evidence is accumulating which indicates that periodic recurrence of many dieback epidemics, with intervals of decades or centuries, is not uncommon. Canopy dieback, starting with gradual defoliation and twig death, occurs over a wide spectrum of forest types in indigenous forests of the Pacific region. Stress in some form or other is commonly recognised as a contributory factor, e.g., drought, excess water, insect infestation, competition, and combinations of these. Gross divergence from &quot;normal extremes&quot; is often the critical feature and the decline set in motion may be irreversible, even if deterioration takes several years. Primary foliage pathogens appear to be relatively innocuous in our zone. Primary insect infestation of leaves and twigs does cause concern although manifestation may be irregular. Analogous, but more devastating, is browsing by possums. Amongst other effects, possums have changed the dominance pattern of rata-kamahi in several regions of New Zealand. A group of less spectacular but nevertheless widespread lethal influences includes damping-off and root-rot fungi, browsing mammals, predators of seed, and feral pigs, as transporters of soil-borne pathogens. Between them, these factors can change the whole course of regeneration. Various physical aspects of the environment have direct and indirect impacts on forest health: gross disturbance by storm, roadworks, logging; changes in hydrology of a site (e.g., podocarp dieback); passive introduction of a pathogen (e.g., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Phytophthora) </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">increase in inoculum food base (e.g., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Armillaria), </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">soil compaction; increased insolation causing a rise in soil temperature with consequent influence on disease severity </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Phytophthora).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1037</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1037</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stewart, G. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Inst., PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological considerations of dieback in New Zealand&apos;s indigenous forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243-249</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Three types of factors influence the dieback of forest stands — factors that predispose stands, trigger factors that initiate dieback, and factors that contribute to further decline. All known examples of dieback in New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Metrosideros </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp., and beech/hardwood forests can be explained using this three-factor framework.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baddeley, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection of new insects and diseases in indigenous forests in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The prime objective of forest health surveillance, as defined in this paper, is the early detection of introduced insects and pathogens in order to minimise damage, enhance the possibility of eradication, and limit the cost of control. Since the introduction of systematic surveillance in New Zealand the emphasis has been on protecting plantation forests and little has been done in indigenous forests. The Department of Conservation has not yet taken steps to address this apparent imbalance. The cost of a comprehensive surveillance programme for New Zealand&apos;s indigenous forests is estimated at $4.5 million, compared with current costs of $2.4 million for control of fire, $2.3 million for weeds, and $5.8 million for wild animals. There are differences between plantation and protected indigenous forests which might influence susceptibility to, or seriousness of, introduced insects or pathogens, and various factors will need to be considered in developing a forest health surveillance strategy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>648</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">648</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kile, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Packham, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, H. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Div. of Forestry &amp; Forest Products, Stowell Ave., Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrtle wilt and its possible management in association with human disturbance of rainforest in Tasmania</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chalara australis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker &amp; Kile is a lethal primary pathogen of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook.) Oerst. (myrtle) in Tasmanian rainforests. It is a major cause of gaps in myrtledominated stands but mortality is often most severe in rainforest subject to human disturbance. Possible strategies could be developed to minimise disease in areas of disturbed rainforest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1137</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1137</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry Commission, PO Box 207B Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management of Tasmanian forests affected by regrowth dieback</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-276</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economically, regrowth dieback is the most serious of Tasmania&apos;s eucalypt crown dieback diseases. Uncertainty as to the cause of this disease constrains the management of dieback-affected forests. Intensive surveys after droughts may be warranted to check the area and severity of dieback. Decisions could then be made about the need to adjust yield predictions or harvesting schedules. Silvicultural treatments that increase the rate of wood production could be used to help reduce future crop losses due to the disease.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>295</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">295</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davison, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shearer, B. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Conservation &amp; Land Management, PO Box 104, Como, Western Australia 6125, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. in indigenous forests in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-289</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forests in Australia are managed primarily for timber production, water production, and conservation. Soil infestation by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. has the potential to affect all of these. Infestation is widespread but is perceived to affect timber production only in the mixed species eucalypt forests in Victoria and the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus marginata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Donn ex Sm. (jarrah) forest in Western Australia. It is known to affect water production in Western Australia. As </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. have a very wide host range, site infestation leads to vegetation changes which reduce the conservation value of indigenous forests and similar plant communities in southern Australia.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>573</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">573</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Res. Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beech forest health - implications for management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290-293</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platypus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Catastrophic tree mortality is a natural process in beech </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Nothofagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp.) forest ecology. Managers must accept that periodically large areas of forest will die, accompanied by outbreaks of insects and disease. In accepting the inevitability of these changes, managers also need to recognise an educational responsibility to forest users in offering an explanation of the processes occurring and their probable consequences. It is well known that small disturbances in beech forest usually initiate change over much greater areas, especially in mature or overmature stands. Forest managers can take action to reduce the impact of new tracks, camp sites, and picnic areas and retain healthy forest cover. Pinhole borers </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp.) are the primary agents in extending damage, and action to reduce populations and prevent their build-up can be very effective. Cleared trees and logs should be cut into short lengths to dry and become unsuitable for attack. Residual trees should not be stressed by root or stem damage or have spoil heaped on their roots. Trees that subsequently do become attacked should be felled and also cut into short lengths before brood emerge, i.e., within 2 years of attack. Care in planning tracks and camp sites and in the treatment of adjacent trees can go a long way towards preserving the essential character of the area. Conversely, the development of high populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp. can lead to prolonged and extensive stand decline.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buchanan, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSIR Plant Protection, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of Australasian species of wood-decay fungi - a New Zealand perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">294-305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood decay</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood-decay fungi</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of fruit-bodies of wood-decay fungi (mainly corticioid and polypore fungi) uses both macroscopic and microscopic characters, and the type of associated wood rot. Examination of the hyphal system of the fruit-body is particularly important. Identification of fungal cultures derived from decayed wood, in the absence of fruit-bodies of the fungus, is hindered by a lack of literature for Australasian species. Use of the Buller phenomenon may assist cultural identification. Herbaria and culture collections of wood-decay fungi are key resources for identification.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wylie, F. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landsberg, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extended abstract: Rural tree decline in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-307</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wylie, F. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology Section, Department of Forestry, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent trends in plant quarantine policy in Australia and New Zealand and their implications for forestry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Reviews have recently been conducted independently by Australia and New Zealand into various aspects of their plant quarantine policy and practice. Quarantine policy trends in the two countries are similar, being shaped largely by the same pressures and demands, both external (e.g., international moves towards trade liberalisation) and internal (e.g., financial stringencies). A key issue that has emerged from these reviews, and the most controversial, is the assessment of &quot;acceptable risk&quot; by means of bio-economic analysis. Such an approach must be extremely conservative when considering the interests of industries such as forestry because of the disproportionate impact the introduction of exotic pests and pathogens may have on forests and forest products, the special difficulties of early detection and control of such organisms, and the paucity of data on which to base risk assessment. Other issues of relevance to forestry are the establishment of databases on pests and diseases, pre-clearance, area freedom, privatisation of quarantine premises, &quot;multiskilling&quot; for border inspections, community consultation in policy formulation, and the promotion of public awareness of&#xD;quarantine.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>241</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">241</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, A. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, PO Box 1610, Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;User-pays&quot; and the impact on forest produce import and export quarantine in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-329</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive import/export quarantine operations were commenced in 1948 by the Forest Service with costs being met by the taxpayers. The first Regulations came in 1956 and contained a simple schedule of fees. These were extended in 1966 but still covered only sawn timber, box snooks, and timber in round form. In 1986 the Government decided that, under its &quot;user-pays&quot; policy, net funding for forestry services (including quarantine) would be reduced to zero over 5 years. New fee schedules were introduced in 1987 by the Ministry of Forestry. There was client resistance to paying for regulatory quarantine inspections. Some &quot;national good&quot; content was recognised by the Government. The impact of user-pays may initially have had some detrimental effect on import inspection effectiveness.&#xD;Some countries do not need phytosanitary certificates for exports. Inspections ceased for these destinations and exporter costs were consequently reduced. At entry ports in Japan and Korea fumigation or some other form of sterilisation is automatically carried out. On the other hand, forest produce exported to Australia must meet very precise quarantine inspection standards, and some other countries demand a phytosanitary certificate based on the International Plant Protection Convention format. The introduction of user-pays also had an initial impact on forest health surveys. The Government may reorganise border control services.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cowley, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of the economic impact of newly introduced pests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">330-334</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-benefit analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating the economic impact of an introduced pest is most useful if it can be carried out before the pest arrives, so that contingency plans for eradicating it can be developed. This has been done by MAFQual (the quality control section of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) for critical quarantine pests such as Tephritidae (fruit flies). Critical quarantine pests are defined as those which would cause immediate loss of valuable export market access. For quarantine pests (i.e., those serious plant pests which do not occur in New Zealand, but which would not necessarily cause loss of export market access) it is difficult to develop&#xD;contingency plans in advance. For a quarantine pest, therefore, the decision on whether to attempt to eradicate, contain, or accept the pest must be made after establishment. A cost-benefit analysis must be undertaken comparing all of the costs of an eradication with the benefits of avoiding the damages caused by the introduced pest. Provided the benefits outweigh the costs, eradication can be accepted as a viable option. These procedures were followed before removal of the mite </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bryobia lagodechiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Reck from a rose garden in Auckland.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>574</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">574</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extended abstract: Pine wilt nematode - an example of active risk assessment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-337</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>992</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">992</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheridan, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Doctors Ltd. 2 Cheesman St., Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine risks imposed by overseas passengers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The role of clothing and baggage of visitors arriving from Australia at Wellington International Airport in introducing plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated. In the 1980 survey pathogenic fungi comprised 17% of the total spores collected and included </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Ustilago </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Puccinia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Drechslera </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp. The most frequently encountered spore types in the 1982 survey were </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Alternaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pithomyces </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(64% of samples), rust urediniospores (57%), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Drechslera </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Epicoccum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(51%), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cladosporium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(49%), and smut teliospores (45%). Approximately 10% of spore types were viable. Passengers originating from farms carried a significantly greater number of spore types and more rust urediniospores than those from other areas. The likelihood of air passengers introducing new diseases into New Zealand is considered to be high.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1029</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1029</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiers, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Protection Div., Dept. of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction of poplar and willow pathogens into New Zealand and their effect</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Since 1973, poplars in New Zealand have been attacked by five new pathogens: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Melampsora larici-populina </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Kleb. (1973), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Melampsora medusae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Thum. (1973), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Marssonina brunnea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Ell. &amp; Ev.) Magn. (1976), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Marssonina castagnei </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Desm. &amp; Mont.) Magn. (1985), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Xanthomonas campestris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">pv. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">populi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">de Kam (1985). The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Melampsora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">rusts and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Marssonina </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">species have defoliated susceptible cultivars and killed mature trees whereas </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">X. campestris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">pv. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">populi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">has caused little damage. During the same period tree and shrub willows have been defoliated by two newly introduced rusts, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Melampsora coleosporioides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Dietel (1978) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Melampsora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">sp. (1985) respectively. With the exception of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Marssonina brunnea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">which was introduced into New Zealand on poplar seed, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">X. campestris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">pv. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">populi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">whose time and mode of entry are unknown, the pathogens all entered New Zealand via trans-Tasman wind currents from Australia. The devastating effects of poplar rust and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Marssonina castagnei </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">on poplar plantings clearly demonstrate the dangers posed by extensive monoclonal propagation. To avoid future disease epidemics the genetic base of poplars and willows has been broadened considerably and the planting of genetically diverse clonal mixtures undertaken.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, P. C. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZFP Forests Limited, PO Box 648, Tokoroa, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment and pest detection surveys for exotic pests and diseases which threaten commercial forestry in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-374</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest detection surveys</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Regular surveys of port environs and forest areas are justified to detect new introductions of harmful insects or fungi. Early detection allows timely eradication or control action, so minimising losses of forest value. Historical records show an average 4.6 new introductions each year, and timely response to all of these will yield a maximum national benefit, excluding costs of detection, of $8.95 million per annum. Effective forest health survey methods, in order of decreasing cost efficiency, include aerial survey, drive-through roadside survey, and random point sampling. Used in combination, at a range of regional survey intensities appropriate to risk and cost, they yield a maximum national net benefit of $7.33 million at survey levels which give 95% detection of new introductions. This analysis justifies increasing current levels of survey towards 95% detection, while refining the methods and assumptions used so as to increase confidence in defining the point of maximum net benefit.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>633</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">633</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kershaw, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">History of forest health surveillance in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-377</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Forest health surveillance in New Zealand was initiated in 1956 after insect attack triggered concern about the susceptibility of exotic forests. Surveillance techniques and scientific support developed as the types and areas of greatest risks were identified from operation reviews. The detection of newly established forest insects and fungi has become the top priority and surveillance has extended to port environs. A Forest Disease Contingency Plan formalises actions when new introduced insects and fungi are detected, and a computerised forest health database has been established for records going back 25 years. A &quot;user-pay&quot; system to cover the cost of surveillance and scientific back-up was intitiated in 1987. A Forest Health Advisory Committee involves industry in planning and advising the Government on matters pertaining to forest health.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>617</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">617</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, I. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General and specific combining ability in families of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New South Wales, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Diameter at 1.3 m and total height were assessed at HV2 years from planting in a control-pollinated progeny test </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">of Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don in New South Wales, Australia. The material represented an 18-female x 4-male North Carolina II mating design, with eight crosses missing. The stem diameter and height of each tree were combined in a measure of conic volume. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were estimated as  measures of additive genetic and dominance variances respectively. Ratios of estimated GCA to SC A for the traits diameter and volume were low (0.4 to 0.5), while that for height was high (3.0). Individual heritability estimates were low (0.07 to 0.09) and imprecise for diameter and volume, but that for height was moderate (0.24). Additive genetic correlations between pairs of growth traits were positive, and relatively high. The over-all agreement in rank between observed means of crosses and values from parental GCAs was such that actual crosses between the few highest-GCA females and males also included a high proportion of the top-ranked families. These results support a &quot;general combiner&quot; strategy of mating parents on the basis of GCA, in control pollinated seed orchards, over the operationally more expensive alternative of reproducing tested crosses.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>114</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">114</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billington, H. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolton, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allozyme analysis in seed and tree identification in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Allozyme analysis by electrophoresis has the potential for many practical uses in tree breeding programmes, orchard management, and seed or clone identification. Of two studies carried out in New Zealand, one was on identification of the race to which three unidentified </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus muricata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don seedlots belonged. The other involved identification of a mislabelled seed orchard clone of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="10">. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Don. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>796</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">796</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minko, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hepworth, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept Conservation and Env, 378 Cotham Road, Kew, Victoria 3101, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth effects of large gaps in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Effects of circular gaps exceeding 100 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> in area, on height, diameter, form, and branch size of the gap-edge and non-edge trees in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don plantations were examined at Myrtleford in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. There was little difference between the trees around gaps 6.1m in radius (area 117 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">) and trees further inside the stand. For gaps 9.1 m or greater in radius (area &gt;263 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">), distance from the gap centre had no effect on tree height but, up to a distance of three trees from the gap edge, was negatively related to diameter and volume. Trees located on the sunnier side of gaps had greater diameter and volume than trees on the more shaded side. Edge trees had larger diameter, volume, and more branches with diameter above 2.5 cm than trees inside the stands. The results indicate that for this site and for the particular local market, pruning of edge trees appears necessary to maintain log quality where the gap area approaches or exceeds 250 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>742</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">742</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36 Selwyn Road, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in nutrient concentrations within </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees and their relationship to tree size</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Twelve </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don trees were sampled for concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in foliage by age and crown location, in branches by age, and in stem sections. Crown component nutrient concentrations were more highly correlated with diameter breast height than with either total height or height increment. Foliar nitrogen and  phosphorus decreased and calcium and magnesium increased down the crown. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus decreased and calcium increased with needle age. Branch nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium decreased and calcium increased with both branch age and stem diameter. Coefficients of variation in foliar nutrients tended to be lowest in 1-year-old foliage. Among nutrients the coefficients were lowest for nitrogen and phosphorus and highest for calcium and magnesium.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>334</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">334</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eastham, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rose, C. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charles-Edwards, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rance, S. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting density effects on water use efficiency of trees and pasture in an agroforestry experiment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Water use of trees and pasture were studied at three tree densities in an agroforestry experiment where trees were planted at densities of approximately 2150, 304, and 82 stems/ha in a Nelder design. Tree transpiration and pasture evaporation were related to their respective biomass production to estimate water use efficiencies at each tree density over a 2-year study period throughout 1985 and 1986. Tree planting density was found to modify productivity and water use of both trees and pasture. During dry conditions biomass production per tree was lowest at high tree densities being 19 g/day compared with 69 and 45 g/day at medium and low tree densities respectively. Transpiration rates per tree were also lowest at high tree densities being 12.9 x 10-3 m3/day compared with 54.5 and 72.9 x 10-3 m3/day from medium and low densities respectively. However, water use efficiency was found to be highest in the densely planted trees where mean values for 1985 and 1986 were 4.6 and 3.9 kg/m3 respectively in 1986. Pasture evaporation was generally lowest under the densely planted trees where soil water contents in the pasture root zone were lowest. Pasture production was greatest at the intermediate tree density and this was associated with a higher water use efficiency than was found from pasture under high and low tree densities.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>356</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">356</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Res. Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction into New Zealand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bracon phylacteophagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a biocontrol agent of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phylacteophaga froggatti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, eucalyptus leaf-mining sawfly</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-64</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">A braconid was imported into New Zealand from Australia to control the introduced Eucalyptus leaf-mining sawfly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Phylacteophaga froggatti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Riek (Hym. : Pergidae). Difficulties in rearing the parasite in quarantine facilities were overcome after it was discovered that the imported material included two closely related </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Bracon </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp. with different mating requirements. The principal parasite (subsequently described as </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Bracon phylacteophagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Austin (Hym.: Braconidae)) was released and is now well established in some localities. Early results show a very rapid spread of the parasite with up to 98% parasitism and indicate that the sawfly population should be considerably reduced by late summer 1990.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>302</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">302</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Private Bay 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf-inhabiting fungi of eucalypts in New Zealand - 2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-74</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="Times New Roman" size="9">E</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">lsinoe eucalypti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Hansford, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Macrohilum eucalypti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Swart, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Microsphaeropsis conielloides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Sutton, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pachysacca pusilla </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Swart, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Seimatosporium cylindrosporum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Swart, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">S. falcatum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Sutton) Shoemaker, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">S. fusisporum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Swart &amp; Griffiths, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Vermisporium obtusum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Swart &amp; Williamson are reported on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp. leaves for the first time in New Zealand. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Coccomyces globosus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Johnston, which is known on three indigenous hosts, has been found on four species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Hendersonia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">previously reported on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">in New Zealand are now placed in the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Sonderhenia. Mycosphaerella swartii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Park &amp; Keane, the teleomorph of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Sonderhenia eucalyptorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Hansford) Swart &amp; J. Walker, is reported for the first time. New host records are listed for six other fungi on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1039</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1039</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Technology and Forest Research Division, Forestry Commission of New South Wales, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, New South Wales, Australia 2119</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species associations in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ips grandicollis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> galleries in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">This 15-month study examined the species composition and abundance of communities of invertebrates and fungi in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Ips grandicollis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Eichhoff galleries in billets of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus taeda </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">L. from two localities in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Based on monthly sampling of billets which were examined 30 to 60 days after felling, a total of 32 species of insects, six species of Collembola, 30 species of mites, 15 species of nematodes, and 14 species of fungi were recovered. Species constellations were produced for each locality. Species phoretically or parasitically associated with / </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">grandicollis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">formed a colonising guild, while those species not known to possess such host relationships formed a decay guild. Fungal species had the greatest number of positive associations with species of insects, mites, and nematodes associated with /. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">grandicollis. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Total number of mites and of nematodes per unit sampling area was positively correlated to the development stage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">I. grandicollis. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The relationship between billet aspect and percentage moisture content of bark plus cambium influenced gallery nematode counts.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Loughlin, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural root morphology and biomass of three age-classes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The root systems of 13 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don. trees from three age-classes in Mangatu Forest were hydraulically excavated. Each system was drawn in plan and elevation, then dissected and sorted into six diameter-classes for weight and length measurements to obtain information on changes in root biomass and root extension with time. Lateral roots had a maximum length of 4.7, 6.4, and 10.4 m at ages 8, 16, and 25 years respectively. Vertical roots grew to depths of 2.1, 2.6, and 3.1 m for the three age-classes respectively. At 8 years the root bole contained 40% of the total root weight. This increased to approximately 50% after 16 years. Stand biomass of roots was 9, 67, and 151 tonnes/ha at a stocking rate of 253 stems/ha for the three age-classes respectively. Total root weight (kg) was regressed on diameter at breast height (cm) to give the relationship: log</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">e</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(total root weight) = 2.24 loge(dbh) - 2.68 (r</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> = 0.99), which can be used to estimate the below-ground biomass from dbh.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>773</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">773</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McNickle, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis and simulation of a logging weighbridge installation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Queuing theory and simulation methods were used to quickly and inexpensively estimate waiting times at a forest industry weighbridge system. Arrival, beginning, and finishing times of trucks were measured over 2 days. Inter-arrival times were exponentially distributed, allowing the system to be approximated by a simple queuing model. Estimates of queue waiting times agreed well with observed values. The models suggested that if a second weighbridge were installed it could save over 50 hours of truck time per day. They were also used to demonstrate that the system then in use was operating at close to its maximum capacity. A simulation model written in GPSS validated the approximations that had been used to fit the queuing formulas. The simulation also demonstrated the difficulty of estimating mean waiting times accurately by observation, in systems where the traffic intensity is high. There may be other areas in forestry research which would benefit from similar analyses, probably leading to increased efficiency. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>135</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">135</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broad, L. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Area conservation mechanisms associated with forest management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-126</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management alternatives</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Two area conservation mechanisms that are examined are commonly used within mathematical programming formulations of forest management problems. The mechanisms associated acyclic networks. That each mechanism allows for differing management alternatives is readily apparent from the network structures. Each mechanism is consistent with networks familiar to operations research, that is multi-item replacement networks. The network structures can be used with network programming and decomposition techniques to facilitate solutions to forest management  problems.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>675</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">675</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koh, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strangulation pre-treatment effect on the development and rooting of fascicle cuttings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-137</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The effect of strangulation of the stems of 2- and 7-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don trees on the development and rootability of fascicle shoots was examined. Strangulation of the stems of juvenile P. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">may be beneficial, in terms of subsequent development of shoots from needle fascicles, and speed and percentage of rooting. Both the development and rootability of needle fascicle shoots declined with increased spacing of strangulation along the stem.  Strangulation of stems of 7-year-old trees was done at different crown positions, using clones that were easy and difficult to root as stem cuttings. Fascicle bud development was better in the upper part of the crown but strangulation had no significant effect. Needle fascicle development varied with clone, and there was no significant difference between easy- and difficult-to-root clones. None of the fascicle buds from 7-year-old trees had rooted 90 days after setting.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieters, M. J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woolaston, R. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikles, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internode length of hoop pine: Genetic parameters and prospects for developing a long-internode breed</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-147</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araucaria cunninghamii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long internode</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Internode length of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Araucana cunninghamii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Ait. ex D. Don (hoop pine) is moderately to strongly inherited (average h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">=0.48), but shows no strong genetic correlations with vigour or stem straightness traits. Although it is feasible to develop a long-internode breed through recurrent selection and conventional multiclonal seed orchards, the addition of an extra selection criteria to those of the main breed, in the absence of favourable genetic correlations, may result in some loss of gain in growth rate and stem straightness compared to the main breed.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>807</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">807</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moran, G. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrester, R. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rout, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Div. of forestry, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provenances in four field trials in south-eastern Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-161</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Growth and survival of 64 provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus delegatensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">R.T. Baker from the whole natural range of the species in south-eastern Australia were assessed in four field trials in Tasmania and New South Wales. At 3 years from planting there was significant variation among provenances in height, diameter, and volume. The better provenances across all sites came from the mainland, and in particular from Victoria. The Tasmanian provenances had poorer survival and grew more slowly on the mainland, indicating that if these were the only selection criteria then material from this part of the range should not be included in mainland breeding programmes.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>131</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">131</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bredenkamp, B. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkhart, H. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Forest Science, Univ. of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Diameter growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under conditions of extreme suppression</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-167</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="Times New Roman" size="10">I</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">nvestigation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus grandis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Maiden stands under conditions of extreme suppression indicated that diameter growth of dominant individuals continues even when that of suppressed individuals ceases altogether and mean diameter growth of the stand is minimal. An increase in the mean diameter of the suppressed stand is due to a real increase in the size of the mean tree and is not merely an artifact of mortality amongst the lower size classes.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>790</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">790</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messina, M. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Forest Science, Texas A&amp;M Univ., College Station, TX 77843- 2135, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides increase growth responses to fertiliser in a 5-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diammonium phosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glyphosate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">A 5-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">F. Muell. plantation in the Napier district of the North Island of New Zealand was treated with 200 kg diammonium phosphate (DAP) + 250 kg urea/ha or 200 kg DAP + 500 kg urea/ha, and with a 2% solution of glyphosate applied at a rate of approximately 3L/a.i./ha, in an incomplete factorial design. Reduction of herbaceous/shrubby competition significantly (p = 0.05) increased 20-month diameterat-breast-height and volume increments but did not affect height increment. Fertiliser significantly influenced height increment, but did not affect diameter and volume increment over the 20-month study period. Neither herbicide nor fertiliser treatment significantly influenced foliar nutrient concentrations. The study showed that weed control can be as important as fertiliser in enhancing eucalypt growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Forestry, Forest Res. Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of pampas grass (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cortaderia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) in New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-183</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Rate of pampas (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cortaderia selloana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Schult.) Asch. et Graeb. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. jubata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Lem.) Stapf) growth in five </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don forests was only slightly less than in managed agricultural pampas plantations. Number of plants per unit area tended to be higher on phosphate-amended clay soils than on pumice or coastal sands, but the maximum rate of above-ground dry matter accumulation on these soils was similar (7-8 t/ha/year). Greatest accumulation of pampas dry matter (55 t/ha at age 4) was recorded on a coastal sand in an area where no trees were present. The highest dry matter accumulation recorded in a tree stand was 46 t/ha on a pumice soil.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>892</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">892</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podger, F. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Div. of Forestry &amp; Forest Products, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tasmania - 1: Symptoms, distribution, and association with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium pinastri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">&quot;Spring needle-cast&quot; (SNC) is an undiagnosed disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don which causes a rapid browning and collapse of mesophyll tissues of 1 -year-old needles in spring and is followed by premature and heavy casting of needles. It first appears about the time of canopy closure and affects between 40% and 80% of trees randomly distributed in closed stands in areas of  Tasmania which receive between 1200 and 2000 mm annual rainfall. The incidence and severity of disease appear not to be highly sensitive to local topographic variation and remain relatively constant from year to year. SNC is distinguished from other foliar diseases and disorders of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">in Tasmania, including </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Dothistroma septospora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Morelet, on the basis of gross symptoms and the phenology of their development. Three common needle-inhabiting fungi, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cyclaneusma minus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Butin) DiCosmo Peredo &amp; Minter, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Lophodermiumpinastri </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Schard. ex Fr.) Chev., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Strasseria geniculata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Berk. &amp; Br.) Hohn., were ubiquitous on fallen dead needles, but none was constantly associated with recently cast needles on SNC-affected trees. Complete foliar sprays with chlorothalinol (500 g a.i./L) at intervals of 6 weeks for the first 6 months of one growing season markedly improved needle retention.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>891</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">891</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podger, F. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO, Div. of Forestry &amp; Forest Products, Battery Point, Tasmania 7000, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring needle-cast of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Tasmania - 2: Effects of fertilisers and thinning on disease severity, and the impact of disease on growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-219</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Four field experiments were established in closed stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don in north-western Tasmania to test the effectiveness of soil applications of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, and a comprehensive fertiliser formulation in correcting or preventing the development of the defoliating disease &quot;spring needle-cast&quot; (SNC). They provided no support for hypotheses that chronic nutrient deficiencies contribute to the disease. The possibility that seasonal but ephemeral deficiency in one or more nutrients might predispose susceptible individuals to SNC remains to be tested. Over a 4-year period, between 9 and 13 years after planting, the diameter growth of SNC-affected trees in an unthinned stand was reduced by 14% for each 10% increase in defoliation. This is comparable to that reported for Dothistroma needle blight and Cyclaneusma needle-cast in New Zealand. In a younger stand the impact on diameter growth was less but increased over successive measurement intervals. In stands thinned prior to the onset of SNC the development of significant disease was delayed by 2-5 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1214</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1214</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance variation in wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">hondurensis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">220-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Variation in the densitometry traits of wood density (DEN) and within-sample density variation (VAR) of 11 provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus caribaea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">hondurensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Barr. and Golf, at 11 sites was studied. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p 0.001) between sites and provenances for DEN and VAR, with site accounting for more of the variance than provenance. The site x provenance interaction term was not statistically significant and accounted for none of the variance. Thus, provenances were consistently ranked for DEN and VAR regardless of site. The lowest values for DEN and VAR were at sites with higher altitude ( 1000 m). Coastal provenances were generally lower for DEN and VAR than inland provenances but these differences were not significant.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Booker, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in transverse wood permeability during the drying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-244</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">When softwoods are dried and subsequently impregnated with waterborne preservatives two problems frequently occur—preservative screening of multi-salt preservatives and difficult re-drying. To study the causes, the permeability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Dacrydium cupressinum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Lamb, (rimu) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">and Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don wood was measured along the three principal directions. These two softwood species are anatomically very similar, but differ in that rimu has no resin canals. The radial and tangential permeabilities of the green sapwood of the two species were similar and of the order of 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-16 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">. The transverse permeability of the green rimu intermediate wood was lower and of the order of 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-17</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">. After drying andresaturation the radial and tangential permeability of the rimu intermediate wood were practically unchanged, while the transverse permeability of the sapwood dropped to that of the intermediate wood. For </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">sapwood the tangential permeability decreased to 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-18</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">. In contrast, after drying and resaturation the radial permeability of P. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">sapwood was of the order of 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">, two orders of magnitude greater than for the green wood. This increase in radial permeability was caused by an interplay of flow along the radial and axial resin canals. It is believed that the absence of preservative screening in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata s</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">apwood during impregnation is due to rapid dispersal of preservative solution along the resin canals, followed by movement into the tracheids where the preservative fixes to the cell walls. This mechanism cannot operate in rimu wood as it does not have resin canals, and so preservative screening occurs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1307</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1307</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M.I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Davis, T.D., Haissig, B.E. &amp; Sankhla, N. (Eds.) 1988: Adventitious root formation in cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245-246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1231</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1231</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeates, G. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes in New Zealand forest nurseries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-256</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">A survey of nine nurseries (36 blocks) yielded no nematode populations at damaging levels. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Rotylenchus robustus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(de Man) Filipjev was recorded, as were total populations of root-feeding, fungal-feeding, bacterial-feeding, and omnivorous nematodes. Current management practices of rotation and tillage appear to be keeping populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Trichodorus, Rotylenchus, Pratylenchus, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Paratylenchus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">spp. below levels at which they may cause economic damage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential and subsequent growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings: influence of lifting, packaging, and storage conditions. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> 21 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2-3),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-260</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-267</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The integrated system widely used in New Zealand for planting out </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don seedlings minimises handling and facilitates the smooth flow of tree stocks from nursery to field, reducing the time between lifting and planting. However, some instances of desiccation have been reported, especially in seedlings at the top of cartons, and so various methods of minimising this problem were evaluated. Where soil conditions are dry, irrigation of nursery beds can help minimise the early afternoon water deficit. Seedlings lifted early in the morning or late in the afternoon, with&#xD;their roots dipped in water, and with overnight cool storing, gave the best growth after planting. In one trial, dipping the roots of the seedlings from the top third of the carton in water, spraying the roots with water, and folding plastic flaps over the roots in cartons were all beneficial compared with no watering. In another trial where seedlings were dipped in water, a wet hessian blanket over the roots was slightly more effective than a plastic liner, and both were significantly better than no extra protection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>780</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">780</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to cultivation and fertiliser near Motueka, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">268-278</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Heavy broadcast applications of superphosphate (112 kg P/ha at planting and 75 kg P/ha at age 7) improved growth rates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don during the 11-year study period by two or three times over the untreated plots. However, even these rates were unable to maintain phosphorus concentrations at non-limiting levels for more than a few years after application. Boron fertiliser prevented dieback, although there was no response in tree volume. Individual-tree doses of nitrogen fertiliser (17 g/tree) applied along with phosphorus and boron in the first two growing seasons, resulted by age 5 years in a 0.6-m height growth increase over plots treated with phosphorus and boron alone. However, a volume response was not detectable at age 7. Application of 150 kg N/ha with phosphorus and boron after thinning at age 7 years led to a 12% volume response over the phosphorus plus boron treatment by age 11 years. However, this response was only short-lived. There was no response to nitrogen in the absence of phosphorus and boron. Associated with the response to phosphorus were increases in branch size. Ripping to 0.75 m improved growth rates but discing had no effect. The response in volume to ripping was 13 and 27 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">/ha at ages 7 and 11 years, respectively.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>834</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">834</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholas, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selection of special-purpose species: Effect of pests and diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-289</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Special-purpose timber species are being grown in New Zealand for high-quality end-uses, especially furniture, joinery, and veneers. The main species are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Acacia melanoxylon </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">R. Br., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Juglans nigra </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">L., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cupressus macrocarpa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Hartw., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. lusitanica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Mill., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">F. Muell., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. delegatensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">R. Baker., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. saligna </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Smith., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. fastigata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Deane &amp; Maiden, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">E. botryoides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Smith. These species suffer attack from a range of wood- and foliage-damaging insects and fungi; however, none is severe enough to restrict a species&apos; growth, lower its wood quality, or limit its planting. Foliage-attacking insects have increased in the last decade, with the eucalypts being the main hosts because of the close proximity to Australia and the favourable wind flows. Success has been achieved with biological control programmes on two pests which were potentially limiting for eucalypt planting. Fungal health problems, although apparent at times, have yet to prove to be major limiting factors. Further research is required to evaluate the effect of insect damage on the end wood product. Current experience in growing special-purpose species indicates that the original species selection is still sound from the health perspective.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>357</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">357</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Offspring sex ratios of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bracon phylacteophagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as influenced by host size and maternal age</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290-294</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Laboratory studies of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Bracon phylacteophagus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Austin (Hym: Braconidae) showed that significantly higher offspring sex ratios (male: female) were produced from small hosts than from large hosts and evidence suggests that selective oviposition was the main factor influencing this relationship. Females produced a higher ratio of male offspring later in life than they did earlier in life from large hosts.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>52</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">52</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davenhill, N. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triclopyr - the forest managers&apos; alternative to 2,4,5-T?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-306</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triclopyr</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Two triclopyr formulations (3,5,6-tricloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) were evaluated at various rates sprayed over three tree species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cupressus macrocarpa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Hartweg, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Mirbel) Franco), and the likely impact on gorse </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Ulex europaeus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">L.) regrowth after initial land clearing was assessed. Post-plant release spraying with triclopyr is feasible if rates do not exceed 0.6 kg/ha. Release spraying should be carried out before the flush of new growth in the spring (for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Ps. menziesii, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">before bud swell) to avoid apical death, multi-leadering, and reduced growth. Triclopyr should be used in preference to triclopyr + picloram as it is less damaging to tree seedlings and gives more effective gorse suppression for the first year after tree planting.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>438</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">438</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, Ministry of Forestry, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear programming and related approaches in forest planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">A number of approaches to forest management planning are surveyed and analysed. A unified treatment of the various models and optimisation techniques is attempted, aiming at a better understanding of their essential characteristics and interrelationships. Ways of improving computational efficiency are examined. Structures for the forestry submodel are classified into three basic types, and interpreted in terms of network flows. A utilisation / economics submodel, comprising an objective function and constraints representing supply requirements, yield regulation, terminal conditions, and other aspects of the management problem, completes the formulation. A new criterion for yield regulation, based on irreversible investment concepts, is discussed in detail. The optimisation methods proposed in the literature for solving forest planning problems are evaluated, together with other potentially useful techniques and strategies. Topics covered include the use of standard Linear Programming packages, the prospects of decomposition and partitioning methods, the potential for utilising oldest-first and other cutting priorities, the explicit use of time structure in Dynamic Linear Programming and Optimal Control Theory algorithms, and the Hoganson-Rose procedure and its relationship to Lagrangian relaxation.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1087</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1087</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW system for sawing simulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332-348</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">A PC-based system, comprising three programs, has been developed to simulate the sawing of pruned logs. Timber grades, conversions, and values may be produced for both individual logs and batches of logs. The number of logs which may be processed in any given batch is unrestricted. Simulations may be performed either interactively or as part of an automated process. Automated sessions require 8 to 16 seconds to process each log whilst interactive sessions, which provide graphic images of the log at each stage of the simulation, may be interrupted at any  stage.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1255</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1255</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lomax, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Pyrolysis products of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bark</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The yields of char, tar, and non-condensible gases from the pyrolysis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus contorta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Loudon bark were measured. The major components of the pyrolysis tar (5.5% yield) were catechol and 2-methyl catechol. Pyrolysis gave 45% char with ash content 3.5% (mainly aluminium, calcium, potassium, and silica).&#xD;</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1256</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1256</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurgensen, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum (Note) for Frederick, D. J., Madgwick, H. A. I., Jurgensen, M. F., &amp; Oliver, G. R., 1985: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">15</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2), 142-157.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1160</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1160</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., Private Bag, 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas-fir, Japanese larch, and European larch in pure and mixed stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixed stands</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An area in Kaingaroa Forest containing unthinned adjoining blocks of the same age of pure </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix kaempferi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lamb.) Carr. (Japanese larch), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix decidua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Miller (European larch), and of mixtures of Douglas fir with Japanese larch, and Douglas fir with European larch was studied for growth trends over a 13-year period from age 19 to 32 years. Two thinning treatments (unthinned control and thinned to 500 stems/ha at age 19 years) were tested in permanent sample plots established in the pure and the mixed blocks.&#xD;&#xD;When Douglas fir was planted in mixture with Japanese larch on this site it became dominated and supressed by the larch species. However, when planted in mixture with European larch almost the reverse occurred, although the mixture could not be considered to be successfully self-thinning at age 32 years. When thinned at age 19 years, Douglas fir was more responsive in subsequent basal area growth than the two larch species. &#xD;&#xD;Thus, although early growth of Japanese larch was superior on this site, Douglas fir is likely to be the most productive of the three species at final rotation. Results from this study support the case that manual thinning to achieve a desired regime should remain the preferred management technique for Douglas fir in New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>145</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">145</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulloch, B. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSIR Fruit &amp; Trees, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species selection for soil conservation in seasonally dry hill country - twelfth year assessment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-31</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hillside stabilisation tree plantings are aimed at maintaining erosion-prone land in pastoral use. Species selection trials on drought-prone hillsides in the Wairarapa district (east coast, lower North Island, New Zealand) included over 120 provenances of eucalypts drawn from over 60 species. The trial sites of Pakaraka and Kahuiti, planted in 1979, were re-assessed in 1991 after an earlier comprehensive measurement in 1984. On the basis of the latest data, larger-growing eucalypts suited to hillside plantings in this district are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L&apos;Herit, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane et Maid.,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. botryoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. botryoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane et Maid.) Maid., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fraxinoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane et Maid., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. sieberi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. Johnson, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R.T. Bak., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. viminalis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globoidea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Blakely, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. smithii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R.T. Bak., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. oreades</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R.T.Bak. Suitable smaller stature species are </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. amygdalina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. cordata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. brookeriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> A.M.Gray, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sieb. ex DC., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. cladocalyx </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">V. Muell., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. pulchella </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desf., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. agglomerata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Maid., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitida</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hook. f. The larger trees would serve best in conservation/production/agroforestry regimes, the smaller at wider spacings in conservation/pastoralism regimes. Provenance comparisons within species generally support the findings of more extensive genetic improvement trials focused on the eucalypts with most potential for timber production.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype x environment interaction and optimal number of progeny test sites for improving </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-49</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype x environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A progeny test of 25 parents mated in a series of five, five-parent, disconnected diallels was established on 11 sites chosen to represent all major site types for growing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in New Zealand. Statistical analysis of an assessment at age 9 years suggested that for diameter, the most important trait in the New Zealand tree improvement programme, genotype x environment interaction was important. However, genetic gains predicted for diameter for several regionalisation options, using multi-site index selection, suggested that regionalisation of seed orchards would increase the average genetic gain in diameter over all sites only slightly.&#xD;&#xD;Further, many fewer than the full 11 sites were required for selection in order to capture essentially all of the predicted genetic gain for a national programme. Selection using the best site resulted in 90% of the maximum possible predicted gain, but the poorest site only 23%. Sites which were &quot;very good&quot; for selection had rapid growth, high phenotypic variance, and high repeatability of general combining ability (GCA) effects. Sites which were &quot;very poor&quot; for selection had slow growth, low variance, and low repeatability.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">593</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, J. A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apparent phosphorus uptake and change in nitrogen content of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing on soils of different phosphorus retention, treated with superphosphate and A-grade rock phosphate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rock phosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The apparent uptake of fertiliser phosphorus and the differential uptake of nitrogen at three sites in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don fertiliser trial were calculated by the difference between untreated plots and plots treated with 150 kg P/ha as rock phosphate or as superphosphate. Seven years after the fertiliser was applied, the treated plots contained approximately 10% of the applied phosphorus. A further 3% was present in the forest floor. The understorey contained very little phosphorus and the understorey in the treated plots contained very little more than in the control plots. The soils at the three sites differed markedly in their phosphorus retention characteristics (from 0 to 93 % phosphorus retention) but this appeared to have little effect on utilisation of applied phosphorus by the trees. At the site with the very low phosphorus retention, leaching of phosphorus seemed to occur. At the sites with the higher phosphorus retention, enhanced availability of phosphorus was restricted to the top 10 cm. Both the rock phosphate and the superphosphate treated trees contained similar additional amounts of phosphorus. We conclude that rock phosphate is as effective a fertiliser as superphosphate The difference in nitrogen content after phosphorus application was inconsistent. At two sites there were only small changes in nitrogen content but at the third site application of phosphorus alone caused a 41% increase in nitrogen uptake.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>721</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">721</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varying selection ratios (initial </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">versus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">final crop stocking) in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> evaluated with the use of MARVL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARVL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The initial stocking trial, 19 years old at the time of assessment, was located in Rotoehu Forest, and incorporated genetically improved stock (with a Growth and Form factor of 13) and unimproved stock (GF3). It was planted at six levels of initial stocking from 250 to 1500 stems/ha, and thinned to 250 stems/ha. Results of the evaluation were adjusted for bias due to microsite.&#xD;&#xD;There was an apparent site index differential of 1.6 m between selection extremes. This was attributed mainly to differences in initial stocking rather than to the effect of selecting taller trees. There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in mean diameter at breast height (dbh) due to selection ratio. The straightness of both the unpruned logs and the pruned butts was enhanced with increasing selection. By increasing selection ratio, total merchantable volume and pruned volume were substantially improved, owing to height differences and reduced malformation.&#xD;&#xD;Because of improved quantity and quality, there was an increase in stumpage value at age 19 with increasing selection ratio, the highest selection ratio tested (6:1) being worth $4,000 (29%) more at age 19 than planting at final stockings. This difference is expected to increase to $5,900 (23% more) at age 25 and $8,200 (24% more) at age 30. GF3 genetic stock was less valuable (by $3,700/ha, or 21%) at age 19 than GF13 stock at the same 6:1 selection ratio, had a 1.8 cm smaller dbh, 1.3 m lower mean top height, 50 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha less total volume, and was inferior in straightness. Although pruned volume was 13 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha less, the difference was not statistically significant. GF 13 stock at a selection ratio of 1.1:1.0 was equivalent in stumpage value to GF3 stock at a 6:1 selection ratio.&#xD;&#xD;At age 25, GF13 is expected to be $5,000 (18%) more valuable, and $5,800 (16%) more valuable at age 30, but this could be an under-estimate because there is some doubt as to the reliability of model projections for new breeds.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>565</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">565</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market requirements for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clearwood: Implications of length specifications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The term clearwood is defined as defect-free solid wood material of any length, so long as it is defect-free throughout the whole of its length. World wide the market for clearwood is estimated to be around 59 million m3 , of which the softwood component is some 22-23 million m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Analysis of the markets for clearwood reveals that they are niche ones, and frequently the lengths of clearwood actually required by these markets are quite short. Some markets, notably mouldings and veneers, require longer lengths. Many users such as small furniture/joinery manufacturers could use short length clears but are reluctant to shift away from the use of long lengths because of the perceived loss of flexibility.&#xD;&#xD;New Zealand needs to develop markets for short length clears if it is to fully realise its investment in pruning. Standard blanks may well be the best way to utilise this material and markets for such material are being developed. Standard blanks may also help suppliers overcome some of the concerns about the lack of flexibility implied by the use of short lengths. The most cost-effective way of producing clears will depend upon the targeted niches and the suppliers&apos; ability to modify the customers&apos; preference for long lengths.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>772</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">772</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaughlan, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Properties of treated and untreated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plywood after 12 years&apos; weathering</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melamine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An exterior exposure trial was established in Rotorua in 1976 to monitor the performance of plywood panels in which the individual veneers were treated with a copper-chrome-arsenate (CCA)-type preservative prior to panel lay-up. Three-ply panels of 9.6-mm-thick </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plywood were erected vertically on a test face with a northerly aspect. The trial included three adhesive types, five preservative treatments, and four surface/exposure treatments. Panels were tested prior to exposure and then after 1, 2,4, and 12 years.&#xD;&#xD;Regression models were used to evaluate the effect of various treatment combinations. It was determined that wood failure, assessed from the failed surface of the tension shear test sample with lathe checks pulled to open, declined significantly over time in plywood with veneers treated to 5 kg CCA/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. This decline occurred in fully exposed panels and also in panels stored indoors. The uncoated melamine-urea formaldehyde panels had failed completely after 12 years and delaminations occurred in panels of the other adhesive types with one failure occurring for the panel bonded with phenol formaldehyde and treated to 10 kg CCA/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Uncoated panels with CCA treatment generally fared less well than either the untreated or the copper naphthenate panels. Assessment of serviceability after 12 years was difficult because of the differences in wood failure values obtained from the tension shear test and the chisel test.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>713</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">713</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lomax, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kroese, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note - Pyrolysis products of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bark</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aluminium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The yields of char, tar, and non-condensible gases from the pyrolysis of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don bark were measured. Pyrolysis of bark, on a small preparative scale using an airacetylene flame, gave 48% char with ash content 3.5% (mainly aluminium, calcium, potassium, and silica), and recovered tar in 7% yield (on oven-dried bark equivalent). The major components of the pyrolysis tar were catechol and 2-methyl-catechol.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1308</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1308</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor - Comment on &quot;Structural root morphology and biomass of three age-classes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-117</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor - Comment on &quot;Structural root morphology and biomass of three age-classes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata&quot;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1309</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1309</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor - Reply to comment on &quot;Structural root morphology and biomass of three age-classes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-118</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reply to comment on &quot;Structural root morphology and biomass of three age-classes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata&quot;.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Johnson, J.A. &amp; Ramsey Smith, W. 1989: Forest producsts trade: market trends and technical developments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Forest producsts trade: market trends and technical developments&quot; by Jay A. Johnson and W. Ramsay Smith.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">476</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change - implications for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> improvement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-134</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A change in New Zealand&apos;s climate, because of the increase in &quot;greenhouse&quot; gases in the atmosphere, may affect the productivity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don through increased wind damage, more severe infection by fungal pathogens, and areas becoming too dry or too wet for satisfactory growth. The current </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> improvement strategy is well suited to maintain genetic improvement in a changing environment. Future research should consider planting identical field trials at particular sites several years apart, and planting trials at and beyond the current extremes of climate. Research on alternative species should be encouraged.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>322</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">322</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Dorsser, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation system for the production of rooted cuttings from physiologically mature </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within 2 years of field collection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scions from selected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees were grafted on to open-bed-grown seedlings. The resultant first-year grafts produced the material to be used as cuttings. The technique for rooting such material is based on a pre-treatment system developed since the 1960s at the Forest Research Institute nursery. Suspected early graft incompatibility affected the quality of the cutting material produced so that strike rates of cuttings taken from 1-year-old grafts were generally about half to two-thirds of those derived from repropagation hedges originally established with rooted cuttings. All but one of the 24 clones tested in this investigation produced rooted cuttings.&#xD;&#xD;The method described offers opportunities for establishing and updating of clonal repropagation and breeding archives as well as seed orchards with rooted cuttings within 2 years of field ortet selection. This is 1 year longer than if grafts were used but only half the present 4-year period required to produce rooted cuttings, and avoids the long-term problems associated with graft incompatibility.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1025</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1025</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testing the hypothesis that mean relative growth rates eliminate size-related growth differences in tree seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gmelina arborea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth curve</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various hypothetical growth curves were used to evaluate the suitability of using mean relative growth rate (RGR) to compare growth when tree seedlings differ in initial size. Two seedlings were said to be growing according to the same basic growth curve if the only difference between the two growth curves was due to time (Le., the larger seedling was always 2 weeks ahead of the smaller seedling). The RGR technique eliminated such size-related growth differences when growth exhibited an exponential pattern: y = k + e </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">b+ct</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (where k=0, t=time, and b and c are constants). The RGR technique did not eliminate  size-related growth differences under conditions where k was not equal to zero or when the growth curve was not exponential. Various examples are given to show that RGR usually declines seedling size increases during the first 5 months after germination. Where the RGR value is a function of size, the RGR method of analysis is not suitable for eliminating growth differences related to seedling size.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lang, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Res. Inst., PO Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increased nutrient availability in topsoils under conifers in the South Island high country</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-179</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soils collected from eight locations under exotic conifers and adjacent undeveloped grasslands in the montane zone of the eastern South Island were analysed chemically to examine the hypothesis that conifers increase the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus, in topsoils. Olsen and Bray-2 extractable phosphorus levels were higher under the conifers than under adjacent grasslands at most sites, with the largest absolute increases occurring under older stands on dry soils of the Mackenzie Basin. Increases were smaller under stands on hygrous high-country yellow-brown earths of the Canterbury region, but these soils were characterised by large increases in mineralisable nitrogen and sulphate-sulphur. Mean total phosphorus levels were not significantly affected by the presence of conifers, but organic phosphorus levels were lower under the conifers than under the adjacent grasslands and inorganic phosphorus levels were higher. Soil pH declined under the conifers, the decline being greater in Mackenzie soils than in the Canterbury soils. The decline in pH was accompanied by an increase in exchangeable aluminium. Bray-2 extractable potassium and magnesium levels were higher under the conifers than under grassland in the Mackenzie soils, but were lower under the conifers in the Canterbury soils.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lolium perenne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (ryegrass) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trifolium repens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (white clover) grown in a glasshouse experiment on soils collected from under both vegetation types responded positively to the elevated mineralisable nitrogen (ryegrass) and available phosphorus (white clover) levels. Foliar analysis of native shrubs persisting under young stands at two sites in Canterbury revealed higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, and at one site, zinc and manganese, than in shrubs growing in the adjacent grassland. At both sites, boron concentrations were substantially lower in one shrub species. &#xD;&#xD;Mineralisation of organic matter by the pines appears to be the major mechanism for nutrient enrichment of topsoils under pines in the hygrous soils of Canterbury, but a different process, possibly transfer of nutrients from deeper horizons to the soil surface via nutrient uptake and litterfall, may be more important in the dry-hygrous soils of the Mackenzie Basin.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>743</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">743</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating stand weight - the importance of sample selection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-184</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulated sampling showed that, in determining estimated stand component weights, sampling method and estimating techniques were of less importance than the sample of trees selected. There is a need for more work on the variables used to predict tree weight. Some problems arise with sequential sampling but it has the advantage that aberrant estimates based on small sample sizes are revealed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>358</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">358</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bracon phylacteophagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a biocontrol agent of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phylacteophaga froggatti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and impact on host</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bracon phylacteophagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Austin (Hym:Braconidae) was first established in New Zealand in 1988 as a biocontrol agent for the introduced Eucalyptus leaf-mining sawfly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phylacteophaga froggatti </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riek (Hym: Pergidae). By June 1991 the parasitoid had spread throughout much of the sawfly-infested area, and in most areas where the parasitoid had been established for more than 1 year the sawfly population collapsed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polynomial taper equation for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A stem taper model involving a high-order polynomial for plantation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus caribaea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Morelet var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">hondurensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrett &amp; Golfari (Caribbean pine) grown in Queensland was fitted in three stages. In the first stage, the stem profile for each tree was modelled using functions of under-bark diameter and height as the dependent and independent variables respectively. In the second stage, the parameter estimates from these individual tree regressions were subjected to a principal component analysis. The first two principal components were then modelled using total height and diameter at breast height as the independent variables. In the third stage, total height and diameter at breast height under bark were modelled in terms of predominant height, and diameter at breast height over bark. Using these equations, and the inverse transformation from the principal components to individual tree regression coefficients, individual tree profiles and volumes were predicted from height and diameter at breast height.&#xD;&#xD;The maximum average diameter bias for the final model, using predominant height and diameter at breast height over bark as predictive variables, was 2.5 mm. The average tree volume bias, based on coefficients modelled using predominant height and overbark diameter at breast height, was 0.13%. Apart from its accuracy, another advantage of this model is its ability to accommodate taper changes with tree size.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>266</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">266</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain patterns in plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-216</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain measurements were made on wood disc samples from fifty 25-year-old trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don grown in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Strong radial and vertical patterns were established, but there was also a major individual tree effect. The most pronounced deviations from vertical grain were in the inner 10 growth rings (corewood zone), where the left-hand angles averaged 4.7°. This amount of deviation is sufficient to cause significant problems in processing and marketing through drying degrade, strength loss, and movement in service. Outside this zone, angles were generally less and showed a higher proportion of right-hand spirals.&#xD;&#xD;The high average corewood spiral grain and the degree of variability between trees reinforce the possibility of a strong genetic component and point to the need for a more efficient sampling method. Statistical analyses of the grain measurements indicated that there are large errors associated with predicting tree values from single ring assessments. It is feasible, however, to compare groups of trees (treatments, families, clones) using a relatively small number of ring measurements.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1388</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilisation of 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Part 1: Wood properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-227</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties were examined in 50 trees of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don growing in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. The stand was selected as &quot;typical&quot; of current silvicultural regimes and as being at the lower end of the age range for expected rotations of this species. Average whole-tree wood property values were determined from discs cut at the butt and the top of each log. Assessments were also made of compression wood, and within-tree variation in tracheid length and spiral grain. &#xD;&#xD;Generally, the wood property values were similar to previous studies and to predictions for trees of this age grown in the region.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, A. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, I. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilisation of 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Part 2: Warp of structural timber in drying</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From a stand of 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, 183 4.8-m-long logs were individually measured and sawn to 100x50-mm framing timber. After high-temperature drying, warp measurements were related to the individual log characteristics. Twist was the major form of degrade; beforeplaning 36% of the lengths had excessive twist and rejection from Framing 1 grade was 28%. &#xD;&#xD;Twist was most strongly related to log diameter, with corewood portion and spiral grain being the contributory factors. Twist also increased with log height class. Gauging halved the incidence of twist rejection.&#xD;&#xD;The relationship between corewood proportion and twist and its effect on rejection could be incorporated into current stand growth models, thereby extending the profitability modelling capability of models from green sawn timber through to the final dry product.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>281</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">281</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penetration of methyl bromide into </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood and its significance for export quarantine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The data obtained from studies of penetration of methyl bromide gas into &quot;green&quot; and dry </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don sapwood were used to calculate the likely minimum &quot;concentration : time&quot; products at various depths into the wood. By largely graphical methods it was demonstrated that there is a curvilinear gradient into green timber and a linear one into dry wood. In the former, this gradient is such that it is not practical to achieve useful insecticidal doses much beyond a depth of 100 mm in green material using conventional tent fumigation techniques.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>890</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">890</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plackett, D. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaughlan, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burton, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre-based composites in New Zealand: past developments and future opportunities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite wood products based on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don fibre have been made in New Zealand since the 1940s when a wet-process fibreboard plant was established in Auckland. Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) production began in New Zealand in 1976 and the total capacity of the New Zealand MDF industry is now 465,000 m3 per annum or about 6% of worldwide capacity. In 1987 production began of a totally new type of board in which MDF surface layers are combined with a strandboard core in a steam-pressing operation.&#xD;&#xD;Two areas of research in progress at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute (FRI) are aimed at adding value to composites such as MDF. Firstly, research on dimensional stabilisation of MDF focuses on in-line chemical treatments of fibre. Secondly, the vapour boron treatment developed jointly by FRI and Imperial College of the University of London has the potential to improve the fungal, insect, and fire resistance properties of fibre-based composites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libby, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book Review - Perry, J.P. Jr. 1991: The pines of Mexico and Central America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-257</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;The pines of Mexico and Central America&quot; by Jesse P. Perry Jr.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book Review -  Dixon, R.K., Meldahl, R.S., Ruark, G.A. &amp; Warren, W.G. 1990: Process modeling of forest growth response to environmental stress</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Process modeling of forest growth response to environmental stress&quot; by R. K. Dixon, R. S. Meldahl, G. A. Ruark and W. G. Warren.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1355</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1355</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Balneaves, J. &amp; Menzies, M. 1990: Water potential and subsequent growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings: Influence of lifting, packaging, and storage conditions. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">20</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (3), 257-267</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-260</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum to NZJFS20(3), 257-267: Water potential and subsequent growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings: Influence of lifting, packaging, and storage conditions.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>429</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">429</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutritional relationships between pampas grass (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cortaderia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical use of fertiliser to encourage the productivity of pampas grass (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cortaderiaselloana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schult.) Asch. et Graeb. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. jubata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lem.) Stapf) in agriculture suggested that growth of this aggressive forest weed may be encouraged by fertiliser treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don. In glasshouse trials, pampas showed a positive growth response to (a) ammonium nitrate added to a coastal sand, and (b) sodium dihydrogen phosphate added to a silty clay loam soil. Response (b) was increased when ammonium nitrate was also present. These results were consistent with field observations of increased pampas frequency associated with superphosphate treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a clay soil, and with reduced tree growth response to calcium ammonium nitrate treatment on a coastal sand. A glasshouse trial showed that pampas residues resulting from herbicide treatment can have a negative effect on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> productivity. Field evidence suggested that fertiliser nitrogen immobilised by decomposing pampas residues was released gradually and utilised by the trees up to 4 years after treatment. Where pampas growth is uncontrolled, a large proportion of the fertiliser intended to promote </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth may never reach the trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1187</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1187</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neilsen, W. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry commission, Tasmania, PO Box 207B, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone use for grass and woody weed control - effects on establishment and long-term growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-23</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The herbicide hexazinone was applied in three trials to evaluate the effects of controlling grass, dolly bush (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cassinia aculeata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. Br), and woody weeds in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plantations. Control of grass on an ex-pasture site strip-sprayed with hexazinone at 2 kg a.i./ha significantly improved the survival and early height growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Grass control was essential to the commercial viability of plantations on this site. Low tree survival on unsprayed plots resulted in poor stem form and heavy branching, as well as significantly reduced volume at age 16 years. On a dolly bush site, strip-spraying with hexazinone at 4 kg a.i./ha resulted in reduced weed growth and significantly higher tree volume growth at age 14 years compared with unsprayed or 2 kg treatments. On a series of sites with various woody and herbaceous weeds including eucalypts and acacias, strip-spraying with hexazinone at 3 kg a.i./ha prior to planting gave good control of weeds and provided significantly increased early tree height growth. In this trial, control of woody weeds resulted in a significant increase (about 30%) in volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at age 14 years. This increased volume growth meant that commercial thinning to release final-crop stems could be carried out at least 2 years earlier than on untreated stands. &#xD;&#xD;Economic projections of the growth gains to the end of rotation indicate that the initial cost of herbicide treatment was economically justified on these sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedling water potential and root and shoot growth as affected by type and duration of storage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-31</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don seedlings were raised at Rangiora Nursery, Canterbury, and subjected to five storage treatments. Seedlings were lifted and packed into waxed cardboard planting boxes which were stored in transporting/ storage crates, or under tarpaulin tents, or in a cool-store for up to 12 days. The crates and tarpaulin covered boxes were stored either on an exposed site or under heavy shade in an adjacent sheltered position. Seedlings were sampled daily from the two treatments on the exposed site, and after 1, 6, and 12 days from the other treatments. Assessments included stem water potential, root growth potential, and growth performance after 24 months in a field trial.&#xD;&#xD;Seedlings stored on an open exposed site under a tarpaulin tent had unacceptable water potentials by 6 days. Seedlings under heavy shade had significantly better water potentials than seedlings on the open exposed site. Cool-stored seedlings had the best water potentials after 12 days&apos; storage. Similar results were recorded for root growth potential.&#xD;&#xD;Height increment was best with cool-stored seedlings, followed by seedlings stored in crates, and then by seedlings stored under a tarpaulin. Height increment fell significantly with longer storage time, more negative water potential, lower root growth potential, and accumulated storage time above 2°C. The results highlighted the importance of ensuring that seedlings are firstly packed into a crate system and then stored (where cool-stores are not available) under sheltered heavy shade to minimise temperature rises above 2°C within the boxes of seedlings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry quarantine risk of cargo imported into New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from 2547 randomly selected consignments of part-container-load cargo imported into New Zealand were analysed to examine the incidence of quarantine interception of material that may affect forests, trees, and wood products in this country. Insect damage was found in 4.1 % of the consignments, bark in 3.7%, insects in 2.7%, and fungi in 0.7%. Stone and slate, and goods in the &quot;unknown&quot; category had the highest rate of interception, as did other cargo packed in pallets, cases, and crates. Chemicals, food, textiles, cartons, and rolls of cloth or carpet backing had a low interception rate. Goods originating in Asia and Europe were more frequently infested than American or Australian cargo.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1166</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1166</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leathwick, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobbs, J. F. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., PO Box 31-001, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How will New Zealand&apos;s forests respond to climate change? Potential changes in response to increasing temperature. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">23 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 416</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">If temperature increases occur during the next century as predicted by climatologists, then major changes in New Zealand&apos;s natural and plantation forests can be expected. Current relationships between temperature and occurrence of natural forest species suggest major changes in forest pattern with an increase in temperature. Because of widely varying relationships between species and climate, changes will likely occur at a species, rather than at a community level. Initial changes should favour species with wide tolerance to climatic factors, good dispersal capacity, and short generation times.&#xD;Shifts in distribution will be influenced by the availability of sites for colonisation, i.e., they will depend on mortality of the current site occupants. Disruption in forest composition is most likely to occur in forest patches where there is little potential for dispersal of new, more suitable species. This could result from a narrow, within-patch temperature range, geographic isolation from other patches which might act as seed sources, or dependence on longer-distance latitudinal rather than shorter-distance altitudinal migration.&#xD;&#xD;The plantation estate across the country can be classified in relation to present-day temperature and rainfall regimes. The mean annual temperature is between 10° and 15°C for 90%, and between 10° and 11°C for 35% of the plantation area. Mean annual rainfall is between 1250 and 2250 mm for 75% of the plantation area. If the worst-case climate change scenario is realised, then 96% of the plantation area will experience mean annual temperatures above 13°C. Twenty-one percent of the plantation area will experience mean annual temperatures above 17°C which is near the top of the optimal temperature&#xD;range for growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don, and warmer than any current values in the present climate. The effect of this on timber yield and log quality is still uncertain. Recommendations for future research include an extension of the current analysis to a national scale for natural forests, and an urgent need for process studies to investigate the effects of climate variables, particularly temperature and carbon dioxide, on the physiological response of all forest species. This is required as a basis for further modelling of the long-term ecological effects.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowdon, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO, Div. of Forestry, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ratio methods for estimating forest biomass</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-62</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a modification of the ratio method for estimating forest biomass, the relationship between the independent variable and the auxiliary variable is linearised prior to calculating the ratio. This is achieved by estimating an exponent for the auxiliary variable by applying a logarithmic regression to data obtained with a sample. This method is mathematically equivalent to the method of estimation based on logarithmic regression where the bias is corrected by a ratio method. A comparison was made of the simple ratio method and the modified method by using simulated samples from seven populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don for which total biomass was known. There was little difference between the two methods when simple random samples or samples with probability proportional to the sum of sectional area (an unbiased method) were taken. With samples taken with probability proportional to size (PPS) the results with the simple ratio method were highly biased, thus counteracting gains in precision. With the modified method bias remained small while precision and accuracy were substantially improved. No consistent improvement over the modified method was obtained when Horvitz-Thompson estimators or the mean of ratios method were used. It is recommended that the modified method of estimation combined with sampling with probability proportional to size be used for future estimations of forest biomass.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>268</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">268</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in wood characteristics of 20-year-old half-sib families of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment core samples were collected at breast height (1.4 m) from 20-year-old trees of 30 of the top-ranked wind-pollinated progenies from the &apos;268&apos; series of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plus trees, and their wood properties were examined. The objectives were to establish the extent of any possible shift in average wood properties caused by intensive selection for growth rate and stem straightness, and to estimate genetic parameters (variances, narrow-sense heritabilities, and genetic correlations). Samples were also collected from control trees, representing a &quot;felling select&quot; seedlot, within the same progeny trial.&#xD;&#xD;Properties examined included growth rate, wood density, and resin content (all by five-ring core segments), heartwood percentage and compression wood rating (whole cores), and tracheid length (outerwood only).&#xD;&#xD;Although wood density was variable (coefficient of variation about 0.07), the average for the progenies overall was almost identical to that of the control trees. On the other hand, there were slight indications that, along with the improved growth rate of the progenies, compression wood and heartwood resin content levels increased whereas tracheid length decreased. Heritability estimates for all the actual wood properties were high, ranging from 0.4 upwards, and coefficients of variation for resin content variables and heartwood content were very high (0.4 or higher), suggesting good prospects for genetic manipulation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>316</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">316</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within- and between-tree variation in microfibril angle in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">23 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1), 120</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle was measured for every growth ring at butt, breast height, and 7,12, 18,23, and 30 m height in five 22-year-old trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Mean angles varied from 9° to 55° with the highest angles occurring in the corewood of the butt log. Angles showed a curvilinear decline from pith to bark, which was more pronounced at the butt end of the stem. Significant variation was observed among trees and growth rings, with an interaction between rings and trees indicating some variation in pith-tobark trends among trees. Microfibril angle declined rapidly with height within the tree, reaching more or less constant values beyond 7 m height, followed by small increases in the corewood of the top log.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corewood (juvenile wood) in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata - s</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hould we be concerned?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In common with other plantation softwoods, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don exhibits a characteristic corewood zone which contributes significantly to the overall variation in wood properties. Industries have developed preferences for wood with a high or low proportion of corewood and may experience problems if the desired levels are not achieved. With evolving forest management practices worldwide, the trend is to a greater proportion of corewood and this has implications for industries which consider this type of wood undesirable.&#xD;&#xD;Traditional definitions of corewood are based on qualitative assessments of the number of rings from the pith at which an important property (usually wood density) becomes &quot;mature&quot;. Since this is an interpretation of a biological pattern, subject to fluctuation in the absolute level under the influence of site and genetic factors, species differences can be large and there is often little relation to wood product performance criteria. An alternative definition based on wood density goes some way towards a technical description of the absolute wood quality.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>643</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">643</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bawden, A. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft fibre qualities of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> toplogs, thinnings, and slabwood, and a &quot;genetic misfit&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handsheet properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft fibre, pulp, and handsheet properties for 11 standard </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don wood samples were compared with four corresponding samples of the progeny of Clone 850-55 (C55). The standard samples included 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-year-old toplog and thinnings, and three slabwood samples. Two toplog and two slabwood C55 wood samples were included in the comparison.&#xD;&#xD;It is generally accepted that the basic density of standard New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood chips is strongly correlated with pulp coarseness and handsheet properties. For the C55-toplog pulps such relationships held for handsheet properties but not for pulp fibre coarseness. For the C55-slabwood pulps the converse occurred since standard slabwood and C55-slabwood pulp coarseness and handsheet properties were similar but chip basic densities were very different.&#xD;&#xD;C55 kraft fibres, at a given pulp coarseness or fibre wall area, are proportionately large (broad) and thin walled compared with standard </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> kraft fibres. Thus, C55 fibres can be expected to collapse and bond readily one to another and develop high sheet tensile strengths and densities with minimal refining. The handsheet properties obtained supported such interpretations for the C55-toplog pulps, but not necessarily for the coarse long-fibred C55-slabwood pulps. The kraft pulp and fibre properties of the progeny of Clone 850-55 were so unusual that they evoke the question &quot;Is this clone a genetic misfit?&quot;&#xD;&#xD;Fibre cross-section dimensions correlated with pulp coarseness more strongly for dried and rewetted pulps than for undried (never dried) pulps. Fibre wall substance densities and porosities are apparently more variable in undried pulps than in dried and rewetted pulps.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1316</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1316</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecroyd, C.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Welsh, H.J. 1991: The conifer manual, Vol.1</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-112</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;The conifer manual, vol. 1&quot; by H. J. Welsh</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Shaw, C.G. &amp; Kile, G. (Eds.) 1991: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root disease</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> root disease&quot; by Charles G. Shaw III and Glen Kile.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1393</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1393</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libby, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> genetic survey</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to special issue: Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>164</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">164</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 1: Introduction, description of experiment, and basic methodology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-137</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A provenance-progeny trial of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was planted in three stages (1964, 1965 and 1967) on two sites in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand, to study the quantitative genetic architecture of the species and establish a gene resource. Site A (320 m altitude) was generally sheltered with a soil with a deep mantle of various layers of rhyolitic ash capped with 30 cm of raw, basaltic Tarawera scoria. Site B (525 m altitude) had a soil about 3-4 m deep of various rhyolitic ash layers overlying partly welded ignimbrite and with a slight pan about 25 cm below the surface associated with the Taupo ash layer. The trial contained 50 open-pollinated families (progenies) of each natural population (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria, Guadalupe Island and Cedros Island), representing the full natural range of this species, plus two New Zealand populations (Kaingaroa and Nelson), with 20 seedlings per progeny per site. The seedlings were supplemented in the final planting by four juvenile clones from each of 30 progenies from each population except Cedros. Within each of the six site/year-of-planting blocks, randomization was complete except for an interlocking block feature. This layout, a variation of non-contiguous plots, was designed for 50% systematic diagonal thinnings that would leave a balanced classification. The interlocking block layout showed some significant advantages. Its overall success, however, was limited through a combination of very adverse factors: the range of growth rates among populations; intense assertion of crown dominance and the associated stem mortality which were accentuated by needle-cast diseases; and prevalent stem malformation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>171</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">171</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 2: Population comparisons for growth rate, disease resistance, and morphology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don provenances (populations) were compared to age 12 years on two contrasting sites in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Differences between populations were detected in most traits, including growth rate, tree-form variables, other morphological traits, and susceptibility to fungal diseases, but variation in economic traits overlapped strongly among almost all populations.&#xD;&#xD;The Californian mainland populations (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria) showed very similar growth, although for diameter Monterey had evidently begun to draw ahead and Cambria to fall behind. Trees of the Guadalupe Island population were on average about 10% shorter than Monterey; Cedros Island averaged about 30% shorter, and could not compete. The New Zealand populations (Kaingaroa and Nelson) grew more uniformly and averaged about 10% taller and 20% greater diameter than Monterey; Kaingaroa slightly outgrew Nelson. Resistances to dieback and needle-casts were highest in the New Zealand populations, followed by A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Monterey. Cedros appeared to be the worst adapted to local conditions.&#xD;&#xD;A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo generally showed the worst tree form in stem crookedness, branching, and forking. Kaingaroa was superior, particularly as the trees got older. Cambria had relatively straight butts and boles, but became otherwise inferior. Guadalupe tended initially to have straight stems and tidy &quot;multinodal&quot; branching, but this superiority declined with age. In Cedros, the competition masked an inherently squat growth habit. Population rankings for branch-cluster frequency changed appreciably with age.&#xD;&#xD;Population-site interaction as such was mostly negligible, the main interactions evidently reflecting specific establishment conditions. Local differentiation within mainland populations was usually minuscule. Variation among natural populations was complex and multidimensional, resemblances between populations differing among traits. The Monterey and A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo populations appeared the most similar, while the island ones, especially Cedros, appeared quite distinct. The island populations were distinguished by thin unfissured bark and binate fascicles. The New Zealand populations evidently derived from A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Monterey, Kaingaroa showing a clearer preponderance of Ano Nuevo ancestry than Nelson. Possible reasons for the superiority of New Zealand material included a release from the &quot;neighbourhood inbreeding&quot; of natural stands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>168</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">168</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata - </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3: Variance structures and narrow-sense heritabilities for growth variables and morphological traits in seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160-186</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth variables</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance differences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within-population variances (ô</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and narrow-sense heritabilities (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) were estimated in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don provenance-progeny trial. Samples from the five natural populations and two New Zealand &quot;land-race&quot; populations were included, each as 50 wind-pollinated progenies, on two sites in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Assessments were made to around 8 years throughout and to 11-12 years in a sample. Estimates of heritabilities provisionally assumed random mating to give &quot;apparent&quot; heritabilities, but a basis was developed for revising estimates in the light of information or assumptions on departures from random mating.&#xD;&#xD;Natural populations usually gave higher apparent h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than New Zealand plantation material, especially for growth traits in island material and when the trees were younger. Population differences in apparent h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> mainly reflected differences in between-family ô</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="18">, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">but the New Zealand material also showed less within-family ô</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="18"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">for growth traits. These higher estimates of heritabilities and variances in natural populations appear to reflect appreciable non-randomness of mating, including significant inbreeding, and presumably associated contributions of non-additive gene effects. Allowing for likely biases arising from population differences in mating patterns, the different populations appeared to have generally similar variances (or coefficients of variation) and heritabilities for individual traits.&#xD;&#xD;Genotype-site interaction appeared unimportant for the two sites, but there was some obscure family-block interaction which tended to erode the overall heritabilities for the less heritable traits, notably early heights. Pooling subpopulations within natural populations was usually immaterial to h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and ô</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;The results indicated the following h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> values around age 8: forking and current leader dieback, 0-0.05; stem diameter (and stem volume), butt sweep score, and current retarded leader, 0.1; branch habit quality score, 0.1-0.15; height, 0.1-0.2; stem straightness score, 0.2; branching angle score, 0.2; branching frequency score, 0.2-0.25; branch cluster counts, &gt;0.4; sealed bud scores, 0.5. Coefficients of variation declined with age for height but increased for stem diameter, recent increments tended to be less heritable than cumulative values for height but more so for diameter, and various heritabilities appeared to rise with age. Although experimental conditions were not ideal the 7-9 year h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> values concur well with those in other reports, particularly in respect of comparative heritabilities among traits. Heritabilities in select material thus appear to have been similar to those in both native populations and the New Zealand land races that haveserved as base populations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>163</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">163</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 4: Variance structures and heritabilities in juvenile clones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A clonal adjunct to a large </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don provenance-progeny trial involved six populations (all the natural populations except Cedros, plus two &quot;land-race&quot; populations from New Zealand) x 30 wind-pollinated progenies (families) x two clones nested within each of two sites x four ramets per clone. The clones were cuttings taken from previously hedged 3-year-old ortets at c. 55 cm height, and came from a subsample of the seedling families used in the main experiment.&#xD;&#xD;Genetic parameter estimates from the clones were compared among populations and with estimates from the seedlings. The parameters estimated included broad-sense heritabilities (H</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). narrow-sense heritabilities (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), phenotypic variances (addressed largely as coefficients of variation), alternative estimates of genetic variances (total genetic v. additive genetic), and genetic variances between and within families in clonal material. Genetic correlations between performance in seedlings and cuttings of the same families were also studied. &#xD;&#xD;Phenotypic variances appeared similar between the cuttings and parallel genetic samples of seedlings. Genetic correlations between seedling and clonal performances appeared to be generally high (≥0.75). These results accord with genotypic effects being very similar between the propagule classes, with important implications for selection and predicting genetic gains.&#xD;&#xD;Estimates of H</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were very similar, trait for trait, among populations. This, despite some smaller coefficients of variation in New Zealand material, suggested that genetic variance structures are similar between populations. Estimates of h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, made under the provisional assumption of random (i.e., 100% half-sib) mating, tended to be lower in New Zealand than in native-population material, particularly for cumulative growth traits and some tree-form traits including butt straightness, stem straightness, and branch habit quality, so that ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> tended to vary much more between traits than Ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Such ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> values, however, tended to resemble Ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> more in the native populations than in the New Zealand. This, and markedly higher ratios of between-family: total clonal variance [</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">equation omitted</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">] in cuttings of native populations, strongly indicate much greater departures from random mating in natural stands than in plantations. Although differences between ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (assuming random mating) and Ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand material tended to be greater in the traits previously reported as showing relatively high levels of specific combining ability, they suggested a generally higher proportion of non-additive gene effects than did earlier reports. Also, the ratios of [</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">equation omitted</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">] in cuttings were hard to reconcile with likely mating patterns in natural stands, unless non-additive gene effects were less than suggested by comparing ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and Ĥ</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>165</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">165</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 5: Between-trait and age-age correlations for growth rate, morphology, and disease resistance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-227</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age-age correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intercorrelations between traits and age-age correlations for some traits were studied to around age 10 years in a provenance-progeny trial of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don on two test sites in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand, using seedlings and clones. The main seedling component of the experiment was supplemented by clones representing cuttings taken from c. 55 cm height on seedling ortets. All the natural populations, except for the Cedros Island population, plus two New Zealand controls were included in the clonal adjunct.&#xD;&#xD;Estimates of genotypic correlations from the open-pollinated seedling progenies and the clones agreed well. Additionally, the clones afforded direct estimates of non-genetic correlations (among ramets within clones). These results, and the inherent precision of clonal experiments, indicate that juvenile or near-juvenile clones have major advantages for studying such correlations.&#xD;&#xD;Between-trait genetic correlations appeared similar among populations, and results confirmed a pattern for volcanic plateau sites of generally favourable genetic correlations between growth rate, stem straightness, a wide-angled &quot;multinodal&quot; branching habit, and lack of stem malformation. Among these correlations those involving branch cluster frequency were stronger on the warmer, higher-index, test site, and so a strongly multinodal branching habit appears to be more advantageous there. Tree height at around 10 years was more favourably correlated genetically with tree-form traits than was current stem diameter.&#xD;&#xD;Age-age environmental correlations between successive heights, and between stem diameters and successive heights, fitted a coherent and consistent pattern, but the pattern of the corresponding genetic correlations appeared to depend appreciably on both population and site. Early heights seem to be excellent predictors of subsequent stem diameters, and in the better-adapted material stem diameter tended to be more strongly correlated genetically with preceding heights than with current height. Analysis of covariance, adjusting 8-year diameter for 7-year diameter, appeared to give very sensitive detection of incipient changes in genotypic rankings for diameter, but it is not yet clear how best to use this feature for selection. Stem diameter increment was correlated with initial height and diameter as well as with foliage retention (Cyclaneusma resistance) score, but the specific contribution of resistance could not be closely evaluated. Age-age genetic correlations, between around 8 and 11.5 years, for subjectively scored tree-form traits appeared close to unity. Among juvenile morphological traits, retarded leader showed weak genetic correlation with subsequent tree form, and the onset of production of sealed buds almost zero correlation with growth rate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>166</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">166</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 6: Wood properties - variation, heritabilities, and interrelationships with other traits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties were studied in </style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">≥</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4 trees x 2 sites x 50 wind-pollinated progenies x 7 populations in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don provenance-progeny trial in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Specimens were taken at around 1.4 m height and contained rings 1-5 from the pith. Oven-dry wood density and ring width were determined throughout, and grain spirality in rings 2 and 5, compression wood, pith diameter, and tracheid lengths in subsamples. These data were analysed along with height and diameter data.&#xD;&#xD;Wood density averaged about 10% higher in the slower-growing island populations (Guadalupe and Cedros) than in the Californian mainland ones. Compared with Monterey, A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Cambria averaged around 1.5% and 4% lower respectively, and the two New Zealand populations (Kaingaroa and Nelson) </style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">≥</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 % higher. Grain spirality was worst in A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, but comparisons among other populations were complicated by site interaction (in contrast to other traits) and population differences in pith-to-bark spirality gradient. Compression wood was most prevalent in the island populations, and least in those from mainland California. Differences between local subdivisions of native populations were generally negligible.&#xD;&#xD;Density showed within-population coefficients of variation (CV) of 6-7% but ring5 spirality showed CVs of around 50% or more. Variances and narrow-sense heritabilities (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) appeared similar among populations. Ring-5 spirality gave h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> generally well oyer 0.5 within sites, but some unexplained family x site interaction lowered across-sites h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Ring-2 spirality, which was studied within only one site, gave lower h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and families varied appreciably in between-ring spirality differences. For density h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was generally </style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">≥</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0.65, but with possibly less additive genetic variation in A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo than in Monterey and Cambria. Family x site interactions appeared minimal. Estimates of h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for density in the New Zealand populations, from sib-analysis and offspring-parent relationships respectively, agreed closely, suggesting essentially random mating.&#xD;&#xD;Wood density showed a negative association (both genetic and within-family phenotypic correlations) with ring width, but a positive association with tree height, a situation that tends to be obscured by the strong association between height and diameter.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>169</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">169</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaskin, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabkiewicz, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 7: Variation and inheritance of pinene composition in wood oleoresin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-256</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleoresin was sampled from wood in lower boles of trees in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don provenance-progeny trial in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand, and the </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene/(</style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">a</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene + </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene) ratios were determined by gas-liquid chromatography analysis. In one block 379 trees were sampled, representing 50 windpollinated progenies from each of two Californian populations (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Monterey) and two New Zealand ones (Kaingaroa and Nelson); results for 32 and 24 of the progenies from Kaingaroa and Nelson respectively were cross-referenced with determinations on their seed parents. In another block 161 trees were sampled, drawn from 45 Nelson progenies which were all cross-referenced with seed-parent values. &#xD;&#xD;The pinenes were the only major monoterpene components, except in one tree with 22.5% sabinene and 5.6% terpinolene. Populations differed markedly in </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene ratio (p &lt; 0.001), A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo averaging -80% and Monterey -71%, Kaingaroa and Nelson being intermediate with -75% and -73% respectively. A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Kaingaroa were less variable than Monterey and Nelson.&#xD;&#xD;Individual estimates of narrow-sense heritability were imprecise, but clustered around unity. They did not differ clearly between the Californian and New Zealand populations, or according to whether sib-analyses or offspring-parent regressions were used, although the latter gave better precision. The economic significance as a breeding goal, however, seems negligible.&#xD;&#xD;The proportions of </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene appeared to rise appreciably as trees got older and taller, raising a caveat for comparing different plantings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>162</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">162</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabkiewicz, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 8: Population differences in monoterpene composition of cortical oleoresin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-273</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminant analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cortical oleoresin was taken from branches of young (c. 7-year-old) trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don provenances for gas-liquid chromatograph analysis of monoterpenes. Two studies were undertaken: Study I involved 50 unrelated trees of each of the Californian mainland populations (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria), Guadalupe Island, and Kaingaroa and Nelson from New Zealand; Study II involved 50 trees from each of the Guadalupe and Cedros Island populations. Monoterpene levels were expressed in percentages of total monoterpenes.&#xD;&#xD;Study I resolved seven frequent monoterpene peaks plus several other peaks that occurred infrequently, the levels of each peak varying widely both from tree to tree within populations and among population means. Several components showed indications of major gene effects. Multiple discriminant analysis, despite highly non-normal frequency distributions for most fractions, was a powerful tool for demonstrating patterns of population differences. Canonical variate distances were least between Cambria and Monterey, followed by those between A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Monterey and between Cambria and Guadalupe, suggesting some north-south trend. The analysis showed a striking intermediacy of the New Zealand populations between A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and Monterey, corroborating other evidence that New Zealand stock had derived entirely from those two natural populations, and indicating around 66% and 52% of A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo genes in Kaingaroa and Nelson respectively.&#xD;&#xD;Study II resolved 12 monoterpenes, the mean levels of 10 differing clearly between the two island populations. Monoterpene composition of Guadalupe differed substantially between the studies, pointing to a need to standardise sampling conditions closely, and preventing reliable cross-reference of Cedros with mainland and New Zealand populations. However, Cedros appeared not to fit a north-south trend. From Study II emerged the most definite correlation between levels of different monoterpenes, a strong positive association between sabinene and terpinolene.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>170</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">170</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic survey of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata -</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 9: General discussion and implications for genetic management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">274-298</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land race</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various issues arose from the results of the large </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don provenanceprogeny trial in Kaingaroa Forest which included all five natural populations and two local &quot;land-race&quot; controls. Differences between the five natural populations are multidimensional, the apparent affinities between populations depending strongly on the traits considered. Assigning any given tree in the species unequivocally to its appropriate population by means other than pedigree information is difficult, and at present would require data sets that would be hard to obtain. The local land-race control populations, Kaingaroa and Nelson, appear to have obtained about two-thirds and slightly over half of their genes, respectively, from A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo and the rest from Monterey. The closer resemblance of Kaingaroa than Nelson to A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o  Nuevo was very consistent, yet the resemblances of the controls to their progenitor populations evidently varied markedly among traits; it is suspected that local &quot;land-race&quot; stocks, while otherwise quite broadly based genetically, may reflect relatively large genetic contributions from a small number of Monterey ancestors in the original introductions.&#xD;&#xD;Interestingly, all five natural populations have shown very little local differentiation. Heritabilities seem similar trait for trait among the natural populations. Genetic correlation structures also appear similar among populations, suggesting that the correlations are essentially pleiotropic and thus constitute some important breeding opportunities, or constraints in the case of adverse correlations.&#xD;&#xD;The scope for further research includes prospects for using molecular biology to complement the biometrical analyses covered in the preceding papers and to contribute to future genetic improvement.&#xD;&#xD;Potential benefits of using native populations to bolster the breeding programme include: specific attributes that certain populations could contribute in the short term, new combinations of attributes in the medium term, and, in the long term, greater responses to directional selection. Among the specific attributes are the higher wood density and lower stem sinuosity of the Guadalupe population, and certain soil tolerances of the Monterey population. For the specific attributes to be worthwhile, their economic importance must in some situations outweigh the adverse features of native-population material, or the adverse features must be overcome either by heterotic effects in crossing with domesticated stocks or by genetic segregation in advanced-generation crosses. New seed orchard and vegetative propagation technologies facilitate incorporation of naturalpopulation material in breeding lines and some production populations. &#xD;&#xD;Natural-population gene resources should be managed, probably as both pure populations and hybrid combinations. A major unsolved problem for management is pollen contamination.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaskin, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabkiewicz, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal repeatability of monoterpene composition of cortical oleoresin of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forty-five clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don were studied for repeatability (broad-sense heritability) of levels of individual monoterpenes in cortical oleoresin, using hedged cuttings that had come from 7- to 9-year-old ortets. In these cuttings the estimated clonal repeatabilities of levels of all monoterpenes were very high (generally &gt;0.85). It appeared that clones could readily be distinguished in 99% of pairwise comparisons. For 22 of the clones 15-year-old ortets were sampled in the same month. Ramet-ortet repeatabilities were very high (&gt;0.85) for three of the main monoterpene components (</style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">b-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinene, carene, and limonene), lower (c. 0.6) for a fourth (</style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">a</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-pinene), and lower still for some minor components, but higher repeatabilities were clearly attainable through straightforward refinements of the chemical analysis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cannon, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forward selection plots in breeding programmes with insect-pollinated tree species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within-family selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">For trees which are naturally insect-pollinated and have effective pollination ranges of less than 40 m, the Forward Selection Plot (FSP) design provides an open-pollinated breeding population layout that is effective for ranking families, for within-family selection, and, subsequently, for collection of seed for the breeding population of the next generation. It therefore provides a basic field resource for breeding which will give nearoptimal genetic gain at low cost. It can be used with a sublined breeding population and can also be used to provide improved seed in commercial quantities. The use of the computer programme &quot;NO INCEST&quot; to help layout FSPs minimises the chances of inbreeding in the seed collected after evaluation and roguing of the test.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>477</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">477</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prediction of internode length in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-26</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean internode length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Internode length is an important variable in determining the amounts of clearwood which can be obtained from unpruned logs. An empirical model has been developed for predicting stand mean internode length for variable log lengths for forest sites in New Zealand. The model, applicable for both unimproved and genetically improved </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D. Don, predicts internode length from mean annual rainfall, altitude, and &quot;level of genetic improvement&quot;.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>781</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">781</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mansur, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept of Plant Science, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vector analysis of foliage data to study competition for nutrients and moisture: An agroforestry example</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-39</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Vector analysis, previously used to study nutrient status in trees, has been modified for use in competition experiments. The interpretation of changes in leaf weight, nutrient concentration, and nutrient content per leaf indicates whether moisture  and/or nutrients are causing changes in growth. &#xD;&#xD;An agroforestry trial with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don and six ground cover treatments was studied using the new interpretation. The results indicated that, for this site/season combination, the main competition factors reducing tree growth were moisture, nitrogen, and boron. Potassium and magnesium levels were also changed but not in a manner expected to alter tree growth. There was&apos; little change in phosphorus, calcium, and micronutrients other than boron. The effect of moisture was consistent with the drought conditions experienced during the study. Lucerne proved to be the most competitive of the ground covers used in this trial. &#xD;&#xD;Vector analysis gave more information on effects of competition than did foliar concentration, foliar nutrient content, or tree growth. Fascicle weight was found to be an indicator of tree vigour, but for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> it was not as sensitive as height and diameter measurements.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawke, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Connor, M. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AgeResearch, PO Box 951, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH and nutrient levels at Tikitere Agroforestry Research Area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-48</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Soils under various stockings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don at the Tikitere Agroforestry Research Area near Rotorua have shown a significant decline in soil pH with increasing tree age and at higher tree stockings. Soil pH levels in 1975 (year 3) for  0,100,200, and 400 stems/ha were 5.6, 5.7, 5.7, and 5.6 respectively, compared with 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, and 5.0 in 1991. Higher phosphorus and sulphate-sulphur levels under trees and an increase in magnesium on open pasture were also evident. A  soil profile study at year 19 indicated pH reductions to 150 mm depth, with increasing phosphorus levels to 75 mm depth. Sulphate-sulphur levels increased at all depths in 400 stems/ha plots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>566</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">566</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutcheson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pohutukawa (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Metrosideros excelsa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) health and phenology in relation to possums (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosurus vulpecula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and other damaging agents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The impact of possums (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Trichosurus vulpecula </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Kerr.) and insects and disease on the canopy development of pohutukawa (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Metrosideros excelsa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> Gaertn.) was studied at Homunga Bay on the Coromandel Peninsula. Possums were the only threat to established trees through damage to foliage and vegetative buds. The study also showed that regeneration occurred rarely because of the presence of feral goats and domestic sheep and cattle. It is recommended that possum control be  carried out in late winter so as to protect new vegetative buds, and that fencing out of domestic stock to allow regeneration be done where possible.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>559</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">559</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Queensland Forest Res. Inst., PO Box 631, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">populations in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation on a former indigenous rainforest site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-77</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Incidence of Armillaria root disease and populations of the causal fungi </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> (Stevenson) Herink and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> (Stevenson) Boesewinkel were monitored in four plots (36 x 28-36 m) in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> D. Don plantation on a site converted from an indigenous podocarp-broadleaf forest in the Bay of Plenty district, New Zealand. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">-caused mortality in different plots varied between 22% and 35% of all trees 5-6 years after planting, while total infection ranged from 54% to 64%. Among the final-crop trees only, up to 4% were killed by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">spp. and between 46% and 51 % were chronically infected. In one plot 67% of pine stumps were colonised by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">spp. 15 months after a non-commercial thinning, providing potential supplementary inoculum for further infection among remaining trees. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">isolates from the four plots belonged to 63 vegetative compatibility groups, of which 27</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9"> A. novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> and 15 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">A. limonea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> groups were first identified prior to clearing and burning of the indigenous cover, and 21 were found post-burn only. Most pre-burn groups were redetermined in approximately the same positions after burning, but four were collected from new locations within the same plots. Post-burn groups were all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">A. novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">, and some appear to represent new colonies introduced by means of basidiospores after burning. Potted seedling experiments were used to confirm the pathogenicity to</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> of many of ths </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">vegetative compatibility groups.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1238</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1238</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xi, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agri. Univ., Nanjing, China</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cleopus japonicus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a potential biocontrol agent for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Buddleja davidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-83</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Laboratory populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cleopus japonicus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> Wingelmuller (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) were studied in controlled conditions. A constant temperature of about 20°C and a photoperiod of up to 14 hours appeared to optimise survival and oviposition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. japonicus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">and indicated that this weevil should readily acclimatise to conditions in New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>744</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">744</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36 Selwyn Road, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage and growth distribution within crowns of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Changes with age in a close-spaced stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-89</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Needle and branch weight were estimated for each 2-m height zone of the crown in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D. Don trees of five size-classes for each year from ages 5 to 13 years. The fraction of needles aged 1 year decreased down the crown and with increasing tree age. The ratio of branch to needle production did not differ significantly with position in crown, tree size-class, or tree age, and averaged 0.75.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in microfibril angle among three genetic groups of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Microfibril angle at breast height and at 18 m was assessed for three genetically distinct groups of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D.Don trees. The three groups consisted of five trees of undefined parentage, five trees of open-pollinated NZ850-55, and five trees of NZ850-55 x Guadalupe provenance </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">. Microfibril angle within the core wood at breast height was consistently lower for the two NZ850-55 progeny groups than for the corewood of the control trees, while outerwood values were comparable. Angles at 18 m height were similar to those at breast height for the two NZ850-55 progeny groups but were significantly lower in the control trees. These differences have implications for wood and paper properties.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>393</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">393</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kroese, H. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakobsson, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kylin, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trace constituents of natural and anthropogenic origin from New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needle epicuticular wax</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-109</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">Extraction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> D.Don needle epicuticular wax and processing of the extract to remove the estolides and fatty and resin acids afforded three minute fractions from silica gel column chromatography, representing less than 0.15% of the wax. The fractions were variously shown to contain a mixture of natural products—viz sesquiterpenes, comprising mainly amorphene, cadinenes, germacrene, calamenene, calacorene, and cadalene; a complex mixture of bisnor, nor, and diterpene hydrocarbons; as well as methyl esters of resin acids and 9,10-seco-dehydroabietanes of unknown ring- A structure. The anthropogenic chemicals identified included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and a variety of organochlorine compounds, hexachlorocyclohexanes lindanes), hexachlorobenzene, chlordanes, p,p&apos;-DDE, and pentachlorobiphenyl, hexachlorobiphenyl, and heptachlorobiphenyls. It is suggested that analysis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="9">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9"> needle epicuticular wax would provide one means of biomonitoring in order to assess the quality of the New Zealand environment.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>607</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">607</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, T. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodegradability of wastewaters from a medium-density fibreboard mill</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medium-density fibreboard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The effluent from a medium-density fibreboard mill, using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don as the chief source of raw material, has been analysed for total and suspended solids, particle size distribution, reducing sugars, total carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The waste liquors, which contained many fine cellulose fibres, were moderately biodegradable with BOD</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">5</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">/COD ratios from 0.49 to 0.22. Microbial utilisation of the raw wastewater was enhanced by supplements of nitrogen whereas addition of phosphate had little effect.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1357</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1357</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum - Within- and between-tree variation in microfibril angle in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum to NZJFS 22 (1) 77-86:  Within- and between-tree variation in microfibril angle in Pinus radiata.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration patterns in montane conifer/broadleaved forest on Mt Pureora, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration in montane </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus hallii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Kirk/</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Weinmannia racemosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.f. (Hall&apos;s totara/kamahi) forest on Mt Pureora, central North Island, New Zealand, was sampled in the three phases of the forest growth cycle. Average age differed significantly between the gap (12-year), building (67-year), and mature (227-year) phases. Diameter growth rates were similar amongst major canopy species, but significantly faster during the gap and building phases (0.31 cm/year) than the mature phase (0.19 cm/year). &#xD;&#xD;Two broad patterns of successional change were evident between phases, some species populations (e.g., small-leaved </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coprosma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp., tree ferns) increasing during the gap phase and declining thereafter, and others (e.g., Hall&apos;s totara, kamahi, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Griselinia littoralis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Raoul (broadleaf), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myrsine salicina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hook.f. (toro)) increasing during the building phase.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pseudowintera colorata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Raoul) Dandy (horopito), although a gap invader, was prominent throughout. Replacement strategies reflect differing shade tolerance, relatively intolerant species being gap invaders and those with intermediate tolerance establishing during the building phase. Because canopy dominants mostly establish later in the succession (&quot;building-phase replacement&quot;), gap composition alone is not a reliable indicator of future canopy composition in this forest type.&#xD;&#xD;Gap-maker/gap-filler and canopy/understorey relationships suggest that a regeneration cycle involving alternation of podocarps and broadleaved trees, similar to that described from nearby lowland forest, may be operating. Although no unequivocal disruption of natural replacement processes in major canopy species is evident, other studies show that progressive impoverishment of lower tiers by introduced browsing mammals is occurring here.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>575</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">575</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutcheson, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res.Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of small mountain beech stands in an exposed environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-153</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In four small isolated stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">cliffortioides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f. Poole (mountain beech), ranging in size from 70 to 140 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> , exposure was the dominant influence on stand architecture. The most exposed stand exhibited progressive canopy collapse which may eventually lead to its extinction. As shelter increased, stands showed a rapid transition to an intact protective canopy. Dramatic differences in environmental conditions were evident between sheltered and exposed stand edges. Seedlings established in the lee of existing stands while collapse occurred at the exposed edge, leading to stand mobility over time.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>72</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">72</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bathgate, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbrook, R. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsite effect on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">154-162</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 11.5-year-old stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. with highly variable growth, trees of below-average size and health occurred in small discrete clumps suggestive of microsite influence. Microsites were found to have a variable thickness of Taupo tephra overlying earlier Tirau tephra. The Taupo tephra had lower concentrations of phosphorus and of feeding roots than the Tirau tephra. Where Taupo tephra was thicker than 50 cm in the soil profile, basal areas averaged one-third lower than other microsites and correlated positively with phosphorus concentration in the A horizon.&#xD;&#xD;Foliage samples suggested trees on soil with greater than 50 cm of Taupo tephra have more variable concentrations of foliar elements and lower concentration of phosphorus than trees on soil with predominantly Tirau tephra. These differences attributed to the thickness of Taupo tephra accounted for only some of the total growth variation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1023</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1023</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerville, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and utilisation of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-178</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An intensively pruned and thinned stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hartweg provided a unique research opportunity for examining aspects of cypress tree growth and utilisation. At 27 years of age, the stand was harvestable in terms of stand volume, log size, and sawlog quality, identifying </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as a species with potential for short rotations. A heavy thinning at age 21 years resulted in minimal stem diameter response but caused a large increase in the number of large branches which in turn reduced the unpruned log quality. Based on a current growth model, a simulated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don&#xD;stand grown under the same regime and site conditions would have produced a similar total stand volume.&#xD;&#xD;Sawing conversion from roundwood for a 39-log sample ranged from 52% in butt logs to 43% in third logs. Butt logs had low recovery of Clears grades owing to large knotty cores, but the inclusion of a weatherboard/exterior finish grade improved the total &quot;high value&quot; grade recovery to 73% of sawn timber. Corresponding recoveries for second and third logs were 13% and 8% respectively, reflecting the presence of large branches and sapwood.&#xD;&#xD;The yield of kraft pulp from top logs and slabwood was poor in comparison to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, but the chemical consumption was normal. Paper from these pulps had very low bulk owing to collapse of the short low-coarseness fibres and had low tear strength but reasonable light-scattering properties. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> could be used to produce kraft pulp if mixed in a low proportion with other more-favoured species.&#xD;&#xD;Thermomechanical pulp made from slabwood chips was within the accepted range of commercial properties but, compared with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, energy consumption was high and refiner motor loadings were very unstable. The resulting paper had low brightness and strength. Attempts to make chemi thermomechanical pulp within the accepted normal commercial range of properties were unsuccessful.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>923</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">923</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davenhill, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interspecific competition between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and some common weed species - first-year results</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytisus scoparius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interspecific competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A trial designed to quantify the reduction in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don seedling growth caused by competition from a range of important weed species was established at Rotorua, a moist North Island site, and at Rangiora, a South Island site with low summer rainfall. At both sites,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings were grown on their own and with either herbaceous broadleaves (a volunteer mixture of species from which grasses were excluded), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cytisus scoparius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (broom), or </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ulex europaeus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (gorse). Trees were also grown with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Buddleja davidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Franchet (buddleia), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Holcus lanatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Yorkshire fog) plus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lolium multiflorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Italian ryegrass), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cortaderia selloana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schult) Asch. et Graeb. (pampas) at Rotorua and with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrostis capillaris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (browntop) at Rangiora. Resource (nutrient and water) levels were varied by factorial ± irrigation and fertiliser treatments. At Rotorua,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stem volume after 10 months was greatest in weedfree, gorse, broom, and Yorkshire fog plots and least in herbaceous broadleaf and buddleia plots, with pampas intermediate. At this time, there was no strong evidence of interspecific competition for water or nutrients. At Rangiora, trees growing with grass and herbaceous broadleaves were substantially reduced in stem volume compared to trees in the weed-free, broom, and gorse plots. There was essentially no difference in growth with the latter three treatments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hollinger, D. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turland, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, NE Exp. Station, PO Box 640, Durham, NH, 03824, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration by New Zealand&apos;s plantation forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-208</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Removals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual carbon uptake by the 1.24 million ha of plantation forest in New Zealand was calculated from detailed information provided to the Government by private owners on the age and volume of the timber resource, a national database of wood density variations, models of the allocation of biomass to tree and forest components other than stems, and estimates of roundwood removals derived from annual Government surveys of sawmills, chip mills, and other wood product mills, as well as export data. &#xD;&#xD;The plantation forests of New Zealand stored approximately 4.5±0.8 million tonnes C in the year between 1 April 1988 and 1 April 1989, increasing total plantation carbon storage to approximately 88 million tonnes C in April 1989. Without harvest, the average annual carbon uptake of the New Zealand plantation estate between 1988 and 1989 would have been approximately 6.4 tonnes C/ha. Plantation roundwood removals were equivalent to 2.7 tonnes C/ha, so that average carbon storage was approximately 3.6 tonnes C/ha. Some harvested carbon is stored in wood products, and additional carbon may be stored in the mineral soil, but these quantities were not included in our estimates. The annual storage of carbon in the New Zealand plantation estate in 1988-89 was equivalent to approximately 70% of total New Zealand fossil fuel emissions, but was &lt;0.1% of total global fossil fuel emissions. &#xD;&#xD;The high annual rate of carbon uptake by the New Zealand plantation estate is a consequence of a large area of new plantings initiated in the 1970s and 1980s. Without continued new plantings, the net annual rate of carbon uptake by New Zealand plantation forests will rapidly approach zero.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>748</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">748</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maplesden, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japanese sawmilling industry: Current situation, historic trends, and a comparison with the New Zealand industry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-235</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawmilling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand material in Japan continues to be sawn predominantly for packaging, in contrast to other supplies which are sawn overwhelmingly for construction uses. Overall recovery percentages for New Zealand material sawn (for packaging) in Japan are of the order of 64-68% which is much higher than the national average in New Zealand of approximately 50%. The higher recovery in Japan can be explained by: the JAS under-estimate of log volume; the volume of large squares in the raw material input; the high raw-material cost which has instigated slow, accurate, finer kerf sawing; the combination of products and dimensions produced.&#xD;&#xD;The Japanese sawmilling industry is adaptable, adjusting to rising raw material costs and reduced supplies by adopting strategies such as diversification into value-added processing, the establishment of industrial complexes, downstream integration such as housing construction, and real estate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, G. F. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrington, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tall oil pitch as bitumen extender</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">236-242</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blends of tall oil pitch (TOP) and petroleum bitumen were studied as potential binders for road surfacings. The physical properties (viscosity, penetration, softening point) of TOP/bitumen blends (up to 30% w/w TOP) were similar to those of petroleum bitumen alone. Resistance to oxidative hardening likely to occur in asphalt concrete manufacture was examined using the standard rolling thin film oven test. The blended binders showed a drop in 25°C penetration value equivalent to that found with petroleum bitumen of the same initial penetration. No separation of the TOP/bitumen blends was observed even after 3 days&apos; storage at 135°C. Thermogravimetric analyses in air showed the onset temperature for weight loss to be lower (~170°C) than that for bitumen (~210°C). However, the flash point of blends up to 30% w/w TOP remained well above the lower limit allowed for petroleum bitumens.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dong Chen, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sleeman, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Assessment of the self-ignition conditions of forest litter deposit layer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243-248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1319</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1319</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Lewis, N.B. &amp; Ferguson, I.S. 1993: Management of radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-251</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>749</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">749</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marden, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowan, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protective value of vegetation on Tertiary terrain before and during Cyclone Bola, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-263</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of six vegetation types on landslide densities on Tertiary bedrock terrain were examined before and after Cyclone Bola struck the East Coast region of the North Island of New Zealand in March 1988. &#xD;&#xD;Indigenous forest and exotic pine plantations more than 8 years old provided the best protection against the formation of shallow landslides, both before and during Cyclone Bola. Regenerating scrub and exotic pines 6-8 years old provided an intermediate level of protection. Greatest damage occurred on pasture and in areas of young (&lt;6 years old) exotic plantations where canopy cover was negligible and root development limited.&#xD;&#xD;Sites under older vegetation types with a closed canopy (indigenous forest and plantations of exotic pines &gt;8 years old) were four times less susceptible to landsliding during Cyclone Bola than those under regenerating scrub and exotic pines 6-8 years old, and 16 times less susceptible than those under pasture and young exotic pines (&lt;6 years old).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>544</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">544</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ck, B. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shirley, J. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using a geographic information system and geostatistics to estimate site index of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">264-277</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index is used as a measure of productivity for large plantation forests. Although site index had been calculated in less than half of the compartments in Kaingaroa Forest, data were fairly evenly spread. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to produce a contour map of site indices associated with compartment centre points. The limitations of estimation techniques within the GIS were highlighted by the difficulty of predicting values between contour lines. Instead, geostatistics, a statistical interpolation method, was adopted as it can estimate local values from data that varies spatially. &#xD;&#xD;The variogram for site index in Kaingaroa Forest was fitted by a linear model up to 25 km. The parameters of this model were used in estimation (kriging) procedure. Values for 757 compartments were predicted, ranging from 18.8 to 34.3 m. The standard error ranged from 1.6 to 3.6 m, with a mean of 1.7 m. A jack-knifing procedure showed estimates to agree well with actual values.&#xD;&#xD;It was concluded that linking a GIS with geostatisties allowed more effective use to be made of the GIS.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>896</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">896</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pook, E. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empirical models evaluated for prediction of fine fuel moisture in Australian </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">24 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2-3),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">427</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative humidity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The performances of Mc Arthur&apos;s models, that use screen temperature (T) and relative humidity (H) to predict the moisture contents of dead fine fuel (FFM) in eucalypt forest and grassland, were assessed when they were applied to (i) six common types of dead eucalypt and pine fine fuel exposed to atmospheric conditions in a meteorological screen and (ii) dead needle fuels in canopies and litter of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plantations. &#xD;&#xD;In the screen, diurnal range of FFM in pine needles was wider and reached lower afternoon values than in other fuels. When H was within the domains applicable to model inputs, the moisture contents of both pine and eucalypt fuels were, to varying extents, under-predicted by McArthur&apos;s models. The predictions of the FFM model developed for control burning operations in eucalypt forest (the CBEF model) were most closely correlated with observed FFMs; but, to achieve the best possible accuracy, the CBEF model required calibration to the different fuel types.&#xD;&#xD;Early afternoon moisture contents of dead needles in tree canopies (aerial FFM) and needlebed litter (litter FFM) of unthinned-unpruned (UTUP) and thinned-pruned (TP) pine plantations were (mostly) under-predicted by McArthur&apos;s models, the mean error varying with fuel location and stand management.&#xD;&#xD;Where the domains for model inputs were observed, the diurnal performance of the CBEF model calibrated to aerial fuel of the UTUP pine plantation matched the performances of the AERIAL and SCREEN models specific to such fuels. All three models may be recommended for prediction of aerial FFM.&#xD;&#xD;For prediction of litter FFM, the performance of the CBEF model calibrated to needlebed litter was comparable to that of a pine litter FFM model that included a soil moisture factor. Where T and H only are available as inputs, the use of the calibrated CBEF model is recomended for the most accurate prediction of litter FFM in UTUP plantations.&#xD;&#xD;Prediction of FFM was generally more accurate for aerial fuel than for litter fuel. No model at present is capable of the accuracy of FFM prediction required for forecasting fire behaviour when FFM is low. A technique for rapid measurement of FFM is needed for such times.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>657</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">657</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance variation in New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 1: Growth rates and form</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-313</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R.T.Baker provenance trials, at two sites in New Zealand, were assessed at age 8 years for growth (diameter) and form (primarily stem straightness). Tasmanian provenances overall had slightly larger (p &lt; 0.1) diameters than Australian mainland provenances, but were significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) poorer in form than mainland ones. The results for diameter growth at age 8 were in contrast to those for earlier (age-3) height. In both results at age 3 on the two New Zealand sites and the published results of the same material on four trial sites in south-eastern Australia, Victorian provenances had clearly excelled Tasmanian provenances. Hence, Victorian provenances that show rapid early growth may later be overtaken by Tasmanian provenances.&#xD;&#xD;New Zealand seedlots (commercial lots and open-pollinated families) showed, on average, modest diameter but good form, in line with their predominantly New South Wales origins. The families varied strongly in both diameter and form.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, John N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance variation in New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 2: Internal checking and other wood properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R.T.Baker provenance trial was evaluated at age 8 years for growth rate, internal checking within growth rings, and other wood properties.&#xD;Internal checking, which occurs on drying, severely restricts the use of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. delegatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for solid-wood products. Relationships were investigated between internal checking&#xD;variables and the other wood properties (basic density, heartwood content, and moisture content) and stem diameter.&#xD;&#xD;Neither the size nor the frequency of internal checks showed any marked association with any of the other disc variables or combination thereof. Internal checking features,&#xD;however, differed strongly between two regional provenance groups, the Tasmanian provenances having less than half as many as the mainland Australian provenances.&#xD;Heartwood was markedly less and basic density averaged 9kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> higher in the Tasmanian material. The Tasmanian provenances were also superior, albeit marginally,&#xD;in diameter growth. Accordingly, Tasmanian provenances are recommended over mainland ones for New Zealand plantations, even though tree form is not as good.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>400</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">400</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fung, L. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-338</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) is considered one of the most important trees in central-southern China. In China it has been cultivated as a timber species for over 1000 years; however, the species does not appear to have been planted much outside China and Taiwan. Physical, mechanical, and drying properties of three stands of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were assessed and anatomical and pulping studies were reviewed.&#xD;&#xD;Results clearly showed that mechanical and physical wood properties of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are numerically lower than those of native-grown (Chinese/Taiwanese) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The main factor is a lower basic density resulting in reduced strength; shrinkage, however, appears to be fairly constant. In comparison to</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood is of lower density and therefore not as strong. Shrinkage is similar for both species and there is little degrade under conventional kiln schedule or air drying. Drying rates are similar to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;It appears that owing to its low basic density </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lanceolata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">would be unsuitable for heavy structural uses. However, its dimensional stability, ease of drying, and reputed durability would allow it to be used in applications such as weatherboarding, panelling, and joinery.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1382</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1382</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest Editorial - Impacts of harvesting and site preparation on carbon cycling processes in forests. Papers presented at the IEA/BA Task IX Activity 4 workshop held in Inverness, Scotland, 24-30 May 1992</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Å</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gren, G. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wikstrom, J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling carbon allocation - a review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The problem of allocation of a plant&apos;s carbon resources is basically an evolutionary one in which long-term reproductive success is the goal. Analyses of which features maximise seed production have been done on the basis of root: shoot: seed allocation and height growth: seed production. More complex models which focus on many-species interactions along a resource continuum have also been tried. More commonly, however, the problem of allocation is defined in terms of functional (physiological) properties of the plant, with nitrogen availability as a dominant factor. Within this category, some models rely directly on empirical information, others derive root:shoot allocation from various physiological principles such as transport resistance, balance between carbon and nitrogen uptake, or balance between carbon assimilation and consumption. In some cases allocation is calculated from an optimisation scheme. In view of the criteria that should be satisfied by allocation models, we conclude that today there are no allocation models that satisfy all requirements.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">616</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desert Research Inst, PO Box 60220, Reno, NV, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon in forest soils - research needs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon changes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General areas of research needed for soil carbon include, but are not limited to, (1) effects of forest management, (2) effects of climate change, and (3) effects of elevated carbon dioxide. The research requirements to investigate these topics include: (1) a coordinated study with specific protocols for sampling and analyses to either confirm or negate the results of a recent review which showed little average change in soil carbon with harvesting, but increased soil carbon with improved nutrient status; (2) processlevel studies involving temperature and moisture manipulations combined with gradient studies; (3) studies of litter quality effects (including roots) using actual incubation and/or litterbag experiments to assess potential litter and soil carbon changes with increasing carbon dioxide; (4) a realistic soil carbon fractionation method to complement all new studies; and (5) studies of factors affecting soil carbon dioxide partial pressures (pC0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) along with an evaluation of the effects of soil pC0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on tree seedling root growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>521</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">521</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrison, A. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harkness, D. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merlewood Research Station, Inst of Terrestrial Ecology, Grange-over- Sands, Cumbria, UK</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential for estimating carbon fluxes in forest soils using 14 C techniques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-379</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three studies explored the potential of the conventional radiocarbon dating procedure combined with the analysis of the degree of incorporation of </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C derived from nuclear&#xD;weapons testing (</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-bomb) during the early 1960s, for determining carbon turnover in forest soils.&#xD;&#xD;The first study examined the gross annual turnover rate of soil carbon within the tree rooting zone of a mixed deciduous oak/ash/birch woodland (Meathop Wood) situated on an acid brown earth soil overlying carboniferous limestone. The turnover was estimated by dividing the soil carbon content of several soil layers (O + O</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">f</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 0-5,5-10,10-15,15-25,25-35, and 35-50 cm depths) by their respective mean carbon age (carbon mean residence time) derived from the </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C analyses. The total turnover of carbon, estimated as 3860 kg C/ha/yr, very closely agreed with the estimated total carbon inputs to soil as litter components (leaf litter, twigs, flowers and fruits, herb layer throughfall, and stem flow plus root decay) of 3895 kg C/ha/yr. The latter data were derived from intensive site studies carried out during the International Biological Programme. Close agreement between the estimate for carbon turnover derived from the </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C data and the estimate for the annual total litter input is considered to validate the use of the isotope approach. It is also clear that different components within the litter layer and roots within the mineral soil layers, have different </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-bomb signatures, thus indicating the potential to determine mean residence times of different forest litter materials within the O-horizon or roots within the mineral soil.&#xD;&#xD;The second case study investigated the effects of birch on carbon dynamics in acidic heather moorland soils. Birch has gained the reputation of being a soil improver and has been shown to increase earthworm numbers, pH and extractable calcium, and mineralisable nitrogen, and significantly decrease the C:N, C:P, and C:K ratios in surface soils. Though these changes may be induced by a number of differing and interacting processes, an increase in the rate of soil organic matter decomposition, through enhanced biological activity, was thought to be a dominant factor. Using a chronosequence of sites from heather moor to 90-year-old birch stands at a single site in Scotland showing characteristic changes in soil properties, </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C measurements were made in 1976 on different soil horizons down to 40 cm depth. These showed a clear pattern of increasing </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C enrichment and the isotope penetration deeper into the soil profile with increasing stand age. These results accord with the hypothesis that there is an increasingly rapid turnover of the moorland soil humus and its partial replacement with younger birch-derived organic matter, with increasing birch stand age up to approximately 40 years.&#xD;&#xD;The potential use of these </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C techniques in research on the dynamics of carbon in upland and high latitude soils containing high amounts of organic matter, in respect to the possible effects of global warming, has been suggested by studies of brown earth soils at four sites in an altitudinal gradient on the Pennines in northern England. Results showed that the soil carbon at the coolest site at 747 m had lower </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C enrichment values than that at the warmest site at 425 m. The sites differed in mean annual temperature by approx. 2°C. Furthermore </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-bomb, indicating younger contemporary carbon, had penetrated only to c.3 cm at the highest site but had been incorporated to &gt;5 cm at the lowest site. The combined results indicated that soil carbon turnover is much slower at the highest than at the lowest altitude site.&#xD;&#xD;These </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">14</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C techniques might be used to partially validate computer models of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems and at different scales of resolution (process, ecosystem, and landscape) in environmental studies.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">91</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bengtsson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wikstr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept Ecology &amp; Envmtl Rsch, Swedish Univ of Agric Sciences, Box 7072, Uppsala, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of whole-tree harvesting on the amount of soil carbon: Model results</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-389</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using a model of a spruce forest ecosystem, comparisons of soil carbon were made after conventional (stem only) harvesting, harvesting of stems and branches, whole-tree (above ground) harvesting, and no biomass removal at clearfelling. Parameter values in the simulations corresponded to conditions and regulations in Swedish forestry. &#xD;&#xD;As could be expected, soil carbon was less after intensive harvesting than after conventional harvesting, but the differences were rather small. With no removal of biomass, soil carbon increased substantially over the 300 simulation-years, but it decreased over time under all harvesting alternatives. Productivity (measured as harvested stem biomass) decreased with increasing harvesting intensity, whereas total harvested biomass increased with increased harvesting intensity in more productive stands. The results were similar to earlier model studies, and indicate that the major effects on soil carbon in forests come from conventional harvesting, and that increased utilisation of branches and needles for energy purposes is likely to have a relatively small additional impact.&#xD;&#xD;Most simplifications of the model are such that the effects of intensified harvest on soil carbon in the field are likely to be smaller than the model suggests. We conclude that the fears that whole-tree harvesting will lead to substantial decreases in the amount of soil organic matter probably have been exaggerated. Given that the additional harvested biomass is used to replace fossil fuels, intensified harvesting for energy purposes in managed forests probably has only small effects on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">200</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlyle, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Div of Forestry, CSIRO - Plantation Forest Res Centre, Mount Gambier, SA, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic carbon in forested sandy soils: Properties, processes, and the impact of forest management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">390-402</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from a series of experiments illustrated the importance of organic carbon in influencing a range of key determinants of plantation productivity on podsolised sands, which lack a significant inorganic colloidal phase. Organic carbon levels affected soil nitrogen reserves, nitrogen dynamics, phosphorus availability, and cation exchange capacity.&#xD;&#xD;Evidence from two experiments indicated that the organic carbon in podsolised sands is highly dynamic and sensitive to management operations which influence organic carbon inputs, decomposition rates, or both. Weeds can help maintain organic carbon reserves after clearfelling, particularly where logging residues have been burnt. Retention of above-ground logging residues also helps to maintain organic carbon reserves. Most harvesting and site preparation operations result in loss of a labile carbon pool (representing approximately 30% of total carbon). This pool can be buffered by residue retention and&#xD;weeds in the period before significant litter inputs from the new crop, but in any case will be replenished once these inputs are resumed. As such, the impact of management on this pool is likely to be transient. Long-term reductions in soil carbon and associated properties are likely only where management operations result in loss from the recalcitrant carbon pool (representing approximately 70% of total carbon). Since such material decomposes extremely slowly, only site preparation operations such as surface soil scalping or the use of high-intensity fire are likely to result in significant short-term losses of this fraction.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>810</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">810</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morrison, I. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, N. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazlett, P. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Reso Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Ontario Region, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon reserves, carbon cycling, and harvesting effects in three mature forest types in Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-412</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Till</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three, mature, natural forest ecosystems on typical sites north and east of Lake&#xD;Superior, Ontario, Canada, were contrasted in terms of their content and distribution of&#xD;organic carbon (C). Total carbon reserves were lowest in an approximately 62-year-old&#xD;jack pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb.) stand on a sandy outwash soil, highest in an old-growth&#xD;(up to 300 years) sugar maple (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acer saccharum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Marsh.) stand on an upland till&#xD;soil, and intermediate in an approximately 110-year-old black spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD;[Mill.] B.S.P.) stand on a shallow upland till soil.&#xD;&#xD;Annual net carbon fixation was substantially higher in the sugar maple than in the jack&#xD;pine stand. Allocation of assimilated carbon varied: in the sugar maple stand, greater&#xD;amounts went to the formation of leaves and fine roots; in the jack pine stand, new carbon&#xD;was apportioned in the order-woody biomass &gt; leaves &gt; roots &gt; flowers and fruits.&#xD;Calculations of residence time (taking into account litter, fine root, and solution inputs)&#xD;suggest that turnover of carbon is approximately three times more rapid in the sugar&#xD;maple than in the jack pine forest floor. Residual carbon (taking into account inputs,&#xD;accretion, and losses) for return to the atmosphere was likewise approximately three&#xD;times greater in the sugar maple than in the jack pine forest floor. If not for respiration,&#xD;all subsoil organic carbon could be accounted for by leaching inputs less outputs in&#xD;approximately 100 years, indicating rapid turnover of carbon in the subsoil as well.&#xD;&#xD;Removal of carbon by different harvesting methods was calculated. In general,&#xD;conventional (shortwood or tree-length) systems would result in removals of approximately&#xD;20% of the total (organic) carbon reserve from either the maple or the spruce site, with&#xD;more intensive harvesting systems removing up to 32-35%. In contrast, conventional&#xD;harvesting in the pine stand would remove approximately 33% of the total carbon, with&#xD;more intensive regimes removing around 38-44%. The impact of site preparation&#xD;method varied. Jack pine and black spruce sites could be susceptible to fertility loss as&#xD;a result of full-tree harvesting because of the large amounts of carbon and nutrients stored&#xD;in the forest floor rather than in the mineral soil.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1320</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1320</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Madgwick, H.A.I. 1994: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - biomass, form and growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413-415</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1356</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1356</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leathwick, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobbs, J. F. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Whitehead, D. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 1992: How will New Zealand&apos;s forests respond to climate change? Potential changes in response to increasing temperature. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">22</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (1), 39-53</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">416</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergmann, B. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomp, A. -M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NC SU,Dept For., Raleigh, NC 27695, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family and clonal variation in susceptibility of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in relation to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> shoot growth rate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens&apos;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work was carried out to examine the hypothesis that differences in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">susceptibility observed among </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don clones and families after stem inoculation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">can be attributed to differences in growth rate at the time of inoculation. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strain 542 was used to inoculate </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoots of 90 clones divided among 14 full-sib </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">families. The significant influence of host genotype at the clone and family  levels on susceptibility of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">to A. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">tumefaciens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was confirmed, and further evidence was found that growth rate at time of inoculation is important. Significant correlations between growth rate at time of inoculation and gall frequency illustrated the tendency for families (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">r</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=0.72, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">p</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;0.01) and clones (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">r</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=0.58,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> p</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=0.01) with rapidly growing shoots to be more susceptible to the bacterium. Analysis of covariance, however, showed that genotype influenced susceptibility over and above its effect on growth rate, pointing to a genotypic component of resistance that is independent of growth rate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>172</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">172</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual growth stages for height and diameter in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-17</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An asynchronism is evident in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don between the seasonal discontinuities for height and stem diameter growth respectively. For stem diameter growth, a clear discontinuity which consistently arises in midwinter is visible in the outer boundary of latewood in a growth ring. For height growth, however, the discontinuity is often less clear, but where it is externally visible it typically arises in summer. Where substantial &quot;autumn&quot; height growth occurs, the asynchronism can generate a major discordance between annual growth stages for height and diameter growth; this can cause confusion in stem analysis and potentially biases estimates of stem volume increments. The extent of the discordance can be influenced by moisture regime, soil fertility, temperature, latitude, genotype, ontogenetic stage, shoot vigour, and tree size.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">du Burgess, F. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical methods to aid interpretation of thinning experiments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-26</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminant analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form factor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning experiments are difficult to analyse thoroughly. Problems arise because different densities are deliberately created at the outset of the trial. Multiple measures, usually unevenly spaced in time, are subsequently obtained from the experiment. Consequently, analyses of variance are essentially irrelevant because of the very nature of the treatments, and co variance is compromised in that post-thinning covariates will be strongly correlated with treatments. Efficient analyses can be obtained, however, by modelling each plot through time by use of sigmoid functions or orthogonal polynomials, then analysing the respective coefficients by ANOVA or discriminant techniques. These latter ideas were applied to a dataset obtained from a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don thinning experiment in the Northland region of New Zealand, where stocking densities of 200, 350, 500, and 1200 stems/ha were established in four randomised blocks. Basal area and mean top-height measures from ages 5 to 11 were summarised by orthogonal coefficients, but only after the raw data were adjusted by covariance, using pre-thinning basal area per hectare as a covariate. A canonical discriminant analysis isolated the 200 stems/ha blocks as having lower growth in both basal area and mean top-height development. From a sample of sectionally measured trees, it was established that the 200 stems/ha blocks also had significantly lower stand form-factors. These results suggest design of thinning experiments could be enhanced by blocking the experimental plots with respect to initial growing stock, prior to any treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1032</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1032</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevens, P.J.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formulation of sprays to improve the efficacy of foliar fertilisers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray adjuvants can be employed in the foliar application of fertiliser to ensure adhesion of aqueous sprays to the waxy surfaces of foliage (wetters), to improve coverage of spray on foliage (spreaders), to minimise weathering of fertiliser deposits on foliage (stickers/extenders), and to increase the uptake of fertiliser into foliage (humectants, pH modifiers, and penetrants). Even with improved formulations using effective adjuvants, foliar fertilisers must be regarded as supplements to overcome deficiencies in micronutrients, and to boost macronutrients at critical physiological stages, rather than as substitutes for soil-applied fertilisers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>81</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">81</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jokela, E. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Some genetic and nutritional aspects associated with its occurrence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper Mid-Crown Yellowing (UMCY), needle retention, and foliar chemistry were determined for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don clones at the Kaingaroa Seed Orchard in the central North Island of New Zealand. These clones had been Propagated as rooted cuttings and grafts. UMCY was found to be under both environmental and genetic control, with clone accounting for around half of the variation at this site. The broad-sense heritability of UMCY was 59%. Nutrient concentrations in two needle age-classes from the upper and lower crown were measured in four ramets of each of 17 clones selected to cover the range of UMCY severity. There was a negative correlation between UMCY and magnesium (r = -0.60, n = 17, p = 0.01), and a positive correlation with potassium (r = 0.56, n = 17, p = 0.05) and nitrogen (r = +0.75, n = 17, p = 0.01) in upper crown foliage, with the correlations based on clone means. UMCY was absent in clones where foliar magnesium concentrations in 1-year-old needles from the upper crown exceeded 0.10%, but increased with decreasing foliar magnesium, particularly in clones with high foliar potassium or nitrogen. Unknown clonal factors were also involved in UMCY. Broad-sense heritabilities of foliar nutrients were high for potassium, magnesium and calcium (particularly in the lower crown position of trees grown from cuttings), and moderate for other nutrients. Clone means of foliar nutrients differed by more than a factor of two for potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron, and manganese. Marked differences were found between upper and lower crown positions for most nutrients. The scion played a major role in determining foliar magnesium, potassium, manganese, and copper concentrations, while the root stock/graft union played a major role for calcium, zinc, and to a lesser extent nitrogen and phosphorus. Needle retention was also highly clonal, with a broad-sense heritability of 68%. Clones with low needle retention had higher potassium concentrations, both in upper and  lower crown foliage, and significantly more UMCY than healthy clones. Part of the clonal variation in diameter at breast height (dbh) was related to UMCY, with healthy clones being larger in mean dbh than clones with severe UMCY. Dbh</style><style face="bold" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">increased with increasing needle retention, while the concentrations of foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium correspondingly decreased. We conclude that some genotypes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">are pre-disposed to UMCY at this site, owing to the high K:Mg and N:Mg ratios in upper crown foliage. Large clonal variation in UMCY indicates that considerable opportunity exists for improving tolerance to UMCY through vegetative propagation of tolerant </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genotypes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blight of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-68</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decline of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don forests established on New Zealand&apos;s west coast sand dunes was first recognised in late 1988. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">had played an important dual role in the sand dune forests, providing the shelter necessary for establishment of the young pine trees on the windswept sites and also supplying nitrogen to the ecosystem, thus decreasing the need for applications of artificial nitrogenous fertilisers. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Penzig) Penzig &amp; Saccardo, previously unrecorded on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. aboreus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand, was found to cause rapid mortality of seedlings, and dieback and stem cankering of older plants. A 4-year programme monitoring the effect of the disease on lupin populations has demonstrated that both longevity of plants and production of seed have been reduced since the blight was first recognised. Lupin seed was shown to be a source of infection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>934</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">934</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological records 1:</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Diplodia taxi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Sowerby) de Notaris</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-70</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia taxi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Sowerby) de Notaris occurring on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Taxus baccata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linaeus is reported as a new fungal record for New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>937</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">937</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological records - 2: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Neurospora intermedia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Tai</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-74</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Neurospora intermedia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tai and its </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chrysonilia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">von Arx anamorph are reported from debarked </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don logs. Species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Neurospora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forming a surface mould on timber appear to have a wide geographic distribution and do not represent a threat to the soundness of timber.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>974</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">974</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self, N. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, C. K.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FFRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning effect on incidence and severity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium cypress</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> canker in a stand of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-77</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypress canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium unicorne </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Cooke &amp; Ellis) Sutton and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. cardinale </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Wagener) Sutton &amp; Gibson, the causal agents of cypress canker, gain entry through cracks in the bark or through wounds (Birch 1933; Fuller &amp; Newhook 1954). Pruning of cypresses is a common practice in New Zealand and the work described in this Note was carried out to see whether pruning led to an increase in incidence and severity of cypress canker.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>975</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">975</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self, N. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZ FRI, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pathogenicity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium unicorne</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> reduced by simultaneous inoculation with normal and degenerate isolates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculations were made into host trees using normal and degenerate strains of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Seiridium unicorne </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Cooke &amp; Ellis) Sutton. Pathogenicity tests on rooted cuttings under glasshouse conditions showed very significant differences in pathogenicity between normal and degenerate strains. Pure normal strains were most virulent, degenerate isolates were completely impotent, while simultaneous inoculations with both types produced lesions 58-72% shorter than those with normal cultures, with a corresponding 64% reduction in associated resin bleeding and crown dieback.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>859</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">859</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shusheng, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keey, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langrish, T. A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airflow reversals in high-temperature kiln drying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> boards - 1: Drying of a single board</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-103</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictions of local temperature and moisture content profiles in the high temperature drying of single </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> boards of 100x50 mm, for both unidirectional flow of air and airflow reversals, were based on a rigorous mathematical model. This was reviewed and confirmed in drying tests conducted at New Zealand Forest Research Institute (NZFRI). When the air flowed in one direction only, temperatures were higher and moisture contents were lower near the leading edge of the board than at other positions across the board, because of the decrease in heat and mass transfer coefficients with distance from the leading edge. These differences could be reduced to a certain extent, by reversing the airflow, thus establishing more uniform temperature and moisture content profiles. In the drying of a sapwood board using unidirectional airflow at dry bulb/wet bulb temperatures of 120 deg /70 deg C, the maximum moisture content variation between the leading and trailing edges after four hours of drying was predicted to be 27%. This variation persisted for about 6 to 8 hours, before decreasing with further drying. The largest difference in surface temperature (27 deg C) occurred between the same positions as for the moisture content after 6 hours of drying. With airflow reversals, the differences both in temperature and in moisture content were reduced, with the middle region becoming the wettest during drying. Airflow reversals every 4 to 8 hours shortened the period of maximum moisture content difference, but the peak value was not reduced. Reversing the airflow every 3 hours, or reversals after 2 and 6 hours, was more effective in reducing the greatest moisture content difference to below 20%. All reversal strategies resulted in similar moisture content and temperature profiles in the later period of drying (after 16 hours). For heartwood, the benefit of airflow reversals was not as significant as that for sapwood, since the differences in both temperature and moisture content with unidirectional airflow are smaller because of the much lower initial moisture content of heartwood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shusheng, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keey, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langrish, T. A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airflow reversals in high-temperature kiln drying of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boards - 2: Drying of a stack of boards</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simplified description of drying kinetics was obtained from a rigorous mathematical model to describe the drying behaviour of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> board under high temperatures. Simplified characteristic drying curves, covering the falling rate drying periods, were coupled with mass and heat balances over a control volume to determine the changes in air conditions (humidity and temperature) and local average moisture content through the stack. This kiln-wide model was solved numerically to calculate the influence of airflow reversals under different strategies. In drying of a kiln stack of sapwood boards with unidirectional airflow, the maximum difference in local average moisture content was about 0.4 kg/kg between 6 and 16 hours from the start of drying. Reversing the airflow every 4 or 8 hours only reduced the period in which the maximum difference in moisture content persisted, but no decrease in the greatest difference is predicted. This peak difference could be reduced to 0.3 kg/kg with airflow reversals every 3 hours. If the airflow was first reversed after 2 hours and again after 6 hours from the start of drying, the greatest difference in moisture content could be restricted to a little over 0.2 kg/kg. However, after 12 hours of drying, the various reversal strategies produced essentially similar profiles of moisture content, with differences across the kiln between 0.1 to 0.2 kg/kg. In the drying of heartwood, differences were smaller, the maximum difference in local average moisture content being less than 0.07 kg/kg with unidirectional airflow. This small difference could be reduced to less than 0.04 kg/kg when the first airflow reversal was performed within 4 hours of the start of drying.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>205</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">205</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrington, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keey, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pugh, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Failure of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> veneer in tension across the grain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-126</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary tests on small pieces of veneer under room conditions were used to determine the tensile strength of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don perpendicular to the grain in the radial direction. These tests were undertaken to provide failure information for devising loading tests at elevated temperatures with veneer sheets. The use of veneer has attractions in that, firstly, replication of samples is simple as the properties of flat-sliced veneer change relatively slowly along a veneer sheet or between adjacent veneers and, secondly, the loads at failure are relatively small, so making any test apparatus comparatively simple in construction.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1016</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1016</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morris, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding plant nutrient uptake and supply: Opportunities for managing site productivity. Papers presented at the IEA/BA task IX activity 4 workshop, Omapere, Northland, New Zealand, March 1994</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>344</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">344</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericsson, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient dynamics and requirements of forest crops</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-168</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">All species of trees share the same basic nutrient requirements. Proportions of mineral nutrients needed for unimpaired growth are similar among woody and herbaceous plants (at least under controlled laboratory conditions), although the quantities required per unit of time differ according to inherited potentials for growth. Availability of mineral elements has a large impact on dry matter partitioning between plant parts. Root growth can be favoured as well as suppressed in response to low nutrient availability. Both conifers and broadleaved species (deciduous and evergreen) can be very fast-growing under favourable soil conditions. Generally, conifers and broadleaved evergreens use less NPP (net primary productivity) for foliage production than deciduous species but the quantity of nutrients taken up and returned annually to the forest floor is generally lower in evergreen species. Nutrient-use efficiency, particularly of nitrogen, is slightly higher in conifers than in deciduous broadleaved species; it becomes higher when trees grow older and the processes associated with internal nutrient cycling are operating fully. Plantations managed for short rotations are the most nutrient-demanding, and cause the greatest losses of nutrients from the site at harvest</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">389</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, N. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morrison, I. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazlett, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hogan, G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salerno, M. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in nutrient procurement with age and site productivity in jack pine forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-182</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of age on forest nutrition was examined from sequential observations over 25 years in a natural jack pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) stand on glacio-fluvial soil in the boreal forest of northern Ontario, Canada. Comparisons of indicators of nutrition were made between this stand and other mature jack pine stands of lower site productivity in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Wisconsin. Greater phytomass and nutrient contents were associated with older stands of higher site productivity. Nutrient-use efficiency by jack pine varied with age and decreased with increasing site fertility. Jack pine net uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus increased from 16.5 and 2.6 kg/ha/year at site index (SI) 11.4, to 44.2 and 4.4 at SI 19.0. On less fertile, lower productivity sites, the proportion of the stand net uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus supplied by retranslocation did not increase. Retranslocation of nitrogen and phosphorus increased with increasing foliar phytomass and canopy nitrogen and phosphorus contents. There was a reduction in accumulation of phosphorus in the juvenile closed forest and potassium at the approach of maturity in the pine stand with the best nitrogen nutrition.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>957</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">957</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salonius, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beaton, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle loss in black spruce: Nutrient concentration during shoot extension</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-194</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle loss in black spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) plantations growing on very well-drained acid podsols was studied as a nutrient problem. Sampling during the period of bud burst and shoot extension, followed by foliar nutrient analysis, highlighted boron deficiency as a possible cause. Black spruce rapidly took up fertilizer boron. A speculative explanation for 1-year-old foliage mortality in the spring following drought in the previous summer involved the role of boron in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and winter dormancy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>238</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">238</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comerford, N. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smethurst, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escamilla, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient uptake by woody root systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-212</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil nutrient availability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fine-root system of perennial, dicotyledonous woody species can be dominated by brown roots. Although as much as 90% of the surface area of a root system can be in this category of roots, the nutrient uptake characteristics of brown roots are not well understood. If this part of the root system has active uptake, then its significance is obvious. If it does not then modelling predictions of nutrient uptake will need to account for this non-functional segment of the measured root system. The topic of nutrient management strategies in forest systems is crucial to the understanding and predictive modelling of soil nutrient availability to species with these root characteristics.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>625</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">625</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chappelka, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lockaby, B. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measured and estimated parameters for a model of nutrient uptake by trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-225</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Quantitative mechanistic models, such as NUTRIENT UPTAKE, are useful tools in refining our understanding of the chemical, physical, and biological complex that controls plant nutrition. Previous work with woody species has raised  important issues on how best to derive model input values and to set parameters on the model, given that many of these values change substantially over even one growing season. Data for this analysis were obtained by growing loblolly pine </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">(Pinus taeda L.) </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">seedlings from two families from seed in pots containing soil which had been amended with potassium, phosphorus+potassium, nitrogen+potassium, and nitrogen+phosphorus+potassium at rates equivalent to 67 kg K/ha, 28 kg P/ha, and 196 kg N/ha. Seedlings were harvested after each foliar growth flush over the course of one growing season, and information was collected on root growth and soil supply parameters. Solution depletion techniques were used to establish potassium and ammonium uptake kinetics values for both families. These data were then used to set parameters for the NUTRIENT UPTAKE model. Results indicate that such models should use values for root morphological  characteri sties that are more reflective of the seasonal average. Changes in soil supply parameters will need to be taken into consideration and, again, seasonal means appear more appropriate. Comparisons of model predictions with  observed plant uptake of potassium and nitrogen indicated substantial over-estimates of uptake (1.1 to 10.0 times observed) by the model. Based on model runs and previous experience, this over-estimate was judged to be largely a function of the magnitude of the experimentally derived </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">I</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">max</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> value. As an alternative, the model can be used to calculate theoretical </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">I</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">max</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> values based on observed uptake in order to approximate growth interval or annual uptake more closely.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>919</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">919</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Rees, K. C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Calculation and use in nutrient uptake models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-233</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uptake kinetic parameters for forest species are required in nutrient uptake models in order to accurately predict nutrient uptake by root systems. Several techniques have been used to calculate the kinetic parameters from depletion experiments. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate four methods (Observed, Polynomial, Bhat, and Claassen and Barber) for determining Michaelis-Menten kinetics for potassium uptake by slash pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus elliottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">elliottii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) seedlings; and (2) to determine the implications of using the values derived by the four methods on predicted potassium uptake using a nutrient uptake model. The four methods resulted in similar estimates for the kinetic parameters Imax and Km; however, partial depletion curves gave unreasonable estimates of Imax and Km using the observed and polynomial methods. Curve-fitting programs were useful in smoothing the data in order to calculate the kinetic parameters. Simulations of potassium uptake were also similar between each method except for the kinetic parameters from the partial depletion curves, suggesting that depletion curves should approach some low concentration in order to properly calculate Imax and Km parameters.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1229</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1229</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yarie, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulliam, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Cleve, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlentner, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon and nutrient availability effect on plant nutrient supply for upland forest sites in interior Alaska</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">234-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of microbial energy supply and low-level nitrogen fertilizer treatment on microbial respiration, nitrogen mineralisation, and tree foliar chemistry were addressed through field manipulations and modelling analysis. Sugar, sawdust, and nitrogen fertilizer were added to a series of upland successional communities in interior Alaska. Forest floor respiration and tree foliage chemistry were measured the year prior to treatment and for 2 years after treatment. LINKAGES and CENTURY were used in an attempt to duplicate the short-term field measurements and to extend the predicted effects to a longer time period. Ecosystem structure and function simulated by both models were consistent with field measurements of upland hardwood (dominated by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. balsamifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Betula papyrifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and mature </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea glauca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> control stands. Neither model accurately predicted the effects of large-scale disturbance to the treated sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>863</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">863</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parfitt, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tate, K. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeates, G. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus cycling in a sandy podsol under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-267</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus cycling through various soil pools of a podsol was measured at 2 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fertilizer trial sites in New Zealand. Tree growth rates differed markedly between sites, but the growth response to phosphorus treatment was absent at one site and small at the other. The surface mineral soil horizons were mainly quartz sand, and the 0-15 cm layer of the soils contained very little inorganic phosphorus compared with organic phosphorus. The phosphorus in most pools increased with higher rates of phosphorus fertilizer. There was no significant increase in tree growth, litterfall, soil carbon, or microbial carbon pools, and thus the P/C ratios of soil pools generally increased. The phosphorus mineralization rate also increased with phosphorus treatment. The microbial biomass phosphorus made up a large proportion of the forest floor phosphorus, and the solution phase in the forest floor contained large concentrations of inorganic phosphorus that probably arose from mineralization of organic matter during turnover of the microbial biomass, together with direct leaching from needles. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the soil solution of the mineral soil was less than in the forest floor. Since there was little phosphorus sorption by the mineral soil, uptake of phosphorus by the trees directly from the forest floor would account for the observed drop in inorganic phosphorus. Uptake of phosphorus by the trees was highly correlated with microbial phosphorus. There appeared to have been losses of phosphorus from the ecosystem, and leaching of phosphorus had probably occurred to at least the base of the E horizon. At the higher rate of phosphorus fertilizer, microfauna feeding on micro-organisms in the forest floor had a similar biomass to those at the lower rate of phosphorus but there were larger numbers of smaller microfaunal organisms. This suggested that there may have been shorter generation times, more microbial grazing, and enhanced nutrient cycling as a result of the improved phosphorus status of the substrates. The overall phosphorus cycling rate also probably increased with a higher rate of applied phosphorus.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>231</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">231</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinton, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frampton, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling competitive pasture effects on nutrient uptake by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">268-278</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient uptake and growth of rapidly expanding needles in the upper crown of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were studied in a 3x2 factorial experiment in relation to competition with pasture for nitrogen and soil moisture. The monthly addition of 30 kg N/ha had little effect on needle growth or nutrient uptake and the effect of simulated grazing was intermediate to either the rank-pasture or the no-pasture treatment. Pasture competition decreased maximum rates of needle growth and nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium uptake; needle mass; and needle nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium content. In the presence of pasture, needle growth and uptake of potassium and magnesium declined more rapidly. Maximum needle weight and potassium content were also achieved earlier when pasture was present. Gompertz equations proved to be a useful technique for modelling nutrient uptake and making comparisons between treatments, particularly those that affected the dynamics of nutrient uptake, i.e., nutrient sources and addition rates, competition, species, and genotype.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>244</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">244</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cornforth, I. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maintenance fertilisers for grazed pastures in New Zealand: An agriculture perspective on applying theory to management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge of simple nutrient cycles (phosphorus, potassium, sulfur) in grazed pastures, and of the influences of soil, climate, topography, and management on gains and losses of nutrients from the cycles, is used to estimate maintenance fertilizer requirements for New Zealand farmers. The principles involved in applying theory to practical management should be applicable to long-term plant production systems other than pastures.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>115</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">115</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birk, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser use in the management of pine and eucalypt plantations in Australia: A review of past and current practices</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-320</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soils, climate, and historical factors affecting plantation distribution, and attitudes toward nutritional management, have affected the use of fertilizer in Australian plantations, primarily exotic pines (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.). The diverse nature of nutritional problems encountered in plantations across Australia, and the separate management agencies involved, resulted in a strong divergence of policies and practices regarding the use of fertilizers among the different States until the 1980s. At this time various common pressures, including increasing land costs, prompted reconsideration of productivity gains and returns on investments. As a result there have been several important changes in approaches to nutritional management: nutrition is now regarded as one component of total crop management; plantations are managed on a site-specific basis; management tends to be more intensive, with increased productivity per hectare; soil moisture and nutrients are managed more efficiently; and genetic improvements in nutrition and other parameters are being sought to increase performance, health, and tree form. Nevertheless, actual fertilizer practices vary considerably among regions owing to vast differences in soil and climatic conditions. Fertilizer practices in eucalypt (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) plantations are still being developed although there is considerable information transfer from experience gained with exotic pines.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>965</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">965</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saur, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphate fertiliser and copper nutrition of maritime pine in south-western France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-332</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An overview is presented of several previously published studies, mostly in French, concerning the effects of phosphorus nutrition on copper movements through the soil/micro-organism/plant system by endogenous and extraneous regulation. All experiments involved maritime pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus pinaster</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) growing on the typical sandy soil (hydromorphic humic podzol) representative of nearly 60% of the pine plantation in Landes de Gascogne, France. Phosphate fertilizer affects copper solubility in the soil chemically, by soil micro-organism changes, or by root modification, and it also affects copper uptake and translocation from root to shoot, including xylem sap chemistry in field-grown trees. The level of copper nutrition is important and understanding of the physiological interaction has practical consequences for pine fertilizer treatment and copper deficiency monitoring.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1235</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1235</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabowski, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henry, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil and foliar nitrogen after fertiliser treatment of ponderosa pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-343</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A mature ponderosa pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) forest located on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, Washington, was treated with 3 different nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate and a domestic sewage sludge) to compare their relative ability to increase extractable soil-N, pine foliar-N and basal area. Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at a rate of 220 kg N/ha, and sewage sludge at 11 t/ha (which was assumed to provide 240 kg available-N/ha in the first year). All fertilizers increased extractable soil-N in the first year after application, but not always significantly; levels decreased to those of the control soil by year 2. Foliar concentration of N was increased by all fertilizers; however, urea did not increase foliar concentrations until the second year after application. Sewage sludge continued to increase foliar-N through year 5, and caused the highest levels of foliar-N. Basal area was not increased by any fertilizer over the 5-year period. Soil solutions showed increases in ammonium (NH</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and nitrate (NO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in the upper profile, but increases in solution N at the base of the soil profile were found only with the urea treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlyle, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opportunities for managing nitrogen uptake in established </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations on sandy soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344-361</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching losses</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The prospects for managing nitrogen in established </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations growing on sandy soils in southern Australia, is discussed, using results from a long-term project initiated in 1988 in South Australia as an illustration. Nitrogen uptake can be manipulated through thinning, management of residue, and fertilizer use. Thinning, in the absence of above-ground residue, results in a small increase in nitrogen uptake per hectare, but can more than double nitrogen uptake per tree. This reflects the capacity of the thinned stand to take up all mineralized nitrogen. Thinning contrasts with clear-felling which results in substantially increased soil mineral nitrogen concentrations and leaching. Uptake of nitrogen after thinning increases with the quantity of residue retained; all this nitrogen is taken up, and there is no leaching. The release of nitrogen from residue is progressive and reflected in the pattern of nitrogen uptake. In contrast, fertilizer results in a rapid, large, but ephemeral increase in nitrogen uptake which is associated with increased soil mineral nitrogen concentrations and high leaching losses. Patterns of nitrogen uptake after fertilizer application, and simple models of nitrogen leaching and uptake, indicate there is scope for improving the effectiveness of fertilizer use by varying the timing of application with respect to season and thinning schedule. There is probably little scope for influencing nitrogen uptake in established stands by varying the form of nitrogen fertilizer applied or through the use of nitrogen-fixing associations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1015</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1015</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, A. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyck, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient accumulation in second-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> after harvester residue management and fertiliser treatment of coastal sand dunes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">362-389</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand dunes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient accumulation and partitioning by second-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and ecosystem recovery from intensive harvesting, residue management, and urea fertilization were evaluated 5 years after trial establishment in a sand dune forest in New Zealand. Experimental treatments applied in a split-plot design included: whole-tree harvest and forest floor removal; whole-tree harvest; stem-only harvest; and stem-only harvest plus addition of extra slash. Urea was added quarterly to sub-plots at a rate of 200 kg N/ha each year. Forest floor removal substantially reduced stand productivity, and indicated the importance of organic matter as a store of nitrogen on the Pinaki sands. All stands without fertilizer continued to lose nitrogen over the 5-year period after trial establishment, and retained between 73% and 88% of the nitrogen left on site. Stands with fertilizer retained between 63% and 81% of the nitrogen added over the 5-year period. Slash increased ecosystem nitrogen retention. Stands treated with stem-only harvest plus extra slash and fertilizer accumulated nitrogen to pre-harvest ecosystem content, while those with other treatments did not. Urea additions amended productivity losses due to forest floor removal; however, fertilizer increased nutrient accumulation rates for elements not added to the site, and exacerbated reductions in nutrient availability caused by harvest treatments. Productivity to nutrient accumulation ratio (P/NA) of nitrogen was greater on the sand dune site (0.27 t/kg N) than observed at Purukohukohu Experimental Basin on a nitrogen-rich loamy pumice soil (0.16 tonne/kg N) in New Zealand. These differences suggest the need to revise critical levels for foliar nutrients based on site-specific P/NA values. Urea fertilizer generally increased P/NA for phosphorus and potassium, and reduced P/NA of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium. In stands with and without added fertilizer, P/NA for boron was lower in stands with slash retained than in stands with forest floor removal or whole-tree harvesting. In stands with forest floor removal, addition of urea increased the P/NA ratio for boron. It is hypothesized that forest floor removal reduced the ability of the soil to satisfy tree demand for boron, especially for fast-growing fertilizer-treated trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>905</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">905</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proe, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutch, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Griffiths, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest residue effect on micro-climate, nutrition, and early growth of Sitka spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) seedlings on a restock site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">390-401</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mechanisms by which whole-tree harvesting affect growth of second-rotation Sitka spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) were studied for 2 years on a stagnohumic gley soil in Kielder Forest, Northumberland, UK. The full factorial experiment included treatments with harvest residues ( plus or minus R), fertilizer additions ( plus or minus F), and herbicide ( plus or minus H), giving a total of eight treatments in three replicate blocks. Fertilizer and herbicide treatments increased foliage nutrient concentrations which were above those expected to limit growth of young Sitka spruce. The removal of harvest residues decreased height growth in both years (p&lt;0.05). Soil temperature fluctuations at 10 cm depth increased during the year in whole-tree harvested plots. Soils were warmer in spring and summer and cooler in autumn where residues had been removed and this response was considered most likely to favour tree growth. However, the removal of harvest residues increased mean annual windspeed at 30 cm above ground-level by 40%. The sheltering effect of residues increased with increasing windspeed (r</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=0.87). The most likely cause of reduced growth after whole-tree harvesting on this exposed upland site was considered to be the removal of shelter from around the newly planted seedlings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>746</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">746</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahendrappa, M. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kingston, D. G. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive harvesting impacts on soil temperature and solution chemistry in the Maritimes region of Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">402-414</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Starting in 1989, a series of lysimeter studies was initiated to evaluate the potential impacts of different harvesting and site preparation methods on site quality. Experiments were laid out in the field on soil types representative of the land base supporting the growth of all the major commercially important tree species in the Maritimes region (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia). Although different treatments applicable to local situations were implemented on each site, three treatments included on all sites were: (1) control (no harvest); (2) conventional stem harvest (stems only) with slash left on site; and (3) whole-tree harvest (all biomass above the stump removed from the site). On all study sites, soil temperature was monitored hourly at 3 points: (i) immediately below the organic horizons; (ii) mid-way between the surface and the bottom of the rooting zone; and (iii) below the rooting zone. Hourly mean temperatures in the top (immediately below the organic) horizon clearly exhibited effects of harvesting methods. In the whole-tree harvest plots, during June-August, the hourly mean temperature was 6-8 deg C warmer than that in the conventional harvest plots. Also, temperature peaked about 2 h later in the whole-tree harvest plots than in the conventional-harvest plots. Similar trends were consistently recognisable at lower depths as well, indicating that whole-tree harvesting has the potential to enhance weathering in the subsoil. The treatment effects were equally distinguishable in the values for daily mean temperature, except in the early spring and later summer (late August) when the daily mean temperature was higher in the conventional-harvest plots than in the whole-tree harvest areas owing to the insulating effect of slash. The accumulated heat units (cumulative number of hours times the soil temperature above 5 deg C) were greatest in the whole-tree harvest areas, followed by the conventional-harvest and then the control plots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>345</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">345</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriksson, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nsson, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four tree species and the calcium, magnesium, and potassium budgets of a Swedish forest site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415-426</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of four tree species (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies, Abies alba, A. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix leptolepis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) on calcium, magnesium, and potassium ecosystem budgets at the Susegarden site in south-western Sweden were evaluated. Data on nutrient contents in biomass and soil were obtained from a study in a 32-year-old tree species experiment at Susegarden. Deposition levels for the 32 years were calculated from data obtained at nearby monitoring stations, and weathering rates were calculated using the PROFILE model. For calcium and potassium, lower rates of nutrient uptake by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. leptolepis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. alba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had been followed by increased leaching, thus resulting in export of a major portion of nutrients not taken up. Species-related differences in soil pools of organically bound and exchangeable calcium and potassium could be offset if stems only were harvested or if whole-tree harvest were to be combined with ash recycling. For magnesium, the differences in nutrient uptake among the tree species were relatively small. Still, there had been a higher relative build-up of the soil pool of magnesium in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. leptolepis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than in the other species, which implies there had been less leaching. For all species, it is likely that the sum of exchangeable and organically bound calcium and potassium in the soil had decreased over the 32-year period.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1298</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1298</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pook, E. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum: Empirical models evaluated for prediction of fine fuel moisture in Australian </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 23(3): 278-97</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">427</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>96</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">96</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marden, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protective value of regenerating tea tree stands on erosion-prone hill country, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-19</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of pasture reversion to tea tree communities (comprising manuka (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leptospermum scoparium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J.R. et G.Forst.) and/or kanuka (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Kunzea ericoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ericoides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(A.Rich.) J.Thompson) of varying ages) on landslide damage resulting from Cyclone Bola was studied in hill country on the East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand. Eighteen sites containing areas of both pasture and regenerating forest aged 6-79 years were selected from areas of steep, colluvial-covered slopes prone to shallow landslipping. Vegetation composition and stand dynamics were ascertained from sample plots, and aerial photographs were used to measure landslide damage. Manuka dominated younger stands but within 20-30 years of establishment, kanuka had become dominant. Mean canopy height stabilised at 13 m by age 40, basal area reached 40 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha by age 30 years, and stand density reduced from 20 000 stems/ha at 10 years to 3000 stems/ha at 40 years. Landslide damage showed a rapid and highly significant reduction against increasing age of tea tree stands and was estimated to be 65% less than pasture at 10 years and 90% less at 20 years. These findings have implications for land-use options, including clearfelling of indigenous vegetation for planting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>349</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">349</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fairweather, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swaffield, S. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preferences for land-use options involving forestry in the Mackenzie/Waitaki Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceptability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Resource Management Act 1991 emphasises the importance of assessing the potential environmental effects of land-use change. Forestry is a potential land-use in the Mackenzie/Waitaki Basin but its effects are not acceptable to everyone. The preferences of stakeholders were investigated for different land-use options involving forestry. Using a &quot;Q sort&quot; technique, stakeholders expressed preferences for cards that presented environmental effects of a range of technically feasible land-use options, including forestry, agriculture, and conservation. Several indicators of the environmental effects for each land-use option were modelled, such as the visual effects of land-use regimes and consequential impacts such as wilding spread, and the non-visual environmental effects such as local income and employment and soil status. Seventy-seven respondents rated a total of 36 cards covering four landforms. Analysis of the results identified several clear &quot;themes&quot;, or sets of preferences, characterised by a distinctive set  of preferred landuse options, and a distinctive combination of effects. Each theme has specific criteria for judging acceptability. These preferences have possible implications for planning involving forestry under the Resource Management Act 1991.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>881</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">881</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Will, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, I. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium nutrition and dry matter allocation patterns in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-48</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings grown in a range of magnesium solution concentrations showed differences in root: shoot ratios, with those exhibiting magnesium deficiency symptoms allocating proportionately less resources to the roots than healthy seedlings. A foliar spray of 2% magnesium solution with 0.2% Pulse™ in water alleviated the deficiency symptoms and improved dry matter allocation to the roots. In a 7-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fertiliser trial, magnesium fertiliser treatments caused no improvement in basal area or height after 6 years but foliar magnesium concentrations had been raised above the critical level. Trees with adequate foliar magnesium had nearly double the fine root biomass of those with inadequate concentrations. This suggested that below-ground dry matter allocation was decreased in deficient trees, and that the noted slow growth response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to magnesium fertiliser may be due to the need to rebuild the root system before an above-ground response occurs. However, while fine root (&lt;1 mm) biomass was increased in 3-year-old trees treated 18 months previously with magnesium fertiliser, no relationship between root:shoot ratio and magnesium application was found. It was suggested that the changes in root: shoot ratio may develop over a period longer than 3 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>851</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">851</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olykan, S. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedling growth and micronutrient uptake in a sand culture experiment, as affected by the form of nitrogen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-60</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A pot trial was used to investigate the effect of the form of nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) and the rate of nitrogen addition, at 1, 2.5, or 5 mM (14, 35, and 70 ug/ml respectively), on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don seedlings grown in sand culture. &#xD;&#xD;Ammonium-fed seedlings were taller and had heavier shoots and roots than nitratefed seedlings, particularly at the highest rate of nitrogen addition. The ammonium-fed seedlings contained greater total amounts of copper and boron and had a higher percentage of copper, boron, and iron in the shoots than nitrate-fed seedlings. The nitratefed seedlings contained significantly more iron.&#xD;&#xD;Increasing the rate of nitrogen addition from 14 to 35 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g/ml increased shoot weights in the ammonium-fed seedlings, increased shoot height in the nitrate-fed seedlings, and increased shoot:root ratios for both forms of nitrogen. Shoot heights of ammonium-fed seedlings increased when the rate of nitrogen increased from 14 to 70 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g/ml. Within each nitrogen form, the rate of nitrogen addition did not generally affect micronutrient concentrations in the shoots or roots.&#xD;&#xD;The concentrations of boron and iron (at all nitrogen rates) and copper (at 70 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g N/ml) were higher in the nitrate-fed roots than in the ammonium-fed roots but the concentrations of iron and copper (at all nitrogen rates) in the nitrate-fed shoots were significantly less than ammonium-fed shoots. The nitrate-fed roots were darker in colour and were more branched and finer than ammonium-fed roots. Organic acids, produced during nitrate reductase activity, may have a role in these differences.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olykan, S. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordmeyer, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaren, R. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micronutrient and macronutrient uptake by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and soil boron fractions, as affected by added nitrogen and boron</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-72</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in soil boron fractions, dry weights of biomass components (needles, branches, stem bark, stem wood) and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, and zinc were studied in a 4-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don stand in Ashley Forest, North Canterbury, 1 year after application of urea at 0 and 400 kg N/ha and/or ulexite at 0 and 7.4 kg B/ha.&#xD;&#xD;Significant responses to both the applied nitrogen and boron were measured in total above-ground tree biomass. The needle, branch, and stem components were significantly heavier in the trees fertilised with boron alone, but only the needle component was significantly heavier where nitrogen fertiliser had been added alone. Increased tree growth was associated with increased total uptake of all nutrients except phosphorus and potassium which increased only in trees treated with ulexite. Increased nutrient uptake was measured mainly in needles of trees treated with urea, but in needles and branches of those to which ulexite was applied. Nutrient concentrations of non-fertiliser elements remained similar or declined in trees to which fertiliser was applied. This was attributed to dilution effects and/or internal translocation between biomass components.&#xD;&#xD;Boron application significantly increased boron concentrations in the current and 1-year-old needles whereas nitrogen application had no effect on nitrogen concentrations. Some of the added boron was retained in plant-available fractions in the top 20 cm of the soil 1 year after application and this, together with the potential retranslocation of boron within the ulexite-treated trees, will provide a future supply of boron for tree growth.&#xD;&#xD;The results confirmed that ulexite is a suitable long-term supplier of fertiliser boron to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growing in low rainfall areas.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>723</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">723</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by stocking</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Final-crop stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results from 29 semi-mature trials of New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don indicate that height growth is positively correlated with final-crop stocking in certain circumstances, and where stockings are less than 800 stems/ha (higher stockings were not analysed). A subsidiary dataset, with ages from planting to 7 years, gave results that confirmed these. Twelve of the trials demonstrated a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in annual height increment with a reduction in stocking. For these trials there was an average height loss of 0.13 m/year after thinning to final stockings, or approximately 2 m over one typical rotation, for every halving in stocking. One possibility is that this effect is due to wind: lower stockings incur greater wind turbulence, which reduces height growth.&#xD;&#xD;In order to standardise descriptions of stand height, a new equation was calculated to predict Mean Top Height from Predominant Mean Height.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>722</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">722</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appropriate age for selection of final-crop </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results from four trials indicated that tree selection which takes place during the normal pruning phase of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don (ages 3 to 10 years) is inefficacious. At these early ages it is not possible to identify many of those trees that are likely to be of superior form or size at the age of clearfelling. Accuracy of prediction improves with age, and by the time of production thinning (age 12-14) a manager can place considerable reliance in the choice of crop trees. Change of dominance appears to be more pronounced in lower-stocked stands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological records 3: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coniothyrium ovatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Swart</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coniothyrium ovatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Swart occurring on leaves of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus leucoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F.J.Mueller is reported as a new host record and a new fungus record for New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological records - 4: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vizella tunicata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-110</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vizella, V. tunicata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, distinguished from other </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vizella </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species by the gelatinous coat surrounding each ascospore, is described. The fungus is parasitic on leaves of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pittosporum tenuifolium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Solander ex Gaertner and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myrsine australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A. Richard) Allan.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>972</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">972</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacKenzie, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive site-preparation to control </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root disease in second-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-benefit analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stump removal and windrowing were used as a site-preparation technique to control infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. in two second-rotation</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands. Significant reductions in mortality due to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. from 10% to &lt;1%, and from 22% to 5% at 5 years from planting were achieved. Parasitic sub-lethal infection at age 8 years in the same stands was reduced from 85% to 10% and 67% to 31%. Economic analysis predicted returns of $2761 to $8826 (mean $6249) for a cost of $3623 (at 8% interest rate).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1321</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1321</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review -  McKelvey, P. 1995: Steepland forests: A historical perspective of protection forestry in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>343</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">343</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Rsch Inst, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume estimation of export pulplogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adoption</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stratified sampling has been applied to the estimation of volume in export consignments of pulplogs from New Zealand. Minimal bias and greatly improved precision were demonstrated when this type of sampling was compared with the alternative cluster sampling procedure. Adoption of stratified sampling techniques has reduced the cost and increased the precision of average piece volume estimates used to derive overall volumes from a total piece count.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>688</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">688</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skipwith, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in some wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provenances grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-146</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significant areas of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) have been planted in New Zealand using a relatively small number of provenances. The resource is regarded as suitable for a range of structural products, with little information available on provenances in terms of wood quality. Two provenance trials were sampled—34-year-old trees of 39 provenances across six sites, and 19-year-old trees of six provenances across three sites—and wood density patterns were examined for 10 provenances on four sites with 30 trees per provenance. There was a strong site effect on properties measured and correlations between growth rate and density were negative on all sites and at most five-ring group positions. Juvenile wood extended to between 10 and 15 rings. In the 34-year-old trial, significant differences were found both within and between sites for density, stem diameter, and level of heartwood. Differences between provenances in resin contents were also significant. Two Californian provenances, Stinson Beach and Mad River, were found to be of consistently high density and diameter growth on all sites. In the 19-year-old trial there were significant differences within and between sites for density but diameter differences were significant only between sites. The results indicate that the Ashley Forest provenance is superior, having good diameter growth and higher wood density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilchrist, K. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skipwith, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-163</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some evaluations of solid wood samples (including internal checking assessment, shrinkage, collapse and tension tests) were carried out on 15-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees grown in the Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. There were significant differences between the stand density classes in basic density and moisture content, with the low density class having significantly lower earlywood density than the medium and high density classes. Significant differences were observed between all three classes in average ring density and latewood percentage. The extent of the internal checking observed will present a definite problem to many solid wood products. Collapse occurred readily and could be severe, but steaming effectively restored the collapse. The scanner used gave an accurate and reliable estimate of radial and tangential shrinkage combined. The tension test results were positively correlated with density and moisture content.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal variation and repeatability of microfibril angle in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164-174</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle was measured at breast height on growth rings 1,5,10, and 15 from the pith, for two trees from each of 11 clones of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Average breastheight values for both trees and clones were calculated by weighting individual ring values by relative growth ring area. Significant variation was observed both among clones, and within and between trees for each clone. The clonal repeatability (an estimate of broad-sense heritability) of unweighted microfibril angle was 0.7. The corresponding single ring values were high for rings 1 and 15 but were much lower for rings 5 and 10. Differences between trees within clones could be attributed to the presence of compression wood in some cases. Compression wood was associated with larger angles on average, although this was a variable effect for individual ring comparisons. Microfibril angle in ring 5 was the best predictor of average weighted breast-height microfibril angle for individual trees, indicating a potential for screening of young trees if required. The poor correlation of ring 15 values with weighted tree means suggests that outerwood microfibril angle is independent of corewood microfibril angle, or that the relationship varies among clones.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>319</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">319</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal variation of wood density variables in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-188</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density was assessed on cuttings from 11 clones in a 16-year-old clonal trial of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, using breast-height increment cores, and wood disc samples from the butt, breast height (1.4 m), 6, 11, 16, and 20 m height. The cuttings came from 5-year-old trees, and were thus physiologically &quot;aged&quot;. The sample clones were chosen from the 120 clones in the trial, to cover the available range of wood density and tracheid length. Tree average wood density values were calculated from gravimetric measurements on the discs and within-tree trends were assessed using a scanning X-ray densitometer.&#xD;&#xD;There were significant differences among clones, among trees within clones, among rings, and in interaction between rings and clones. The effects of clones and rings were dominant. There were also significant differences in pith-to-bark trends among clones, and in height up the stem at a given ring number from the pith in half of the clones. There were significant differences in the breast-height ring density profile between ring groups 1-5 and 11-15 due to increases in overall density, and in the amount and density of latewood, but there were no apparent differences in ring profile among clones. Mean ring density for rings outside ring 7 was highly correlated with weighted mean density at breast height and with weighted tree means. Estimates of clonal repeatability indicate a high degree of genetic inheritance for basic density, in agreement with results from earlier studies. All clones, however, were of below-average density compared to typical seedling stock at the same age, suggesting a physiological age effect in these clones, derived from 5-year-old trees. Using a corewood definition of &lt;400 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, only one of the clones reached this density level by ring 10 and most failed to reach it by ring 15.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>689</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">689</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilchrist, K. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skipwith, J. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treloar, C. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological ageing and site effects on wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-199</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of physiological ageing on physical wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don trees were assessed. In the first trial, seedlings and cuttings propagated from 1 - to 5-year-old parent trees grown in field trials on two contrasting forest sites (Kaingaroa Forest— pumice, Tairua Forest—clay) were sampled at 11 years. The second trial involved 25-year-old seedlings and cuttings, physiologically aged 12 to 16 years, which were sampled in Kaingaroa Forest. Wood characteristics assessed were stem volume, wood density, heartwood development, spiral grain, compression wood, tracheid length, and corewood percentage.&#xD;&#xD;In the trial with trees aged 11 years (physiological age </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">£</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5 years), there were no significant differences or trends in wood properties associated with physiological age. However, the impact of site was significant for all wood properties measured. In the trial with trees aged 25 years (physiological age 12—16 years), aged cuttings had significantly lower wood density, longer tracheids in rings 2 and 5, and higher spiral grain angles in the first 14 rings when compared to seedlings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1081</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1081</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tian, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood properties - Part 1: Spiral grain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">200-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don is a well-known feature of the corewood region of the stem. The pattern of variation in a 25-year-old plantation was recently documented and detailed measurements in another two crops indicated that the general pattern established remained valid. The results were used to construct a model of spiral grain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as part of a series of Single Tree Wood Property models.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1080</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1080</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tian, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood properties - Part 2: Basic density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores (5 mm diameter) and wood discs (50 mm thick) were used to study wood basic density patterns in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in relation to tree age, ring number from pith, position in the stem, and site in about 1000 stems from the North Island of New Zealand. Based on the relationships determined within trees, between trees, and between sites, a model was constructed which can satisfactorily predict wood basic density according to tree age, ring number from pith, and height in the stem at any location, and can explain the main contributions to variations in the wood density of individual trees. Furthermore, the model predicts the average density of given log height classes from data collected from breast height (1.3 m) outerwood increment cores.&#xD;&#xD;The detailed variation of wood density within the tree revealed by the simulation software can be directly applied by industry, e.g., in &quot;growing forward&quot; density predictions for stands assessed prior to harvest, and allocation of stands and log types to alternative processes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>872</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">872</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Split- </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">versus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> full-taper sawing of pruned plantation-grown logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Split-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trials in three sawmills directly compared conversion of pruned, plantation-grown (in New Zealand), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> logs by split-taper and full-taper sawing systems. No decided advantage from either system was found in recovery of defect-free clears, either by volume or by lengths. Full-taper sawing reduced total conversion by 3.4-4.7%, conversion to combined clears grades by 2.2-6.5%, and gross log values by 4.9-10.9%. Full-taper sawing was more difficult to implement, required additional cutting to square cants and blocks, and was estimated to lower mill production rates by 5-20%. Combined results proved full-taper sawing inappropriate for conversion of pruned plantation-grown logs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1088</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1088</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log rotation effect on carriage sawing of swept logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Half-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A computer sawing system, which simulated a multiple saw edger, was used to investigate the effect of log rotation on the timber conversions of swept logs of three sizeclasses. A sample of 100 logs was stratified with respect to both log size and sweep, and four sawing methods (half-taper live sawing, half-taper cant sawing, offset live sawing, and offset cant sawing) were applied with the computer sawing simulation system AUTOS AW to each log at 37 positions representing rotation at 10° intervals from 0° (equivalent to the &quot;sweep up&quot; position) to 360° inclusive. All 14 800 simulations used the same carriage configuration, saw kerfs, and target dimensions, and the timber conversion percentage was determined for each.&#xD;&#xD;The results suggest that, under the conditions selected for the simulations, any log rotation can be used with half-taper cant sawing without sacrifice of substantial volume, but rotation is more important with offset cant sawing. Increased conversions were obtained when the log rotation was approximately 145°, i.e., midway between the &quot;sweep in&quot; and &quot;sweep down&quot; positions. For every angle, half-taper sawing obtained conversions that were at least equal to, if not greater than, those obtained with offset sawing. Results were consistent with the general rule of thumb that each 0.1 increase in the sweep:diameter ratio (deviation : s.e.d.) leads to a 5% decrease in timber recovery.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>269</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">269</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-grain effect on tensile strength and bending stiffness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> structural lumber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot area ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of wood properties in 257 pieces of dried, dressed, 90 x 45-mm lumber, randomly selected from a sawing study on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs from a 25-year-old stand in Kaingaroa Forest, indicated that grain deviation in the corewood zone could be severe (up to 18°). An assessment of kiln drying degrade showed a severe problem resulting from twist. Cross grain has also been implicated in strength reduction, and so a study was designed to provide preliminary data on the relative effects of wood density, knot area ratio, and spiral grain (cross grain in sawn lumber) on tensile strength and stiffness in structural lumber.&#xD;&#xD;The most influential of the measured properties were knot area ratio and wood density, but cross grain also had a significant impact on tension strength of &quot;in-grade&quot; lumber. On the other hand, grain deviation led to only a small, though significant, reduction in stiffness (E plank). It is therefore unlikely that spiral grain in standing trees contributes strongly to the low stiffness of structural lumber from young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plantations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>88</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">88</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belton, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Connor, K. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robson, A. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus levels in topsoils under conifer plantations in Canterbury high country grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-282</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topsoils under planted conifer forests in the Canterbury high country have high levels of 0.5 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> H</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S0</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-P (inorganic phosphorus) compared to published records from topsoils of grasslands on soils of the same high country soil groups. Group means under conifers were from 16% to 140% higher than under grassland but such differences did not appear to be consistently related to moisture class or natural fertility. Concentrations of 0.5 h Olsen-phosphorus in conifer topsoils were also compared with topsoil records for unimproved grassland, semi-improved grassland, and improved pasture for the same soil sets and soil groups. For forest topsoil samples, inorganic phosphorus and Olsenphosphorus values were correlated, especially within the naturally more fertile groups of drier and younger soils. Both forests and grasslands exhibited a similar but small decline in Olsen-phosphorus values with increasing precipitation. For most soil taxa, variability in Olsen-phosphorus was high under any vegetation cover, but Olsenphosphorus was clearly greater under conifer plantation than under grassland. Soils from the three development classes of grassland had similar mean Olsen-phosphorus levels whereas the average forest Olsen-phosphorus levels were generally 2 to 4 times higher than the average grassland level for the corresponding soil.&#xD;&#xD;There was a significant enhancement of &quot;plant available&quot; topsoil phosphorus by conifer plantations in the montane zone across a wide precipitation range. Despite the high variability, this enhancement appeared to be of similar magnitude along the whole precipitation range sampled, a situation apparently different from that outlined for &quot;inorganic phosphorus&quot;.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>545</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">545</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klomp, B. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and predicted timber value of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cuttings and seedlings on a fertile farm site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283-300</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toppling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don cuttings from 3-yr-old donor trees were compared with seedlings in a spacing trial planted on farmland near Rotorua and grown on a direct sawlog regime. At age 7 yr, the cuttings were taller but slimmer and had less taper than the seedlings. Closer spacing at planting enhanced height but not diameter growth for both stock types. The most pronounced contrast between the two stock types was the better resistance to toppling and superior form, particularly straightness, of the cuttings. This trend had a marked effect on crop selection raitos, resulting in the need to plant at least double the number of seedlings to approach the crop quality of the cuttings. PC-STANDPAK was used to model results at plantation age 28 yr. It was predicted that the superior shape and form of the butt log of the cuttings would result in a substantially higher recoverable volume of clear grade timber than the seedlings. Consequently, the value of pruned logs per hectare for the cuttings was predicted to be 20% higher than that for the seedlings. This trial was planted on a fertile site, and early differences in form between seedlings and cuttings were more pronounced than observed at less fertile sites. However, the results observed here could be expected on other highly fertile sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platt, K. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, R. E. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understorey species composition patterns in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation on the central North Island volcanic plateau, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understorey plant species composition of second- and third-rotation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don stands was investigated in relation to site variation within three Kinleith Forest compartments varying in time since planting (1,13,29 years). Detrended correspondence analysis and detrended canonical correspondence analysis were used to analyse indirect and direct compositional gradients respectively. Within compartments, compositional variation related to topography and soil chemistry, and supported a view that these management units can be inherently variable over short distances. For example, in the 1-year-old compartment </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Microlaena stipoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lab.) R.Br, characterised exposed sites low in exchangeable soil cations, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Buddleja davidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Franch. sites low in soil cations, with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pneumatopteris pennigera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> G.Forst, on sheltered sites, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brachyglottis repanda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J.R. et G.Forst, var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">repanda </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on sites with high soil cations. Most species recorded in each compartment were indigenous, the proportion increasing with time since planting. The 1-year-old compartment showed some compositional affinities to the pre-planting shrubland, whereas the 29-year-old compartment had stronger affinities with indigenous forest, although it was not a close analogue of a nearby indigenous forest. Species richness was greatest in the 1-year-old compartment and least in the 13-year-old compartment, with the 29-year-old compartment of similar richness to comparatively diverse indigenous forests. This high species richness could be a consequence of repeated disturbance by forestry operations. This study does not support the view that</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plantations are necessarily &quot;biological deserts&quot;.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lundgren, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a composite taper equation to predict over- and under-bark diameter and volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">26 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">460</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-327</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from 240 trees sampled throughout the climatic range of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm. in New Zealand were used to develop and validate equations from which taper and barkthickness could be estimated. Tree breast-height diameter over bark (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">dbh</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and tree height were used as the predictor variables. Conditioning guaranteed that the taper equation would predict </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">dbh </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as over-bark diameter at breast height. Combination of the equations produced a composite under-bark taper equation which can be integrated to derive underbark volume estimates for any stem section, ensuring compatibility of taper and volume.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1064</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1064</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Te Morenga, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manley, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakelin, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of croptyping in forest estate modelling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-347</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative strategies for aggregating stands into croptyes were evaluated. Strategies tested included traditional grid methods, clustering methods, and a variable resolution approach. A benchmark stand-level model was developed within the FOLPI forest estate modelling system for a 231 stand estate. Croptying strategies were evaluated for their ability to match the results from this stand-level model. Comparisons were made in terms of the variation within croptypes, objective function value, forecast cash flows and woodflow volumes, stands specified for harvest over the short term, and problem size. The best croptyping strategy was the variable resolution approach in which the unique identity of the 41 stands within 6 yr of harvesting was preserved while the 190 younger stands were aggregated into croptypes. This hierarchical approach represents a compromise between the need for short-term detail and the desirability of modelling long-term consequences within the same model.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrington, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keey, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Free shrinkage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">at an elevated temperature</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">348-357</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary tests to measure free shrinkage strain on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at increased temperatures (dry-bulb 70 deg C, wet-bulb 43-68 deg C) were conducted on discs taken from an internodal portion of the stem of an 8-yr-old tree from a plantation at Rolleston, SE of Christchurch, New Zealand. Radial, tangential, and sectional shrinkage strains were determined against the moisture content. These tests showed unexpected scatter due to large and variable amounts of compression wood in the disks. There was little correlation between the measured strains and the percentage of latewood or the density of the samples. &#xD;&#xD;The tests were therefore repeated using wood slats 10 mm thick from a tree grown in an environment which reduced the amount of compression wood (in Southland which is less windy than the area in the Canterbury region where the test discs originated). These tests indicated that a very small strain appeared at high volume-averaged moisture contents (greater than the fibre saturation point). This may have been due to contraction of the surface layers which had dried below the fibre saturation point. However, significant strains began at a volume-averaged moisture content of 33% (dry basis). Of particular significance is the development of a new technique to measure strain continuously at higher temperatures which should be useful for kiln-drying studies.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1101</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1101</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsehaye, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain in Canterbury </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: within- and between-tree variations and effect on mechanical properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">358-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study of spiral grain in Canterbury-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don revealed that spiral grain varies significantly both within the tree and between trees; bending strength and stiffness decrease with an increase in the angle of spiral grain; corewood stiffness is less sensitive to spiral grain than outerwood stiffness; and spiral grain downgrades a significant proportion of the sawmill output from Canterbury-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1089</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1089</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grading random-width lumber by computer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-378</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A computer program, FLGRADE, has been developed that can grade random-width factory lumber to the US Western Lumber Grading Rules. FLGRADE uses data obtained from digitized boards. Board profile (including wane) is represented using a series of line segments which combine to form a polygon. All other defect data are represented using diagonal coordinates representing the smallest encompassing rectangle. The algorithm creates a list of cuttings by considering areas of placement. Using dynamic programming, an initial 2-stage solution is generated based on the rip-first cutting procedure. Alternative solutions which allow more flexible cutting sequences (i.e. either rip first or cross-cut first) and which do not restrict the number of stages are then generated to determine whether a higher percentage of cuttings, and hence a higher grade, can be obtained. &#xD;&#xD;Grades generated by FLGRADE for a set of boards for which defect data had previously been digitized, resulted in 80% receiving the same grade as had been manually assigned. Of the remaining boards, approximately 6% received a higher grade and 14% a lower grade. All computer assignments agreed with manual assignments within one factory lumber grade</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>242</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">242</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalafatis, S. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McPherson, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sch Agriculture + Forest Sci, Univ Coll North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competitive positioning strategy for New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in selected United Kingdom sawn timber markets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">379-407</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber market</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber markets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Product positioning in industrial markets is an important consideration when new materials or products are introduced into a mature market. An investigation was carried out into the position of established timber species as perceived by UK end-users of timber. Multi-dimensional scaling techniques were employed in obtaining and explaining the perceptual patterns of four market segments (ie, general furniture, furniture frames, general joiner, and mouldings). The potential position of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don was determined by overimposing objective measures of its physical properties. The findings indicateds that although there were differences in the perceptions of the end-use segments, all four segments shared a common element in their differentiation of species as hardwoods or softwoods. It was proposed that</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> should be positioned amongst the premium softwoods. Therefore, promotional efforts should emphasise its superior finishing properties and should be supported by a unique selling proposition centred around the sustainable availability of long and wide clear lengths. Efforts should be aimed at end-users who exhibit diversity in their utilisation of species eg manufacturers of mouldings</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>247</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">247</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cousens, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Agriculture, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design and interpretation of interference studies: Are some methods totally unacceptable?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-18</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental design</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental designs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Replacement series</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response surface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is debate amongst ecologists concerning the validity of particular experimental designs for the study of interference (competition) and the quest for a &quot;best&quot; design. The debate has become increasingly dogmatic and confusing to outsiders. Most of the criticisms relate not to the validity of the designs themselves, as is usually claimed, but to the interpretability of indices calculated from them. It is argued that it is illogical to condemn agroup of experimental treatments for all purposes simply because of the ways in which some researchers choose to interpret the results. Assertions that one particular design, the Replacement Series, is totally unusable are argued to be unwarranted and driven by an assumption that every researcher has the same objective. Each experimental design has both its merits and its restrictions; it is unreasonable to expect that any design will be universally applicable. A researcher must match the aim of the experiment with an appropriate design and method of analysis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">460</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldberg, D. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simplifying the study of competition at the individual plant level: consequences of distinguishing between competitive effect and response for forest vegetation management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competitive effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competitive response</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depletion ability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest vegetation management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanismsofcompetition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity gradients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tolerance ability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a simple conceptual model of competition for resources the net interaction between plants is broken down into two distinct components: competitive effect on resources, or the rate at which resources are depleted by neighbouring plants, and competitive response to resources, or the degree to which a target plant is limited by resource availability. This mechanistic description of the process of competition suggests a number of ways in which predicting the impact of competition on individual plants could be simplified and made more general. All these possible simplifications have important assumptions that have rarely been tested. Therefore, they are currently best regarded as null hypotheses rather than firmly-established guides to forestry practice. Firstly, when the number of species is large, there are many fewer possible plant-resource interactions to be quantified than plant-plant interactions. This assumes that the net interaction between plants is indeed simply the composite of their competitive effects and responses. Secondly, not all possible plant-resource interactions must be studied at all stages. Specifically, the most important phase in forest vegetation management is seedling establishment of trees. In this situation, it should be necessary to quantify only the effect on resources of non-commercial vegetation and the response to resources of commercial tree seedlings to make predictions relevant to decisions about forest vegetation management. Thirdly, it should be possible to ignore species identity of competing vegetation around target tree seedlings if species of neighbours have equivalent effects on resources. This would greatly simplify the quantification of competitive interactions at any particular site. Equivalent competitive effects are most likely if sizes of species of competing plants are incorporated into measures of competitive effect. Finally, perhaps the most important factor currently complicating general predictions about the outcome of competition is variation among sites. If both effect and response curves for particular resources are known, along with the magnitude of change in abiotic resource supply, it should be possible to predict competitive effects across sites without repeating the detailed studies of effect and response.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1128</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1128</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, R. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noland, T. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, G. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Min. of Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5N5, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing and duration of herbaceous vegetation control around four northern coniferous species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical periods</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest vegetation management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interspecific competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus resinosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus strobus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimum timing and duration of herbaceous vegetation control during the early development of forest plantations can be assessed using critical-period analysis. Critical periods are being developed for black spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mill.) B.S.P.), jack pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus banksiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb.), eastern white pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus strobus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.), and red pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus resinosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ait.) seedlings in the Great Lakes/St Lawrence forest type of Ontario, Canada. Six patterns of herbaceous vegetation control were examined: 3 consecutive years, firstyear only, first 2 years, second and third years, third-year only, and no control. Third-year survival and height were not affected by herbaceous vegetation for any conifer species. Stem diameter, however, decreased substantially without vegetation control. Third-year diameters for white pine, jack pine, black spruce, and red pine without vegetation control were 55, 56, 61, and 64%, respectively, of that observed for trees under 3 consecutive years of vegetation control. Stem volume of all species without vegetation control was reduced to between 27 and 36% of that observed under 3 consecutive years of control. Height/stem diameter ratios decreased as the degree of vegetation removal increased. Critical-period analysis indicated that herbaceous vegetation control is important immediately after planting for both tolerant and intolerant conifer species. Stem diameter gains also were proportional to the number of years of herbaceous vegetation control.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>888</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">888</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitt, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glover, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canada School of Forestry, Auburn University, AL, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurements of woody plant attributes from large-scale aerial photographs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-73</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balloon platform</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of low-cost, large-scale aerial photographs to measure woody plant attributes was assessed for a variety of early successional forest ecosystems. Two conventional 35-mm cameras were mounted on a boom and suspended from a balloon or tripod platform to obtain nominally vertical stereo photographs (contact scales ranging from 1:250 to 1:1000). Photo measurements of individual plant total height were generally unbiased and precise, with regression standard errors ranging from 3.4 to 10.6 cm for plants up to 4 m tall. Standard errors for individual crown diameter measurements ranged from 7.1 to 18.4 cm for crowns up to 3.1 m in width. Direct photo estimates of crown area were unbiased and consistent (standard error=0.107 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, plants up to 6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). With measurements being confined to the inner 70% of the overlap portion of each photo pair, relief displacement had no discernible effect on the accuracy of crown estimates. For all measurement variables examined, the relationships between ground- and photo-measured factors were generally unaffected by species but did shift in response to high levels of crown closure and/or discrepancies in ground- and photo-measurement protocols. The most precise photo estimates originated from the larger photo scales tested. Results suggest that evaluations made from large-scale aerial photographs may be used to augment field evaluations in surveys of early successional woody plant communities situated on level terrain.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">459</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glover, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauer, D. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, Alabama Agric. Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to varying levels of hardwood control</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-83</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood basal area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response surface design</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sum of hardwood rootstock heights</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A loblolly pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) plantation study was installed across the southeastern United States by members of the Auburn University Silvicultural Herbicide Cooperative. This study was designed to quantify and model the effects of varying levels of competing vegetation on long-term pine growth. A matrix of initial stand conditions was established encompassing three site index classes, six plantation ages (0-5 years), four hardwood rootstock density classes (class limits vary by age), and absence or presence of herbaceous weed control.&#xD;&#xD;Five 0.13-ha treatment plots, with 0.06-ha measurement plots, were established at each location. Variation among plots was controlled by sampling and matching plots based on pre-treatment pine and hardwood tree and stand attributes. Each plot was selected for no treatment (check), total hardwood control for 1 year, or specific levels of intermediate hardwood control (one-time treatment by basal spray of herbicide). Herbaceous weed control was combined with hardwood control for certain treatments at selected locations to evaluate the impact of herbicides that control both plant components. Establishment of plots began in 1987, and 56 locations were active in 1995. &#xD;&#xD;The first model presented predicted response in pine basal area as a function of age of treatment and hardwood basal area response at age 8. This model expressed the tradeoff between hardwood and pine basal area and clearly showed larger pine responses per unit of hardwood control at younger ages of release (1.61 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> of pine basal area response per square metre of hardwood control at treatment age O, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">v</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 0.01 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pine basal area response at treatment age 5). The second model predicted age 8 hardwood basal area as a function of sum of hardwood rootstock heights per hectare and number of hardwood rootstocks per hectare from early stand evaluations (ages 1-5). Prediction of age 8 hardwood basal area allowed stands of different ages to be ranked for need of release through projection of long-term yield loss. Pine yield reduction at rotation due to hardwood competition can be estimated for young stands by using this hardwood basal area prediction model in growth and yield models which use an estimate of hardwood basal area at or past age 8.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>837</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">837</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gemmel, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ä</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">llgren, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swed. Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, S. Swedish Forest Research Centre, Box 49, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden Swed. Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Forest Genet. Plant Physiol., S-901 83 Umea?, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competing vegetation effects on initial growth of planted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-98</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ground vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mowing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth during the first two growing seasons in response to different levels of aboveand below-ground competition was evaluated for Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. Karst) seedlings on a clay moraine in southern Sweden. Spruce seedlings were planted in plots and left undisturbed, or mowed, or mowed and shaded, or treated with herbicides, or treated with herbicides and shaded. The aim of the shading treatment was to simulate the light levels below the canopy of the ground vegetation in the undisturbed plots. Spruce seedling growth was reduced by the presence of competing vegetation regardless of whether the vegetation was mown or not. Shading only reduced growth to a minor extent. Soil water potentials were reduced in all treatments during periods of drought. However, undisturbed plots showed the lowest levels of soil moisture and the periods of drought extended over longer periods of time than in plots where the vegetation was either mown or removed with herbicides. Carbon isotope analysis and measurement of needle lengths indicated no differences in water stress for seedlings in undisturbed plots compared to seedlings in herbicide-treated plots. Seedlings in undisturbed and mown plots had lower needle nitrogen concentrations than seedlings in herbicide-treated plots. Therefore, it was concluded that competition between weeds and seedlings planted on clay moraine was mainly below ground and that lower availability of nitrogen in untreated and mown plots may have been an important limitation for growth</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>855</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">855</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rlander, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ä</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">llgren, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition for water and nutrients between ground vegetation and planted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-117</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15N abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ground vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mounding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mowing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle conductance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A field experiment was established between 1989 and 1993 on 4 sites in southern Sweden to study the effects of the clearcut age on damage by pine weevils and competing vegetation. On each site, Norway spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) seedlings were planted on 0- to 4-yr-old clear felled areas. In the study reported here, the effects of clearcut age, mounding, herbicide, mowing, and removal of slash on growth of ground vegetation were investigated. The study was restricted to analysis of second-year growth of planted Norway spruce seedlings, i.e. established seedlings. Ground vegetation was sparse on fresh and 1-yr-old clearcuts. On older clearcuts the dry weight of ground vegetation ranged between 1 and 4 Mg/ha, with a considerable variation between years and sites. Seedling growth was negatively influenced by ground vegetation. Mounding and herbicide treatments reduced ground vegetation and increased seedling growth, especially on older clearcuts, while mowing had no effect. Slash removal had no significant effect on the amount of ground vegetation and did not affect seedling growth. Carbon isotope analysis (</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">13</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C abundance), predawn water potential, and needle conductance did not reveal a consistent difference in water stress between seedlings in undisturbed and vegetation-controlled plots, even during dry periods. There was no evidence that competitor effects on radiation were related to seedling growth response. Therefore, it was concluded that competition between ground vegetation and planted seedlings for water and light alone could not explain the observed differences in growth. Some data are also presented on nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) in soil water, and on nitrogen isotope analysis (15N abundance) in seedlings, and it is suggested that the results indicate that growth was restricted by nitrogen availability.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1063</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tange, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suzuki, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yagi, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan University Forest in Chiba, University of Tokyo, 770 Amatsukominato, Chiba, Japan</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality and the competition between weeds and planted seedlings in relation to weeding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-125</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis obtusa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miscanthus sinensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis obtusa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Sieb, et Zucc.) Endl. seedlings were weeded to leave weeds around a seedling and growth was studied. The more weeds left around the seedling, the smaller was the exposure ratio of the seedling. Seedling growth decreased as the exposure ratio decreased. The higher the site quality, the greater was the advantage that weeding gave seedlings. These results implied that the value of mechanisation for labour-saving in weeding work depended on the site quality.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>899</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">899</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, R. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrell, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Redding, CA, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture, nutrient, and insect constraints on plantation growth: The &quot;Garden of Eden&quot; study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-144</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insecticides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factorial combinations of insect, nutrient, and weed control treatments were applied repetitively to eight</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus ponderosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dougl. ex Laws. var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ponderosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(ponderosa pine) plantations across a broad span of site qualities in California. Findings from the first 6 years showed that plantation growth potential was several times greater than previously realised. On the average, tree volumes from combined treatments were 4 times greater than for untreated controls. Sites of poor quality were limited primarily by soil drought, and fertiliser offered no further advantage over weed control alone. However, droughty sites often are infertile. Weeding not only improved moisture availability, but improved nutrient availability as well, and the joint effects were not easily separated. Controlling vegetation repeatedly with herbicides tripled volume growth and produced significant increases in foliar nutrient concentrations. Sites of medium quality also were limited by soil drought as well as by soil infertility. However, fertiliser application without vegetation control boosted weed growth which in turn blocked trees from a fertiliser response. Plantations on the best sites responded positively to both herbicides and fertilisers and effects were additive when treatments were combined. Despite an extreme range of site and plant stress conditions, insects had little influence on plantation development. Enhanced soil fertility and elevated foliar nutrient concentrations did not render trees more susceptible to insects. Thus, insecticides had no effect on tree growth. Findings suggest that weed control is essential for plantation development on poor sites under the Mediterranean climatic conditions, but not on better sites. Fertiliser responses are expected to continue for several years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1038</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1038</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stock, M. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rauscher, H. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States USDA Forest Service, Bent Creek Res. Demonstration Forest, 1577 Brevard Road, Asheville, NC 28806, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial intelligence and decision support in natural resource management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Databases</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision-support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Making good decisions for natural resource management has become increasingly difficult. Forest managers have too much information, too many decisions to make, and too little time to do any of it. In addition, the objectives are changing and the diversity of needs that must be met is growing. Computer decision aids can help sort and process information and expand our ability to make good decisions in the face of these constraints. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology allows inclusion of knowledge processing in the decision support environment. Management of forest ecosystems involves a mixture of quantitative and qualitative elements that can be captured effectively with multi-component decision support systems (DSS) including expert systems, databases, models, geographic information systems, and user interface components such as hypertext and graphics. AI technology and expert systems are less visible as separate entities and more often occur as part of broader decision support environments. Decision support systems have been developed fora diversity of resource management applications, including management of wetlands, grazing lands, landscapes, community forests, and biodiversity, to name just a few Two areas of current research are development of more effective integrating paradigms and transfer of the products of AI/DSS technology to the end user.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1126</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1126</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visser, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging Indust. Res. Organisation, P.O. Box 147, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving environmental performance: The role of the New Zealand forest code of practice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-162</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental planning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental standards</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guidelines</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact appraisal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand has built a very successful, intensively managed, plantation forest industry. The key for its future success will be to ensure all aspects of forestry have low impacts on both the environment and the community. Comprehensive planning prior to carrying out operations is considered pivotal for ensuring that environmental standards are not compromised. &#xD;&#xD;The New Zealand Forest Code of Practice provides a planning process that will allow the practical requirements of sound and effective environmental management to be met. Key components of the planning procedure include the impact appraisal procedure, which systematically evaluates the potential impact of proposed operations on identified site values, and the operations database which aids selection of suitable techniques in addition to providing the basis for an operational monitoring programme.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1242</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1242</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zwolinski, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christie, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sch. Forest. Alabama Agric. Exp. S., Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5418, United States Div. of Forest Sci. and Technology, CSIR, Private Bag X11227, 1200 Nelspruit, South Africa</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control and large bare-root stock improve early growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in South Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-172</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling grade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil tillage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival and early growth of two grades of bare-root </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seedlings were studied in response to soil cultivation (augering, disking, pitting, or ripping) combined with standard or intensive weed control. Soil tillage after clearfelling did not improve volume yields but did increase establishment costs. Overall, intensive weed control improved fourth-year volume per hectare by 108%. Planting Grade A seedlings (4.1 mm average root-collar diameter) instead of Grade B seedlings (2.8 mm average root-collar diameter) brought about a 36% increase in volume per hectare. For the pitting treatment, the unit cost of the additional volume produced by planting Grade A stock was approximately US$7/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> compared to $10/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for the additional volume resulting from intensive weed control. This study suggests that planting larger diameter seedlings and allowing 1500 kg competing biomass/ha (1 year after planting) may be ecologically more advantageous and economically equivalent to planting small grade seedlings and total eradication of vegetation cover.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>755</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">755</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weizhong, Z.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand School of Forestry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5418, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in relation to seedling grade, weed control, and soil cultivation in the central North Island of New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-183</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling grade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil tillage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments were established in the central North Island of New Zealand to examine survival and growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don in response to weed control and methods of soil cultivation. Fifth- and sixth-year tree height, diameter and survival were examined in relation to (a) initial tree size expressed in various ways, (b) intensity of weed control, and (c) method of soil cultivation. Of four measures of initial seedling size tested, seedling ground line diameter (OLD) was best correlated with tree performance at one site while initial GLD squared × height was most significant at the other. Control of weeds improved tree growth at both sites, and markedly improved survival of trees at the higher altitude site. Analysis of residuals of an initial growth model constructed with data from 27 experiments suggested that stocks of 1/0 seedlings with mean initial root collar diameters of less than 5 mm performed poorly compared with larger 1/0 stocks.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>829</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">829</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplant Systems, P.O. Box 29-074, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Container types and containerised stock for New Zealand afforestation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Containerised stock</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling specifications</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although New Zealand tree plantations have traditionally been established by planting bare-root seedlings, there is now increased interest in the use of container-grown stock. Optimum container design is currently seen as one that incorporates lateral root-pruning. Size specifications for stock for planting out in New Zealand vary according to species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pang, Q. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lockwood, P. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dept. of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Dept. of Agric. and Biosystem Eng., McGill University, Que. H9X 3V9, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of a model to analyse the role of trees in soil water distribution and utilisation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deep drainage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A physically based model was developed to simulate changes in plant water use and soil water distribution over time. It was built from two main submodels which dealt with soil water flow and plant water uptake. The soil water flow submodel employed the Richards equation combined with vapour flow procedures to predict soil water distribution, deep drainage, and soil evaporation. The plant water uptake submodel used a potential driven approach in that it depended on the water potential gradient between the roots and soil matrix. The model was used to analyse the effects of rooting patterns on deep drainage, which is one of the main differences in plant properties between trees and annual crops or grasses. Root distribution affects plant water uptake, soil water distribution, and deep drainage. The deep drainage rate under Armidale (NSW, Australia) weather conditions is episodic in character and root distribution influences deep drainage during wet periods. From discussion of the optimal root distribution for an agroforestry system it was concluded that to prevent too much deep drainage, it may not be necessary to have only deep-rooted species present. Simulation can indicate the appropriate ratio of deep-rooted trees to shallow-rooted crops or grasses in an agroforestry system where the aim is to minimise deep drainage while maximising the percentage of productive shallow-rooted crops or grasses.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>383</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">383</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fleming, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the effects of herbicide release on early growth and survivial of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-221</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A modelling approach was used to evaluate the effects of weed control on the growth and survival of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Picea mariana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce) up to 11 years after planting. The data were generated from a split-plot experimental design with a completely randomised arrangement of whole-plot treatments (2 herbicides x 3 replicates). There were six split-plot treatments distinguished by stock type (0.4-, 0.6-, and 1.5-gpaperpots, and 1.5/1.5 bareroot transplants) and planting season (spring and summer). The two weed-control treatments were an untreated control and glyphosate applied at 70 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">l</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha with a spinning disc applicator at 2.14 kg a.e./ha. The experiment was located in north-eastern Ontario, Canada, on an upland mixed-wood herb-rich site in the boreal forest region.&#xD;&#xD;Of the models tested, the exponential and linear-exponential, respectively, provided the best fits to the seedling growth and survival data. An interpolation procedure was developed to augment the diameter observations with additional estimates for years when only seedling height (and survival) were recorded. Because of the serial correlation over time in the data, model parameter estimates were used as primary data in multivariate analyses to test for treatment effects.&#xD;&#xD;Reduction of weed competition almost always accelerated the growth of the black spruce outplants. Eight growing seasons after weeding, the trees on the weeded plots were up to almost three growing seasons ahead of their counterparts on the non-weeded plots. By the end of the experiment, the growth advantage for trees in weeded plots relative to those on non-weeded plots was increasing with respect to volume at about 1.5 times its rate with respect to height. Tree survival was not significantly affected by weed control, planting season, or stock type. Planting season and stock type did affect tree growth, however. The relative rates of volume growth of the spring-planted stock exceeded that of the corresponding summer-planted stock by 10-14%. The bareroot stock was initially taller and increased in volume at a relative rate which was 4-22% faster than stock in the 0.4-g paperpots in the same weed control and planting season regimes. This superiority of the bareroot stock over the paperpot stock was 3-5% greater when planted in the summer than in the spring.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>754</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">754</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planning forest establishment operations with a computerised decision-support system: A case study analysis of decision-making over a full rotation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">222-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision-support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision-support systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Existing components of a forest establishment decision-support system (DSS), including a model of the initial growth of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don sensitive to site preparation, a knowledge-based module for designing establishment strategies, and a knowledge-based system for selecting herbicides, were combined with the STANDPAK stand modelling system (which integrates growth and yield models with models of stem defect and log valuation) and a spreadsheet in order to design a cost-effective establishment regime for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a specific site. The exercise showed that there were some important deficiencies in models, and software components need to be better integrated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>651</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">651</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kilvert, S. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging Indust. Res. Organisation, P.O. Box 147, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New technologies for the simulation and assessment of forest landscape change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer graphics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public perception of environmental quality is primarily visual, and forest operations, particularly logging, can have a significant negative impact on a visual amenity. In order to visualise landscape change and evaluate reaction to such change, graphic simulations can be produced with a range of technologies. Objective and dynamic, though abstract, models of the landscape can be produced using digital terrain modelling. Photorealistic, though static and subjective, impressions of landscape change can be produced employing digital image-editing software. Image-rendering technologies are available for reducing the abstract appearance of digital terrain models and for increasing the quality of viewer/ image interaction. Spatial analysis and image processing software facilitate quantitative measurement of visual impacts.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>827</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">827</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neary, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, 2500 Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, United States USDA Forest Service, Auburn University, Devall Street, AL 36849, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides - protecting long-term sustainability and water quality in forest ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glyphosate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groundwater</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imazapyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triclopyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World-wide, sediment is the major water quality problem. The use of herbicides for controlling competing vegetation during stand establishment can be beneficial to forest ecosystem sustainability and water quality by minimising off-site soil loss, reducing on-site soil and organic matter displacement, and preventing deterioration of soil physical properties. Sediment losses from sites where competing vegetation is controlled by mechanical methods can be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than natural losses from undisturbed watersheds. On a watershed basis, vegetation management techniques in general increase annual erosion by &lt;7%. Herbicides do not increase natural erosion rates. Organic matter and nutrients that are critical to long-term site productivity can be removed off-site by mechanical vegetation-management techniques and fire, or redistributed on-site in a manner that reduces availability to the next stand. &#xD;&#xD;For several decades, research has been conducted on the fate of forestry-use herbicides in various watersheds throughout the southern and western United States, Canada, and Australia. This research has evaluated chemicals such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, picloram, sulfometuron methyl, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr. Losses in streamflow, and leaching to groundwater have been evaluated. Field study data indicate that residue concentrations tend to be low, except where direct applications are made to ephemeral channels or streams, and do not persist for extended periods of time. Regional environmental impact statements in the United States demonstrate that forestry herbicide presence in surface and groundwater is not a significant risk to water quality or human health. They also clearly indicate that herbicides can greatly reduce water quality deterioration that is produced by erosion and sedimentation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>925</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">925</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davenhill, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimising spot weed control: First approximation of the most cost-effective spot size</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-275</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spot spraying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spot spraying, where only the area around individual trees is treated, is becoming an increasingly important method of herbicide application during establishment of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantations in New Zealand. Minimising the spot size reduces costs and has perceived environmental benefits from reduced herbicide use. Trials were undertaken at two sites to determine the effect of area and duration of spot weed control on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth. One year after planting, crop growth benefits from weed control were proportionally greater on the more productive site. Here, crop diameter growth continued to increase, albeit at a declining rate, as spot size was increased to the point of complete weed control. A similar trend was apparent with height growth up to spot diameters of about 1.5 m. With larger spot sizes, further gains in height growth were minimal. On the less productive site, significant growth benefits were apparent only from the smallest spot size treatment. At both sites, diameter growth was more sensitive to weed control than height growth.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>710</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">710</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, S. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficacy of glyphosate on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as affected by droplet size and spray volume</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">276-287</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlled droplet atomiser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Droplet size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glyphosate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinning disk atomiser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spread factor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A low-volume laboratory research spray system and the spinning disk atomisers Flak, Herbi, and Micromax were used to study the effect of droplet size and spray volume on glyphosate efficacy on trembling aspen (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus tremuloides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Michx). Five droplet sizes, each with a narrow droplet spectrum, ranging from 177 to 1589 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m VMD were used. Spray volumes from 15 to 120 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">l</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha were tested. The phytotoxicity of glyphosate increased as carrier volume was reduced (thereby increasing herbicide concentration), but was not affected by changes in droplet size. There was no significant interaction between droplet size, spray volume, and active ingredient (a.i.) rate per hectare. It is possible that the concentration gradient between the droplet and leaf, rather than the droplet coverage, is important for glyphosate phytotoxicity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>794</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">794</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knisel, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neary, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fowler, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turton, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA-Forest Service, Auburn University, DeVall Dr, AL 36849, United States University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States USDA-Forest Service, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, United States USDA-Forest Service, Huron-Manistee National Forest, Cadillac, MS 49601, United States Oklahoma State University, Department of Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using a hydrological model to determine environmentally safer windows for herbicide application</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">288-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental window</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GLEAMS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imazapyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface run-off</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triclopyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A modification of the GLEAMS model was used to determine application windows which would optimise efficacy and environmental safety for herbicide application to a forest site. Herbicide/soil partition coefficients were determined using soil samples collected from the study site for two herbicides (imazapyr, K</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">oc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=46; triclopyr ester, K</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">oc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">= 1038) and published values for two other herbicides (hexazinone, K</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">oc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=54; triclopyr amine, K</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">oc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=20) were used in the model. Other site-specific characteristics were taken from catchment topographic maps and soil data. Long-term climatic records for the region were then used to provide meteorological data for use in the hydrology component of the model. The model was run with herbicide application for each day of the manufacturers&apos; recommended growing-season application windows. Average surface run-off losses, expressed as a percentage of applied, were low for all herbicides modelled (hexazinone, 0.37%; imazapyr, 0.34%; triclopyr amine, 0.21 %; triclopyr ester, 1.85%). Model predictions of herbicide loss for each application day were then summarised and the application days with the lowest predicted loss within the manufacturers&apos; application windows were identified as the environmentally safest days (environmental window) for application. This application of the GLEAMS model predicts an environmental window, for each herbicide for the site under consideration, during which the probability of adverse environmental impacts is at the lowest level achievable based upon long-term climatic records. The environmental window for pesticides other than herbicides can also be determined through modelling in a similar fashion. GLEAMS is the model chosen for this example, but other pesticide fate models may be equally applicable.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>470</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">470</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gous, S. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty of Forestry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Season of application affects herbicide efficacy in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in South Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-306</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glyphosate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hexazinone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macchia vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal herbicide application</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three herbicides (glyphosate, hexazinone, and metsulfuron methyl) at three rates were tested on indigenous herbaceous shrubs (macchia) in a 1-year-old virgin </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don stand. Mechanical ring weeding of 1 m radius was included as a control treatment. Herbicides were applied over-the-top to uncovered </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. These treatments were tested for each of four seasonal applications. Tree height and diameter growth were measured to determine efficacy of the treatments. Two floristic surveys indicated satisfactory weed suppression. &#xD;&#xD;Summer was the best season to apply herbicides. Glyphosate and hexazinone were significantly better than metsulfuron methyl. Hexazinone had no detrimental effect on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and improved height growth, whereas glyphosate scorched the trees but improved their diameter growth. The rates at which metsulfuron methyl was applied were too low for the control of macchia vegetation. &#xD;&#xD;Optimum application rates were 2000 g and 1500 g active ingredient (a.i.) hexazinone/ha and 1500g a.i. glyphosate/ha. Metsulfuron methyl at 27 g a.i./ha successfully controlled </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rubus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">684</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuusipalo, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hadi, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lattunen, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otsamo, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reforestation Nat. Forest Mgmt. P., C/o Reforestation Technology Center, P.O.Box 65 (Jl. Sei Ulin 28 B), 70711 Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration of land productivity and environment through reforestation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Imperata cylindrica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-319</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia mangium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bio diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipterocarp forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry on the widespread</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Imperata cylindrica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Beauv. secondary grasslands in Indonesia is technically feasible and financially profitable, provided that fast early growth and high yield per hectare are achieved. Fast early growth and canopy closure ensure rapid suppression of the grass, thereby reducing competition and fire susceptibility. Considerable differences in growth between species and among provenances indicate the need for careful species and provenance selection and species/site matching. Production of high-quality seedlings is a prerequisite for survival over the critical early phase when competition by grass is fierce. Total cultivation is better than strip cultivation, and a stand density of at least 1100 seedlings/ha is required. Plantation establishment costs have an insignificant effect on the financial profitability of the scheme, but a high yield per hectare has a highly significant effect. Plantation establishment has considerable environmental effects which make it profitable from a wider economical perspective. These include sequestration of atmospheric carbon and maintenance of biological diversity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>503</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">503</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging Indust. Res. Organisation, P. O. Box 147, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skid site rehabilitation: soil effects, costs, and early growth results</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">320-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainabiliry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The area of potentially productive land occupied by skid sites (logging landings) created during logging operations was measured at three sites in New Zealand-Kaingaroa Forest (Bay of Plenty), Golden Downs Forest (Nelson), and Berwick Forest (Otago). Several skid sites in each forest were subjected to rehabilitation treatments, either ripping or ripping plus return and spread of topsoil and woody debris. These treatments markedly improved soil physical properties related to tree growth. When topsoil was returned the soil nutrient status also improved. Rehabilitation treatments improved the growth of young trees on the landings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1000</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1000</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siregar, I. Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IBP Darmaga, P.O. Box 69, Bogor, Indonesia School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal timing of gibberellin A</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4/7</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> application to increase female strobilus numbers in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seed orchard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-347</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibberellin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strobilus production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing of GA</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4/7</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> application was investigated for the 1993 year at the Amberley and Waikuku seed orchards in Canterbury. February was confirmed as being a more favourable month for application than March. The response &quot;window&quot; was considerably wider when GA</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">4/7</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was applied by stem injection than when it was applied externally to buds. At the dosages used, stem injection was also confirmed as being a much more effective way to increase female strobilus yield than bud application. The optimal application time for different clones varied little: in the three clones studied the mean range was only 7 days. Also, response to the timing of application did not differ appreciably between ramets of different size and age.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1123</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1123</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varelides, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, Terma Alkmanos, Athens 115.28, Greece</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance variation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at two sites in northern Greece</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">348-354</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fifteen provenance lots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don, from three Californian populations (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria) and two Australian sources, were tested on two nearby sites of contrasting quality (ultrabasic and schist) in northern Greece. Tree height, diameter at breast height, survival, and stem form were assessed at the seventh year. &#xD;&#xD;No differences were found (p &gt;0.05) between the provenances in any of the traits in the across-sites analysis, nor were any provenance × site interactions statistically evident. In within-sites analyses, differences were identified (p = 0.03) between the provenances on the ultrabasic site for survival but not for any other trait. &#xD;&#xD;No across-sites differences were found between the populations for any trait. Tree height and stem form were markedly better on the loamy ultrabasic site than on the sandy schist.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neilsen, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry Tasmania, P.O. Box 207B, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings to application of various fertilisers at planting or soon after planting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-369</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A site which had previously carried a high quality Eucalyptus regnans F.Mueller forest, but which had marginal soil nutrient reserves, was selected to trial four fertiliser options for establishment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Dean et Maiden) Maiden and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sawlog plantations. Apart from the fertiliser options, current operational plantation establishment practices were used. &#xD;&#xD;Application of a nitrogen-phosphorus fertiliser shortly after planting produced increased growth for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> amounting to 30 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha by age 7 years. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">also responded to fertiliser application, but overall growth was less than half that of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. This slower growth was due to early severe and repeated insect attacks. Insect attack also caused increased double and multiple leadering in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. &#xD;&#xD;Normal rates of nitrogen-phosphorus fertiliser application (25 g N and 11 g P/tree) resulted in an increase in branch size compared with trees without fertiliser, and the mean largest branch diameter was increased by 6 mm for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Multiple leadering also increased, from 2% to 10%. Very high rates of fertiliser addition over the first 6 months after planting caused substantially greater deterioration in branching habit in both species; the mean largest branch diameter was 10 mm larger than with normal fertiliser additions, and 27% of trees had multiple leaders. While most stems in stands treated with normal rates of fertiliser were suitable for pruning for sawlog production, very few stems in stands treated with high rates of fertiliser were suitable. &#xD;&#xD;Despite substantial increased growth from fertiliser application, at age 7 years foliar-phosphorus levels were low and foliar-nitrogen levels were marginal in all treatments. Increased growth rates could be expected from further application of fertiliser. Results indicated that soil nutrient profiles together with foliar analysis might be useful in developing fertiliser regimes for eucalypt plantations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>54</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">54</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCord, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaughlan, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Carter Holt Harvey Forests Ltd., Private Bag 1002, Rangiora, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment practices can improve longer-term growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a dry-land hill forest. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">27 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370-379</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling handling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An establishment trial was planted on a dry-land hill forest site in the Okuku area of Ashley Forest, Canterbury, to compare the effects of seedling quality, handling, cultivation (ripping), and post-planting weed control on subsequent survival and growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don up to 13 years after planting, i.e., at half-rotation. Weed control was the most significant factor, followed by seedling quality and cultivation (ripping). Lack of weed control, use of conventional seedling quality, and conventional handling resulted in a 43% loss of volume growth compared with the best treatment combination of weed control, &quot;best practice&quot; seedling quality, and &quot;best practice&quot; handling. Ripping was less important, but gave a 7% increase in volume.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>293</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">293</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horrell, R. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, P. O. Box 465, Rangiora, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifer establishment in South Island high country: Influence of mycorrhizal inoculation, competition removal, fertiliser application, and animal exclusion during seedling establishment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-394</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeding trials with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mirb.) Franco were undertaken to investigate known constraints to low-cost afforestation of depleted short grasslands of the South Island high country. &#xD;&#xD;In field trials mycorrhizal development of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ps. menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings was enhanced by drilling seed with soil collected under an existing stand. Seed inoculation with mycorrhizal fungal spores appeared to be more successful than soil inoculation in promoting pine mycotrophy. Seed inoculation was less effective for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Arn. than for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don, possibly because the method used resulted in attachment of more spores to the larger </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed. Inoculation of pine seed with spores of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhizopogon rubescens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Tul. was more effective than inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">R. luteolus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Fr. or </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Suillus luteus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(L. ex Fr.) S.F.Gray. &#xD;&#xD;Exclosure trials at two Mackenzie Basin sites showed that browsing of seedlings was due to rabbits. Mechanical removal of residual herbaceous species resulted in reduced tree seedling numbers as rabbits were attracted to the bare soil or to seedlings exposed by turf removal. Control of rabbits for several years may be necessary to allow successful establishment by seeding. In the absence of rabbits, turf removal may improve seedling establishment in drier areas. Fertiliser application decreased tree seedling numbers through increased competition from the herbaceous sward. &#xD;&#xD;Establishment of pines by seeding on the drought-prone outwash gravel soils of the Mackenzie Basin is not reliable. On less drought-prone soils forest establishment by seeding is possible if rabbits are controlled. Further experimentation with mycorrhizal inoculation is required.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>246</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">246</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costantini, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Queensland Forest Research Institute, M.S. 483, Gympie, QLD 4570, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between cone penetration resistance, bulk density, and moisture content in uncultivated, repacked, and cultivated hardsetting and non-hardsetting soils from the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-412</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardsetting soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resistance to penetration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between cone penetration resistance (PR), soil moisture (SM), and bulk density (BD) were derived for: (i) cultivated (ripped) and uncultivated, hardsetting and non-hardsetting, field soils; and (ii) repacked cores of the uncultivated soils. Each of the soils supports commercial </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plantations in the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland, Australia. &#xD;&#xD;Penetration resistance was positively correlated with bulk density and negatively correlated with soil moisture for all soils. In the uncultivated soils, penetration resistance was less sensitive to bulk density than typically reported in the literature, or than observed in the cultivated soils where a wider range of bulk density values was studied. In both the cultivated and the repacked soils, penetration resistance was more sensitive to soil moisture at higher bulk density, and more sensitive to bulk density at lower soil moisture.&#xD;&#xD;It was not possible to fit the same models to uncultivated, repacked, and cultivated soils, and therefore not possible to compare relationships for each statistically. Relationships between penetration resistance, bulk density, and soil moisture were best described by additive models in the uncultivated soils and multiplicative models in the cultivated soils. For the repacked soils, models had to be developed relating penetration resistance to bulk density for each soil moisture class separately.&#xD;&#xD;The study demonstrated that: (i) relationships between penetration resistance, bulk density, and soil moisture were insufficiently sensitive to predict responses in the penetration resistance of field soils tochanges in soil moisture, as might occur temporally, or bulk density, as might occur with compaction or reconsolidation after cultivation; and (ii) repacked soils could not be used to simulate the relationships between penetration resistance, bulk density, and soil moisture for cultivated field soils. Therefore, penetration resistances measured at different times in studies in which either bulk density or soil moisture are expected to change cannot be easily compared. In these situations, which include compaction and consolidation studies, both penetration resistance and bulk density, or bulk density alone, should be used to monitor change. &#xD;&#xD;Relationships between penetration resistance, soil moisture, and bulk density, together with moisture characteristic drying curves for individual soils, were used to define relationships between penetration resistance and matric suction. These relationships define a soil characteristic that may be useful for: (i) explaining varying responses of different soils to drying; (ii) explaining various </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling growth responses to cultivation and compaction; and (iii) delineating soils which are functionally hardsetting upon drying.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, T. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kulasiri, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaunt, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Computing and Biometrics, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand Plant Science Department, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Objective index for the radial distribution of low-order lateral tree roots</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413-420</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree architecture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An objective index describing the radial &quot;evenness&quot; of lateral tree roots has been developed. The index may be applied on the basis of root length or mass or image analysis of root quantity. Unevenness, defined as deviation from a perfectly uniform root distribution, is weighted according to the scale at which it occurs, with unevenness between halves or quarters of the root system receiving more weight than unevenness between sixteenths or thirty-seconds. A sliding frame of reference eliminates the problem of rotational dependence in the initial positioning of the &quot;grid&quot; used to count roots. For practical application the index requires a computer-readable root map, either from a field root-mapping exercise, or from digitised pictures of the exposed root system. Agreement between evenness rankings from visual inspection and from the index is generally excellent</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>926</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">926</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davenhill, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisms of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth suppression by some common forest weed species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421-437</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytisus scoparius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth loss</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a trial designed to quantify the reduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don growth caused by a range of weed species, tree seedlings were grown weed-free or with herbaceous broadleaves (a volunteer mixture of species from which grasses were excluded), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cytisus scoparius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (broom), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ulex europaeus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (gorse), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Buddleja davidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Franchet (buddleia), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Holcus lanatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Yorkshire fog) plus</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Lolium multiflorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Italian ryegrass), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lotus uliginosus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schk. (lotus), or </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cortaderia selloana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schult) Asch. et Graeb. (pampas). Water and nutrient levels were varied by factorial irrigation and fertiliser treatment. After 3 years tree stem volume was greatest in weed-free, lotus, gorse, and grass treatments and least with buddleia and pampas. The effect of herbaceous broadleaves and broom was intermediate. It was concluded that tall, fast-growing, weed species reduced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth by restricting light availability to tree crowns. No convincing evidence was found to link the large growth losses with interference in water or nutrient supply</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>924</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">924</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ray, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davenhill, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nozzles for minimising aerial herbicide spray drift</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">438-448</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial spraying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide spray</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nozzles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray drift</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three nozzle types were compared in a trial investigating the potential for herbicide drift during aerial spraying. Water containing a colorimetric tracer, a fluorimetric tracer, and a foaming agent was sprayed from a helicopter boom along a single flight line. Deposition on steel plates located on the ground was measured to a distance of 300 m downwind. The airborne flux was measured to 225 m downwind, using &quot;Rotorod&quot; samplers. Conventional D8-45 nozzles were found to have greater drift potential than foaming nozzles (both pointing straight down). Lowest airborne drift occurred during use of D8 nozzles, pointing straight back. Deposition measurements using steel plates on the ground showed that peak deposition was greatest and closest to the flight line with D8 nozzles, followed by foaming and D8-45 nozzles. Steel plates on the ground were found to be unsuitable for estimation of airborne flux</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>522</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">522</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartsough, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parker, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States Logging Indust. Res. Organisation, P.O. Box 147, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manual pruning of Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">449-459</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological workload</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Work study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Work study of pruning of plantation Douglas-fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) in Kaingaroa Forest showed that production rates in first and second lifts (to 2 m and 3.8 m) were approximately 20 and 30 trees per productive hour, and varied with walk distance, hindrance rating, number of branches removed, and tree diameter. The physiological workloads of both lifts were classified as &quot;heavy&quot;.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1359</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1359</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lundgren, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum - Development of a composite taper equation to predict over- and under-bark diameter and volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">460</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum to NZJFS 25(3) 318-327: Development of a composite taper equation to predict over- and under-bark diameter and volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand. </style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1131</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1131</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, D. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradshaw, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connett, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fountain, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Laboratory, Molecular and Cell Biology Section, Forest. and Forest Prod. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, 305, Japan Dept. of Microbiology and Genetics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Fletcher Challenge Forests, Te Teko, New Zealand Dept. of Plant Biol. and Biotech., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural characterisation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> MADS-box DNA sequences isolated by PCR cloning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGAMOUS-like</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AP3-like</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cloning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MADS-box sequences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering in all plant species analysed to date is regulated by highly conserved and developmentally regulated genes. Some of them were found to belong to the group of MADS-box genes. In the research described here, the construction of two opposing degenerate primers, targeted to highly conserved regions within the MADS box, allowed the amplification of a 78 bp segment from genomic DNA of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don. By subcloning these PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) products into Ml3 and analysing the sequence of individual subclones, three different DNA sequences, each representing a conserved MADS-box region of three independent </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genes were identified. The three MADS-box sequences shared nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with homeotic genes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arabidopsis thaliana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">:—two of them with the stamen-carpelspecific </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">AGAMOUS </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gene and one with the stamen-petal-specific </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">AP</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3 gene. The sequences isolated here are currently being used to isolate and characterise full-length MADS-box gene sequences which could provide a useful tool for the manipulation of flowering in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">100</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergmann, B. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dukes, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomp, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8002, Raleigh, NC 27695-8002, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and long-term growth of detached hairy roots </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strains A4 and R1601 was demonstrated through greenhouse inoculation of seedlings and verification of opine production in gall tissue. Frequencies of seedlings exhibiting gall formation after epicotyl stem inoculation was 4% for strain A4 and 7% for strain R1601 (compared to 59% for the positive control inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A tumefaciens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strain 542). Adventitious shoots of 22 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones, micropropagated from seeds of the same bulk seedlot from which the seedlings had been grown, differed significantly in susceptibility to A4, Rl 601, and 542 when inoculated</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> shoots were more susceptible to both </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. rhizogenes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strains but less susceptible io </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. tumefaciens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 542 than seedlings inoculated in the greenhouse. The highest frequency of shoots forming a gall and/or hairy roots was observed in a different </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clone for each </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strain: 22% for A4, 44% for R1601, 58% for 542. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strain R1601 was superior to A4 for infection of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> shoots grown in vitro. Gall production and hairy roots were observed in 11 % and 1 %, respectively, of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> shoots 12 weeks after in vitro inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. rhizogenes </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strain R1601. Hormone autotrophic, bacteria-free cultures were established from stem segments that possessed tissue proliferating from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inoculation wound sites. Hairy  roots formed directly from the wound site as early as 8 weeks after inoculation. Though opines were difficult to detect in callus tissues resulting from R1601 inoculations, the likelihood of detection was increased if the sample included roots. Cultures of detached hairy roots maintained on quarter-strength modified LePoivre medium reached an average length of 19.5 cm after 1 year and were shown to continue opine expression throughout that time. A greenhouse rooting experiment provided no evidence that rooting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> tissue culture shoots was improved by inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. rhizogenes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R1601.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>618</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">618</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, I. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ades, P. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, K. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia Department of Forestry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia CSIRO Div. Forest. and Forest Prod., Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of natural Californian provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New South Wales, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype x site interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land race</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height and basal area data from a series of eight provenance trials of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don planted in New South Wales were analysed at age 8 years. The trials tested subpopulations from the three mainland California natural populations—four from A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, six from Monterey, and three from Cambria—as well as a single mixed-family seedlot from an Australian first-generation unculled seed orchard. The test sites varied greatly in soil fertility and climate; mean tree height at age 8 years ranged from 4.7 to 11.2 m. There were significant differences in growth rate between populations on several sites, and overall there was a large population x site interaction. Monterey was usually the best of the natural populations, but A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo grew better on the highest productivity sites and Cambria grew well on some low productivity sites. Despite the interaction, the seed orchard seedlot was the best population for growth at all sites. There was no evidence of subpopulation-within-population x site interaction and, in contrast to several previous studies, there were significant differences between subpopulations within some populations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1133</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1133</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanjiku, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goh, K. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Agroforestry Division, P.O.Box 20412, Nairobi, Kenya Lincoln University, Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological nitrogen fixation by three legumes in a coastal sand-dune forest, estimated by an isotope dilution technique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legumes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimates of nitrogen input to chronically nitrogen-deficient sand-dunes were made at Woodhill Forest, near Auckland, using a site recently replanted with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. The study was aimed at screening three legumes—Maku lotus (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lotuspedunculatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Cav. &quot;Grasslands Maku&quot;), hairy canary clover (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dorycnium hirsutum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Ser.), and everlasting pea (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus latifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.)—as possible nitrogen-fixing replacements for yellow tree lupin (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sims). Seasonal biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of the legumes was compared using the isotope dilution technique and above-ground dry matter productivity. Sampling was conducted in winter (July) and spring (November) of 1994, and summer (February) and winter (July) of 1995.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dorycnium hirsutum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plots contained the highest amount of legume dry matter and this did not differ significantly between seasons. When woody components were omitted, La. latifolius was the most productive species. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dorycnium hirsutum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">La. latifolius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">derived, on average, 98% and 95% respectively of their annual nitrogen uptake from the atmosphere (%Ndfa). This was not significantly affected by season. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lotus pedunculatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, on the other hand, showed a lower %Ndfa in summer.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus latifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was found to contain more fixed nitrogen (214 kg/ha/year) above ground than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lo. pedunculatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> or </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. hirsutum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (55 and 71 kg/ha/year respectively). In all legumes studied, high rates of nitrogen fixation were observed between winter and spring and BNF was highly correlated with dry matter production.&#xD;&#xD;Overall, the results showed that</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> La. latifolius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">may be considered as a replacement for lupin in the ecosystem studied because of its persistence, its capacity for high non-woody dry matter production, its dependence on nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, and its high nitrogen fixation rate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>294</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">294</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langer, E. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross, C. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabilitation of native forest species after mining in Westland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-68</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil replacement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabilitation techniques for native forest were investigated at an opencast coal mine site in cut-over beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) forest on alluvial river terraces at Giles Creek near Reefton, Westland. Annual precipitation at the site was 2900 mm and soils were dominantly Allophanic and Acid Brown Soils. The survival and growth of 11 nursery-raised native woody species, and natural regeneration, were examined in three covering treatments consisting of (1) overburden gravel, (2) mixed-horizon forest soil, and (3) layered-horizon forest soil. Underlying gravels were either not ripped or ripped to a depth of 80 cm.&#xD;&#xD;Survival of bare-root and container-grown plants 4.5 years after planting was better in overburden gravel than in both mixed and layered soil, largely because of poor survival of beech species in soil. Plant height growth in overburden gravel, however, was minimal because of nitrogen deficiency. Height growth after 4.5 years in layered soil was nearly twice that in mixed soil, the better growth in layered soil being due to improved drainage and improved nitrogen nutrition. Poor survival of the beeches in forest soil is attributed to root-rot pathogens. Ripping of underlying overburden gravel had no influence on plant survival or growth in any of the three covering materials.&#xD;&#xD;In the fifth year of the trial, ground cover in the two soil treatments was 38-40%, but cover in overburden gravel never exceeded 1 %. Tall-growing adventive rushes {</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Juncus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp.) dominated in mixed soil, reflecting poor drainage, whereas native and adventive herb species dominated in layered soil. Few native species, especially woody species, were introduced from the original forest through soil replacement. Research is required to determine optimum timing of earthmoving operations in relation to natural seed dispersal.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>82</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">82</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotypic variation in symptoms of upper mid-crown yellowing and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-75</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Final-crop stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In New Zealand, low needle retention in</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don is often associated with infection by a needle-cast fungus, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Butin) DiCosmo </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">., and with a condition known as upper mid-crown yellowing (UMCY). Variability in the expression of these two disorders is known to be controlled by both environmental and genetic factors. In order to estimate the degree of genetic control, adjacent seedlings and clonal trees (six clones selected for vigour in the nursery) were assessed at age 22 years for symptoms of UMCY and of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> C. minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in stands thinned to three final-crop stocking rates. Estimates of genotypic and non-genetic variance and of broad-sense heritability (ratio of genotypic to phenotypic variance) were obtained in two ways: (a) by subtracting the observed within-clone variance from the  phenotypic variance of seedling trees, and (b) by directly estimating clone-to-clone variance. Values obtained by these methods agreed well with each other and with earlier estimates made in a nearby seed orchard. Factors related to method of propagation and physiological ageing are therefore unlikely to inflate clonal variation. Clones may be the more cost-effective indicator for UMCY studies. Genotypic variance in resistance to both disorders is considered to be sufficiently high (at least 64% for UMCY and 44% for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C minus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) to warrant consideration in silvicultural practices.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>935</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">935</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobbie, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological records - 5: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lepteutypa podocarpi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Butin) van der Aa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lepteutypa podocarpi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> anamorph of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Lepteutypapodocarpi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Butin) van der Aa, occurring on</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Podocarpus totara</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> G. Bennett ex D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus acutifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> T. Kirk, and a hybrid of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nivalis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> W.J. Hooker and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. hallii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> T. Kirk, is reported as a new fungal record for New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>998</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">998</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakeling, R. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Presence of widespread bacterial attacks in preservative-treated cooling tower timbers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-85</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CCA-treated timbers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooling tower timbers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soft-rot fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray drift</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunnelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunnelling bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood degradation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopic examinations of CCA-treated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don timbers in an industrial cooling tower in New Zealand showed bacteria and soft-rot fungi to be primarily responsible for the decay of these timbers. Of these micro-organisms, erosion bacteria appeared to be most widespread, attacking wood cell walls independently as well as in combination with tunnelling bacteria and soft-rot fungi. Tunnelling bacteria attacked wood often with soft-rot fungi, and less commonly with erosion bacteria. &#xD;&#xD;Wood samples were taken from various locations in the cooling tower, including spray line support, panelling above the spray drift eliminators, and from spray drift elimination slats. Examination of these samples indicated that, among the microorganisms which attacked the wood, erosion bacteria were most tolerant of oxygen limiting conditions as bacterial erosion was the only type of decay present in wood constantly saturated with water. The evidence provided of the presence of widespread bacterial attacks in an industrial cooling tower timbers is the basis for recognising that bacteria may play an important role in the deterioration of cooling tower timbers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1223</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1223</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiao, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakeling, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromorphology of a novel fungal decay in preservative-treated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood in wet acidic soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confocal laser scanning microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunnelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wet acidic soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood decay</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light microscopy of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don field test stakes (20 x 20 x 500 mm) exposed in wet acidic (pH4.5) soil for 12-24 months showed predominance of an unusual type of decay characterised by tunnelling attack of wood cell walls. After 2 years, decay was moderate to severe in wood treated to ground contact CCA specifications and also equivalent retentions of creosote, and a number of new generation preservatives. Relative to other New Zealand temperate test sites and also an Australian tropical site, the New Zealand acidic soil test site was very aggressive.&#xD;&#xD;Correlative microscopy, including light microscopy (LM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was used to elucidate the micromorphology of this attack. Tunnels of diameter 0.2—5 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m were present throughout all layers of the cell wall, and their orientation was not related to the cellulose microfibril orientation. They also showed no preference for particular cell wall layers, indicating a lignin-degrading capability. CLSM images showed that living, connecting fungal hyphae were present in the cell lumina and tunnels, and this was also confirmed by other forms of microscopy used. This type of attack was predominant in wood that was highly saturated with water whereas wood that was less moist was attacked predominantly by classical white rot at the same site. Ongoing isolation and incubation studies in conjunction with further microscopy should enable identification of the fungal species involved.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1360</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1360</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balneaves, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCord, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaughlan, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Balneaves, J. M. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 1996: Establishment practices can improve longer-term growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a dry-land hill forest. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">26</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (3), 370-379</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for NZJFS 26(3) 370-379: Establishment practices can improve longer-term growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a dry-land hill forest. </style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, I. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, T. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boomsma, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verryn, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appleton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand State Forests of NSW Research Division, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia Department of Conservation and Land Management, State Operations Headquarters, 50 Hayman Road, Como, WA, Australia Southern Tree Breeding Association, P.O. Box 1811, Mt Gambier, SA 5290, Australia Division of Water, Environment and Forestry Technology, Environmentek, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Australian Paper Plantations Pry Ltd, P.O. Box 220, Morwell, Vic. 3840, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International gene pool experiments in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: patterns of genotype-site interaction. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">28</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (2),</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-125</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field layout</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polycross</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1970 an international exchange of 319 select lots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don was arranged among several countries. Most lots were open-pollinated progenies, with 31 pair-crosses, 26 polycrosses, and two bulked lots. Field experiments were planted with varying field layouts and variable representation of lots. Trials were assessed mainly at 6-8 years from planting, with one trial measured at 14 years and one remeasured at 15 years. Main emphasis was on stem diameter (dbhob), stem straightness scores, branch habit scores (primarily relating to a short-internode light-branching ideal), and malformation, with varying scales used for tree-form traits.&#xD;&#xD;Pairwise genetic correlations between sites were studied, trait by trait, genotype-site interaction being manifested as departures from perfect correlation (r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 1) between sites.&#xD;&#xD;Usable data came from nine sites: from New Zealand; from South Africa; and, within Australia, from New South Wales (3), from South Australia, from Western Australia (2), and from Victoria. Such data came from 47 lots at one site and from 126-238 lots elsewhere.&#xD;&#xD;Within sites, repeatability of lot means (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) was good (generally &gt;0.5) for dbhob, stem straightness score, and branch habit score, but sometimes near zero for malformation. &#xD;&#xD;Estimates of between-site genetic correlations (r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) for dbhob generally exceeded 0.5, but tended to be lower where the two Western Australian sites were involved and were often still lower for the South African site. With an adjustment for assessment-age differences between sites, however, many r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> values were increased but not radically. Some results could be interpreted, but there was often no obvious coherent pattern. For straightness, r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> generally exceeded 0.6, the main exceptions involving one Western Australian site. For branch habit score rg tended to be still higher, except at the South African site where the scoring criterion was rather different. For malformation, r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was often very imprecise, but mostly very high and positive. For some sites or pairs of sites inclusion of some native-population lots inflated both h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and r</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">g</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, especially for dbhob. It appears that international exchanges of select genetic material can be beneficial. However, for boosting short- to medium-term genetic gain, imported material should be chosen on appropriate selection criteria, and quite heavy culling from testing may often be needed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>608</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">608</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jayawickrama, K. J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand&apos;s long internode breed of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch clusters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long internode</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Millwork lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Punts radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second-generation selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don shows marked variation in the number of branch clusters formed annually, with a corresponding variation in&quot;internode&quot; length (distance between branch clusters). Long internodes are commercially valuable due to greater yield of knotfree lumber in the unpruned part of the stem. Internode length is under strong genetic control and is highly amenable to selection. In a recent sawing study trees of clones selected for long internodes gave much higher lumber value as U.S. shop grades than short-internode trees.&#xD;&#xD;Breeding for internode length began in 1970 with the selection of 104 long-internode plus-trees. Subsequent work included open-pollinated progeny testing of both the first-generation selections and 74 second-generation selections, making and testing 153 crosses involving first- and second-generation selections, and further first-generation selections in 1985. Advanced-generation selections will be made in the control pollinated trials in 1998.&#xD;&#xD;Gains in internode length entail somewhat reduced gains in volume growth, branch size, and stem quality. The Long Internode breed has been separated from the main breeding population. The goal is a tree with one or two branch clusters per year, to be grown on appropriate sites with suitable silviculture. Deployment of improved stock is by using seedlings or cuttings from control-pollinated seed. A clonal forestry option also exists. The next step to advance the Long Internode breed is likely to be forming two small elite sublines. Future breeding will largely be within the two elite sublines, allowing for unrelated crosses between sublines for production purposes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Realised genetic gain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots grown commercially in the central North Island, New Zealand - Part 1: Growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;850&quot; seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finns radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa bulk seed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree diameter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of covariance models of diameter and height of 13-year-old</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don grown in commercial forests in the central North Island formed the basis for comparing average stand tree diameter (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and mean top height (MTH) of non-seedorchard and &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots. Both the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and MTH models used several groupings of seedlots to determine the impact of these first tree selections ond and MTH. The models included several variables to remove other growth-affecting factors. For the modelling of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, altitude and crop stocking were used, and the MTH model used site index. The analyses of covariance for both </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and MTH, show no significant improvement overall of &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots over Kaingaroa climbing select or Kaingaroa (bulk) seedlots at age 13. The Gwavas &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard 25-clone seedlots did show a significant improvement in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> over Kaingaroa bulk, but not over Kaingaroa climbing select. The results of this study differed from those of large-plot genetic gain and progeny trials. This may be for several reasons. The first 8 to 10 years of seed production from the &quot;850&quot; seed orchards contained seed of poorer quality than later seed production. The assessment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at age 13 may be too early for the detection of divergence of &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard material from non-seed-orchard material to be noticeable in commercial stands. Superior &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots may have been better than those planted in commercial stands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Realised genetic gain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots grown commercially in the central North Island, New Zealand - Part 2: Stem quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-173</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;850&quot; seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa bulk seed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean internode length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem sinuosity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Realised genetic gain in diameter, multinodality, stem straightness, malformation occurrence, and stem cone whorl incidence was assessed using field plots in 20-year-old stands planted with Kaingaroa bulk, Kaingaroa climbing-select, and &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots. The &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlot stands had a significantly greater </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than Kaingaroa bulk, resulting in 4.2% gain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; however, there was no difference in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">d</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> between &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard material and Kaingaroa climbing-select. For tree mean internode length (MIL), incidence of malformation, and degree of stem sinuosity, &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots showed no significant improvement over Kaingaroa climbing select or Kaingaroa bulk. The incidence of stem cones was significantly lower for &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard material than for the other two seedlots. The results of this study may partly differ from those of large-plot genetic gain and progeny trials for several reasons. Firstly, the first 8 to 10 years of seed production from the &quot;850&quot; seed orchards contained seed of poorer quality than later seed production. Secondly, superior &quot;850&quot; seed-orchard seedlots may have been better than those planted in commercial stands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>864</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">864</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parfitt, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, N. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does contact of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> slash with soil influence post-harvest nutrient losses?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174-187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finns radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lysimeters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate-nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although nitrogen dynamics during litter decay have been studied extensively, little work has addressed the contribution of needles in harvest residue to nutrient losses. We examined the decay of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don needles on slash and not touching the soil, from compartments clearfelled between 4 months and 4 years previously in Himatangi and Santoft Forests. Fresh foliage was also collected from 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> together with soil F, H, and A horizons. The needles and soil samples were incubated, both separately and combined, in suction vessels and leached regularly with water. Most nitrogen was leached from the 4-month and 4-year needles, and amounted to about 8% the total nitrogen; little nitrogen was leached from fresh foliage. Nitrate-nitrogen was the dominant form of nitrogen leached from the 4-year needles, whereas ammonium nitrogen was dominant from the 4-month and 1 -year needles. More nitrate-nitrogen was produced when the 4-month needles were incubated on top of F, H, or A horizon samples which increases potential for leaching. These data were consistent with field results from lysimeters showing nitrate-nitrogen was leached under 2-year-old windrows and raked soil in Santoft Forest. Net phosphorus mineralisation occurred readily in the older needles and mineral soil, and with time could contribute to the labile pool of phosphorus. Our results suggest that post-harvest losses of nitrogen could increase when large amounts of slash remain in stockpiles. Water-soluble carbon compounds were released from all the foliage samples. Differences in nitrogen losses and forms of nitrogen mineralised are likely to be related to changes in quality of carbon in needles after harvest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>861</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">861</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papesch, A. J. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawke, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 19b Jane Deans Close, Riccarton, Christchurch 4</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical stability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees at Eyrewell Forest investigated using static tests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-204</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyrewell forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maximum resistive bending moment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree winching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overturning bending moments were analysed for</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don trees which had been winched over at Eyrewell Forest, Canterbury, between 1967 and 1971. Trees were sampled from four different age-classes in three forest compartments. The bending moment applied by the winch and cable system increased rapidly and linearly to a maximum value before decreasing until the trees toppled under their own weight. The bending moment due to the mass of the offset stem plus crown contributed an average of 9% to the total overturning moment at the point of maximum applied moment. Significant positive relationships were found between the maximum resistive bending moment (M</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">c</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) offered by the tree and its total height, diameter at breast height (dbh), and stem volume. The greatest proportion of the variance in Mc was explained by a linear relationship involving dbh. The angle of stem deflection at both the maximum resistive bending moment and the point at which the tree toppled under its own weight was significantly and negatively related to tree height. Analyses of covariance found that root plate diameter had a significant effect on M</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">c</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> while root plate depth did not. The effect of taper was uncertain.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1148</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1148</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marden, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowan, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, P. O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand Landcare Research, P. O. Box 445, Gisborne, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root-wood strength deterioration in kanuka after clearfelling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-215</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimzea ericoides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root decay</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significant areas of indigenous kanuka (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Kimzea ericoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ericoides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(A.Rich.) J.Thompson) growing on the unstable East Coast hill-country north of Gisborne, New Zealand, are under threat of replacement by exotic plantation tree species. A knowledge of the strength and decay properties of kanuka root-wood would increase understanding of the potential impacts of clearfelling kanuka in this region. About 30 trees were felled and their roots sampled at 6-monthly intervals over the following 48 months to determine tensile strength, rate of decay, and elastic properties of kanuka root-wood. Roots were excavated using high-pressure water and tested in tension on an Instron Universal Testing Machine. &#xD;&#xD;Mean live kanuka root-wood strength and modulus of elasticity were 32.5 MPa and 830 MPa, respectively. Mean tensile root-wood strength increased 33% to a maximum of 43.1 MPa 12 months after cutting, and did not decline below live root-wood strength until 24 months after the death of the parent tree. To demonstrate that the root decay pattern of kanuka was not unique, additional information was collected and added to the dataset of a previous study of root-wood strength deterioration in southern rata (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Metrosideros umbellata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cav.). Mean live southern rata root-wood strength was 50.8 MPa, which increased 27% over 15 months after cutting to 64.7 MPa. The root-wood strength of both species declined exponentially. The calculated time for kanuka and southern rata to lose half their Iive root-wood strength was 39 and 45 months, respectively. &#xD;&#xD;It was concluded that the strength and elastic behaviour of roots impart resilience to the soil by allowing a greater magnitude and range of slope shear-displacement before failure occurs. Kanuka root-wood has a greater live strength and a lower decay rate than the main exotic plantation species, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don. From a purely root strength/root decay stand-point, kanuka would at least for the first 4 years, provide a clearfelled slope with greater stability than a similar slope clearfelled of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Consequently, kanuka can be seen as an effective stabiliser of slopes and thus has a very important role to play in the maintenance of slope stability.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>337</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">337</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ekanayake, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marden, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowan, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree roots and slope stability: A comparison between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and k</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="186" size="11">ā</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nuka</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">216-233</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree roots</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasingly, in the East Coast region of the North Island of New Zealand stands of indigenous regenerating kanuka (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Kunzea ericoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ericoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A.Rich.) J.Thompson) are being felled and replanted with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don. Conversion has occurred predominantly on erosion-prone hillslopes where storm-generated landsliding has been widespread and severe, but data on the relative effectiveness of these two forest species in enhancing slope stability are rare. For kanuka and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, shear stress-displacement curves for their corresponding potential shear planes were measured at two sites by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in situ </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">direct shear tests on soil with and without roots. The contribution of roots to soil strength was first estimated by calculating the difference between the maximum shear stress of the shear stress-displacement curves obtained for soil with and without roots. Results suggested that for individual trees the contribution from the roots to soil strength on a root cross-sectional area per unit shear area basis was independent of species for the two tree species tested. There were, however, significant differences in stand density between these two species. These results were then used to obtain relationships between shear stress and shear displacement at the peak of the shear stress-displacement curve, and between cross-sectional area of roots per unit shear area. Taking the shear strength of the combined soil-root system as the peak value of the shear stress-displacement curve produced from the</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> in situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> direct shear tests, a limit equilibrium slope stability analysis method was used to derive the safety factors. A simple model developed using the relationship between the shear strength of the soil-root system, the specific root crosssection area, and slope angle was then used to determine safety factors for typical stand densities of naturally regenerating kanuka for comparison with different </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management regimes at equivalent stages of growth.&#xD;&#xD;The model predicted that safety factors for stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the first 8 years after establishment would be lower than for equivalent-aged stands of fully-stocked regenerating kanuka under similar conditions. However, after 16 years the safety factor for a stand of kanuka would be lower than that for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">at final stocking densities typical of framing and biomass regimes.&#xD;&#xD;In areas where vegetation plays a major role in soil conservation and erosion control, the model can be used to compare the stability of forested slopes with different species and stand densities. However, the model does not take into account the effect of buttressing by mature tree roots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">446</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea, L. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borralho, N. M. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Co-operative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Locked Bag 2, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters for growth and wood density traits in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-244</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn penetration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic and phenotypic parameters for diameter at breast height, bole straightness, branching, pilodyn penetration, and basic wood density were estimated for two open-pollinated progeny tests at age 5 years, including first- and second-generation material of different provenances. Different values for coefficients of relationship (0.25 and 0.5) were applied in the heritability calculations for each generation, which accounted for the expected difference in their pollination behaviour and the observed difference in their variance component estimates. &#xD;&#xD;Strong evidence was found for substantial realised gains from open-pollinated progenies from seedling seed orchards of North Forest Products (NFP) and AMCOR in Australia and a New Zealand Forest Research Institute progeny trial. Differences in diameter growth between the best seed orchard seedlot and the best native race were 0.67 standard deviations. In terms of wood density, the New Zealand progenies were clearly superior to those from Australian seed orchards. Families from AMCOR and NFP were of low to very low density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">444</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea, L. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters for growth, form, and canker resistance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245-254</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressiis macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypress canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land race</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupresssus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gordon progeny tests planted at Strathallan (South Island) and Gwavas (North Island), with 76 New Zealand land race families and 76 Californian families, the land race progenies performed better than the Californian progenies. Among Californian populations Point Lobos showed flatter branch angles than Cypress Point. &#xD;&#xD;Most traits were highly variable and the narrow-sense heritabilities for branching (0.5) and straightness(0.3) were high to moderate. Due to micro-site variability, diameter growth and height showed smaller heritabilities. &#xD;&#xD;Thirty individuals were selected as seed orchard clones, with a maximum of one tree selected per open-pollinated family. Those clones were grafted and planted, initially, in a clonal archive at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute, and will form the basis of any commercial seed orchard planted in the future. Cypress canker is a serious problem for the species and canker resistance has been emphasised in the orchard selections.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea, L. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindgren, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mullin, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea?, Sweden Genesis Forest Science Canada Inc., 203-215 Co?te de la Montagne, Succursale Haute, Que. G1R 4M8, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementing inbreeding coefficient information with status number: implications for structuring breeding populations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding populations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using stochastic simulations, the effects of size of unrelated groups, mating designs, and selection strategies were investigated to address the issue of assuring long-term genetic gains. The parameters analysed were status number (Ns), inbreeding coefficient (F), and genetic gain for two heritabilities (0.05 and 0.2). &#xD;&#xD;Under a fixed-resource scenario, unrelated and non-inbred founders were clustered into variable group sizes (from 12 to 128), with 0.5 to 5.5 crosses per parent. Also considered were phenotypic selection and combined index selection, with and without restrictions on the number of individuals selected per family. &#xD;&#xD;Breeding schemes with small, disconnected groups were slightly more efficient in preserving status number through a large number of generations than breeding schemes with large groups, but medium- to large-size groups showed larger expected gains. Inbreeding in small groups may become so severe as to cause fertility problems and considerably reduce the efficiency of selection for additive gene effects. Hence, using very small groups would probably not provide a sustainable long-term breeding strategy. Nevertheless, small groups may form a critical component of breeding strategies that employ marker-assisted selection, since the maintenance of marker-QTL associations would be facilitated in these small populations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espinel, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aragon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">s, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameter estimates for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Basque country, Northern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-279</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters were estimated for growth and form traits in a 7-year-old progeny trial established in 1989 and containing 28 open-pollinated families of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for the Basque Country breeding programme of the species. Observed individual heritabilities were moderate for height (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.20), stem diameter (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.22), branch size (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.14) and branch angle (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.15) and negligible for stem straightness. Stem diameter, height, and branch angle were positively correlated. Branch size had an adverse genetic correlation with growth traits. Genetic gains under index selection strategies were examined. Results from this small-scale trial suggest that is not possible to achieve simultaneous improvements in both growth and branch size.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1127</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moody, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> based on selection with hygromycin B</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">280-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aphlv resistance gene</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biolistic® transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryoge?nie tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finns radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hygromycin b</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uida reporter gene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A method was investigated for transforming</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don embryogenic tissue based on the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">aph</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IV gene from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Escherichia coli</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> coding for aminocyclitol phosphotransferase, which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Embryogenic tissue captured from immature</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">embryos was transformed using the DuPont Biolistic® particle delivery system. Transformation of embryogenic tissue was confirmed by PCR amplification of the transferred </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">aph</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IV gene and enzymatic activity of the</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> uid</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A gene product (</style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-glucuronidase) in transgenic material. Transformed embryogenic lines could be recovered at a frequency of approximately 0.14 transformants per bombarded petri dish, an efficiency which is suitable for routine transformation experiments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>546</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">546</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holland, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gemmell, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charity, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreign gene transfer into </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cotyledons by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agrobacterium tumefaciens&apos;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nida</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transient expression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uida reporter gene</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zygotic embryo</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A wild type Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was used to produce tumours on young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stems</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and stable expression of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">uid</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A reporter gene in this tumour tissue was confirmed histochemically. The regenerative capacity of detached cotyledons from excised </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> zygotic embryos was assessed after different treatments involved in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. tumefaciens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infection. Exposure to acetosyringone or the antibiotic timentin did not have a negative effect on tissue health and regeneration, whereas exposure to the antibiotic cefotaxime resulted in poor tissue health. Meristematic activity and shoot elongation from very small portions of cotyledons was demonstrated. A protocol using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. tumefaciens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to transfer the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">uid</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A reporter gene into adventitious shoot-forming meristems was developed and co-cultivation parameters were improved to maximise transient expression of this reporter gene.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>627</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">627</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kent, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, T. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescently labelled, multiplexed chloroplast microsatellites for high-throughput paternity analysis in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloroplast haplotypes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloroplast simple sequence repeats</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finns radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiplex polymerase chain reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paternity analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants have distinct genomes in their nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Because chloroplast genome in</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species is normally paternally inherited, DNA marker systems capable of detecting polymorphisms in the chloroplast molecule would be useful studying paternity and pollen movement. Short nucleotide repeats analogous to nuclear microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), have been previously identified from DNA sequence analysis of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus thunbergii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pari, chloroplast genome, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been designed to amplify of the chloroplast microsatellite loci (cpSSRs). Seven of the 20 cpSSR sites were found to be polymorphic in 51 unrelated</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don trees with between two and four alleles per locus. These seven loci have been combined in two fluorescently labelled multiplexed PCRs to generate chloroplast haplotypes resolved in single electrophoretic lanes. This multiplexed protocol largely automates the collection of chloroplast haplotype data for clonal identification, paternity analysis, pollen genotyping, and studying chloroplast diversity in natural populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and other conifers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>602</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">602</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacometti, M. A. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frampton, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hickling, G. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Entomology Group, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand Centre for Computing and Biometrics, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brushtail possum damage and abundance in a New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During summer 1996/97, a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantation (9000 ha) near Whangamata, New Zealand, was sampled to assess how intensity and distribution of brushtail possum (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosurus vulpecula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Kerr) damage were related to stand maturity. Based on a review of previous surveys, a new damage-scoring system was developed. Using this system, the overall proportion of pine trees greater than 3 years of age with possum damage was found to be very low (3.6% of 1244 trees surveyed) despite possums being present in substantial numbers (mean catch of 28.1 possums per 100 trapnights; range 12.0-54.9). Damage levels varied markedly (0%-30%) between 36 plantation blocks. The majority of possum damage involved needle clipping and damage to lateral branches. All damage types showed negative correlations with tree maturity. Given the low damage levels recorded, the cost-effectiveness of current possum-control efforts in pine plantations of this type is uncertain and would benefit from further economic analysis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1161</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1161</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK evaluation of the effects of site, silviculture, and genetics on mean log age and the proportion of juvenile wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent developments in the stand modelling system STANDPAK have allowed the prediction of Mean Log Age, growth rings per small-end diameter (s.e.d.), juvenile wood volume, and the proportion of juvenile wood. This capability was used in a theoretical exercise with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don to examine the influence of a number of site, silvicultural, and genetic factors on Mean Log Age and the proportion of juvenile wood in New Zealand domestic log grades. &#xD;&#xD;Sensitivity analysis of individual factors and/or comparisons between simulations of major forestry management practices indicated that Mean Log Age was affected by felling age, tree stocking, and site quality. The proportion of juvenile wood in merchantable log volumes was found to be affected most by felling age, the number of growth rings containing juvenile wood, and site quality. Silvicultural factors (pruning severity, timing of thinning, and tree stocking) had a relatively small effect. Genetic improvement expressed as a Growth and Form (GF) rating, was indicated in this study to have little effect on the proportion of juvenile wood. &#xD;&#xD;An examination of historic changes in silvicultural regime, felling age, and site quality of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests in the central North Island indicated increases in the proportion of juvenile wood resulting from modern practices that may explain the current concerns about wood quality. &#xD;&#xD;Inclusion of log age or number of rings/s.e.d. as additional criteria in the current system of log grading, should better segregate logs by the proportion of juvenile wood and wood density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>945</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">945</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogers, H. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Forestry Department, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Private Mail Bag, Lae, Papua New Guinea</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest composition across glacial terraces differing in age in Saltwater Forest, South Westland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant communities across three different-aged glacial terraces in a south Westland lowland podocarp forest were classified on the basis of floristic composition from 90 vegetation descriptions. Five forest communities were identified, differing in relative abundance of the main tree species and in species richness. One community was dominant on each terrace. Comparisons with other studies in the same forest suggested that differences in stage of soil development could explain floristic differences. The association of different forest communities with particular terraces suggests that species composition will shift over millennia towards a community dominated by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dacrydium cupressinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lamb. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Manoao colensoi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook.) Molloy. These findings have implications for the sustainable management of south Westland&apos;s lowland podocarp forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Author Index Volume 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Author Index Volume 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1397</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Title Index Volumes 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-104</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Title Index Volumes 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1398</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Referee Index Volumes 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Referee Index Volumes 1 to 25 (1971 to 1995)</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1217</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1217</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, H. X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spencer, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Div. Forest. and Forest Prod., P. O. Box 946, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia CSIRO Div. Forest. and Forest Prod., P. O. Box 4008, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - 2: Time course of inbreeding depression and effect on growth curve</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-139</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of depression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field layout</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth curve</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding depression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selfing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the effects of inbreeding on sectional area at breast height (1.3 m) each year from ages 1 to 13 were studied in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don of five different inbreeding levels: F = 0, outcrosses; F = 0.125, resulting from half-sib matings; F = 0.25, resulting from full-sib matings; F = 0.5, resulting from selfing; and F = 0.75, resulting from two generations of selfing. The experimental material was derived from eight founder clones. Inbreeding had a significant impact on both cumulative and annual increments in sectional area from age 3, i.e., 2 years after outplanting when most trees had reached 1.3 m in height. At age 4, trees with the highest inbreeding levels (F = 0.5 and 0.75) had significantly less sectional area increment than those with lower inbreeding levels (F = 0, 0.125, 0.25). From age 11 on, trees had differentiated into three groups: outcrosses (F = 0) were best, sib matings (F = 0.125 and 0.25) were intermediate, and selfs (F = 0.5 and 0.75) were worst for cumulative and yearly increment of sectional area. An apparent bimodal time trend in inbreeding depression (ID) of annual increment was observed, being highest at the initial stage of stand development, disappearing at about the time of crown closure in the outcrossed population, and reappearing later. This bimodal trend was believed to be associated with the different times at which crown closure began for the different inbreeding levels, and indicates that inbreeding depression is a dynamic process associated with stage of stand development, spacing, and design of field layout.&#xD;&#xD;In fitted Gompertz growth curves, all parameters were affected by inbreeding, including maximum growth rate, time to reach maximum growth rate, and the maximum sectional area achievable. There were significant differences in response to inbreeding among pedigrees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1013</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1013</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smethurst, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coop. Res. Ctr. Sustainable Prod. F., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, G.P.O. Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Paulownia Research Center, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution phosphorus and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> roots in NP-treated microsites in highly phosphorus-fixing soil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buffering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphate sorption</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of phosphorus (P) fertiliser to a microsite about 20 cm from each seedling soon after planting is a common practice in eucalypt plantations. To improve our understanding of phosphorus availability to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Deane et Maiden) Maiden plantations grown in a highly phosphorus-fixing soil, we determined the effects of spade-slit placement of fertiliser on (i) concentrations of phosphorus in soil solution (P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) around these microsites at 2,6,18, and 42 months after fertiliser application, and on (ii) fine root distribution at 18 months. Within 5 mm of the fertiliser, values of P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> decreased from at least 1000 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M soon after planting, to 100 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M at both 18 and 42 months. By 18 months, fertiliser application had increased P</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> laterally up to 50 mm and vertically to a depth of 300 mm, despite the high phosphorus-fixing capacity of the soil (i.e., indicated by 472 mg P/g soil required to achieve 0.2 </style><style face="subscript" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="18">m</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g/ml in solution). Elevated phosphorus concentrations with depth were associated with high root-length densities (29 x 10</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">4</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> m/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), but enhanced root growth may have also resulted from higher availability of nitrogen (N) in these fertile microsites. We concluded that microsite application of fertiliser was an effective way of maintaining high phosphorus availability to some root surfaces in this soil for at least 42 months after treatment. This method may alleviate the need for additional applications of phosphorus fertiliser later in the life of the crop.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bubb, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Z. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saffigna, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia Queensland Forest. Res. Institute, M.S. 483, Fraser Rd, Gympie, QLD 4570, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">In situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> measurements of soil mineral-nitrogen fluxes in hoop pine plantations of subtropical Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araucaria cunninghamii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subtropical Australia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dynamics of nitrogen (N) mineralisation, plant uptake of nitrogen, and leaching in the 0-10 cm soil depth were studied in hoop pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Araucana cunninghamii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ait. ex D.Don) plantations aged 0,3,10,14, and 62 years with in situ incubation cores. Although ammonium-nitrogen was the dominant form of mineral-nitrogen in the 0-10 cm soil depth, nitrification was also an important process in hoop pine plantation soils, indicating that there might be a potential for nitrogen losses through leaching and denitrification, particularly at recently clearfelled sites.&#xD;&#xD;The results indicated that most net nitrogen mineralisation and plant uptake of nitrogen occurred during the growing season between October and May. The amount of nitrogen mineralised from soils during this period ranged between 25 and 53 kg N/ha, representing, on average, 2% of the total nitrogen pool in the 0-10 cm soil depth. Net nitrogen mineralisation was significantly correlated with the soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and plantation age.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1162</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1162</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth responses to pruning, thinning, and nitrogen fertiliser in Kaingaroa Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-181</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth responses of Pinus radiata D.Don to pruning, thinning, and fertiliser treatments in a factorial design were measured over a 19-year period at two Kaingaroa Forest sites (Goudies, site index 30 m; Matea, site index 25 m). As single-factor treatments:&#xD;&#xD;• Pruning — (selective green-crown pruning without thinning) resulted in a considerable loss in basal area growth;&#xD;• Thinning — Trees that were thinned-only responded with increased diameter growth;&#xD;• Fertiliser — The application of nitrogenous fertiliser (at 200 kg N/ha) to trees that remained unthinned (at 2700-3000 stems/ha) gave no significant improvement in basal area growth.&#xD;&#xD;For combined treatments, when nitrogen fertiliser was applied to trees that were also thinned, a moderate basal area response resulted. For trees that were pruned and thinned, there was evidence that nitrogen fertiliser assisted with growth recovery from green crown pruning. The response to nitrogen fertiliser applied at first thinning (age 5-6 years) appeared to be similar to the response achieved at second thinning (age 9-11 years). Where the fertiliser was applied at both first and second thinnings the response was very small—a result which cannot be explained. By tree age 24 the response to nitrogen fertiliser was inconsistent and statistically non-significant.&#xD;&#xD;Height growth in this study was little affected by pruning or thinning treatments and unaffected by the application of nitrogen fertiliser.&#xD;&#xD;Generally, thinning increased mean branch diameters in subsequent pruning lifts by 0.4 cm, and where nitrogen fertiliser was also applied the increase was 0.6 cm. When combined with stem diameter responses these treatments have generally increased the diameter over pruned stubs (DOS) by 1-2 cm. For these reasons it would be advantageous to apply nitrogen fertiliser after all pruning lifts are complete.&#xD;&#xD;Analysis of these trials up to age 24 years has indicated that variation between replicates increased with time and that this trend should be considered when trial designs are developed. The analysis also confirmed that single trials are of little value because of the influence of local site factors. A trial series located on a range of site types is recommended for the testing of silvicultural and fertiliser treatments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blundell, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch development in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - model outline and data collection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-194</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data collection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The location of branches attached to the tree stem and the dimensions of the initial part of these branches which become encased within the stem are major determinants of timber quality. The branching characteristics of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were summarised and this information was used to define the structure of a branch model. The data necessary to define the mathematical form of these functions were obtained by destructive sampling of selected trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>606</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">606</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forestry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of diameter distribution as a criterion for selecting crop trees in a pulpwood regime</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An attempt was made to create a crop of plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don with more uniform diameter dimensions by selecting residual crop trees at age 8 from codominants with diameters close to the stand mean (&quot;uniformity&quot; thinning). A crop selected at age 7 by the conventional &quot;from below&quot; method was used for comparison. In both crops stocking rate was reduced from 2500 to 500 stems/ha to simulate a pulpwood thinning regime. The diameter range was reduced by uniformity thinning to the point where stands carried almost the same basal areas despite the difference in age of 1 year. After uniformity thinning, growth in basal area was slower for the first 3 years; it then increased to equal that of the conventionally thinned plots. By age 28 there was no significant difference in diameter distribution of crop trees selected by either method. It is unlikely that the final distribution of stem diameters in plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> can be altered for more than a few years by thinning to a restricted diameter range.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>805</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">805</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fogarty, L. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">á</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rez, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Forestry Commission Research Agency, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling surface airflow for forest and rural fire danger rating: comparisons between actual observations and predicted values</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airflow modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire danger rating</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The performance of three airflow models (Flowstar, MSFD-PC, and MS-Micro/3) was compared as a means of providing wind speed and wind direction data for use in the assessment of forest and rural fire danger. At Cowal Peninsula, Scotland, and the Manawatu Gorge, New Zealand, six simulations were performed with each model, using data for incident winds from the westerly quarter and incorporating effects of complex terrain. Model performance was similar for both study areas. The mean wind speed prediction error for the best-performing model (MS-Micro/3) was approximately 30%. Without simulation, prediction errors for average wind speed were 67% at Cowal Peninsula and 50% at Manawatu Gorge. Root mean square errors for wind direction prediction by models averaged 86° at Cowal Peninsula and 26° at Manawatu Gorge. With the exception of MS-Micro/3 output for the Manawatu Gorge area, wind direction simulations at both sites produced unacceptable results.&#xD;&#xD;Three independent data sets were used to examine the influence of wind speed prediction errors on fire danger rating assessment. Error magnitudes associated with use of airflow modelling of single point source data altered the number of days allocated to Very High and Extreme fire danger classes, differences being much greater for areas with a severe fire climate. The Jackson-Hunt linear microscale models tested can provide wind speed information which will improve the accuracy of fire danger rating.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>943</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">943</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loss of organic matter and carbon during slash burns in New Zealand exotic forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-241</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash burns</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quantity of carbon lost to the atmosphere through volatilisation during burning of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Loudon forest logging slash was estimated from measurements made at four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sites and one </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">site in New Zealand. Pre- and post-burn fuel mass and carbon content were assessed at each site. On average 271 C/ha, or 62% of carbon present before burning (excluding that contained in stumps, roots, and mineral soil), was lost to the atmosphere as a result of slash burns at the four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sites. At the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> site 33 tC/ha, or48% of carbon present before burning (excluding that contained in stumps, roots, and mineral soil), was lost to the atmosphere as a result of slash burning. Duff (F and H horizons), litter (L horizon), and sound woody material exceeding 7 cm in diameter were the components that contributed most to this loss. Total carbon loss in New Zealand due to burning of plantation forest logging slash was estimated to be 10 300 tonnes/year (s.e. = 1800) for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 1600 tonnes/year (s.e. = 1160) for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;Relationships between carbon loss from individual sites and the specific codes and indices of the Canadian Fire Weather Index System were examined. The best predictor of carbon loss was the Fire Weather Index itself. The development of a comprehensive system for modelling carbon losses from slash burns will require more information to develop a larger data set.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1090</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1090</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nnqvist, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Linko?ping University, Linko?ping, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conceptual method for comparing yield from curve-sawn and straight-sawn logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-253</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curve/sweep sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spline</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When straight sawing technology is used, yields from irregularly-shaped (swept) logs are lower than those from comparable unswept logs. The greater the sweep, the greater the anticipated yield loss. Developments in curve-sawing technology may improve yields from swept logs; volume increases of 3%-20%, and board length increases exceeding 20% have been suggested. The destructive nature of the sawing process precludes direct verification of such claims.&#xD;&#xD;A method has been developed to allow simulation of conceptual curve-sawing using a straight-sawing simulation system. Curve-fitting and data transformation are used to remodel a swept log as its &quot;straightened&quot; counterpart. This &quot;log metamorphosis&quot; was applied to a sample of 40 log models constructed from measurements of actual logs and selected to cover a range in size, shape, and quality. Sawing simulations were performed before and after log metamorphosis in order to compare straight- and curve-sawn yield. Results were variable, but increases in estimated recoveries fell within the assumed ranges reported for actual curve-sawing.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>443</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">443</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gazo, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beauregard, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1200 Forest Products Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1200, United States New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Forintek Canada Corporation, 319 Franquet, Sainte-Foy, Que. G1P 4R4, Canada Orica Chemicals, Mt Maunganui, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a database, and its use to quantify incidence of defects in random-width </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> boards</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254-269</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect frequency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Random-width boards</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A database was developed containing 392 digitised boards, volume 17.10 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (7245 board feet), from 10 different clones of New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Thirty-one percent of the boards came from pruned logs, and the remainder from unpruned logs. Nine defect categories were identified, the most frequent defects in boards from pruned logs being bark pockets and blemishes and the largest-sized defects on average being areas containing needle flecks. The most frequent defects in boards from unpruned logs were knots, and they were also the largest-sized defects in these boards. &#xD;&#xD;The database can interface with all common simulation and modelling programs. It can be used to establish basic relationships between New Zealand </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> tree characteristics and board characteristics for prediction and planning purposes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1322</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1322</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Downes, G.M. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997: Sampling plantation eucalypts for wood and fibre properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of &quot;Sampling plantation eucalypts for wood and fibre properties&quot; by G. M. Downes, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1361</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1361</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, I. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butcher, T. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boomsma, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verryn, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appleton, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Burdon, R.D. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 1997: International gene pool experiments in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: patterns of genotype-site interaction. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">27</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (2), 101-125</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum to NZJFS </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">27</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (2) 101-125: International gene pool experiments in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: patterns of genotype-site interaction.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1239</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1239</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaihua County Forest Farm, Zhejiang Province 324300, China Forestry Planning and Inventory Division, Ministry of Forestry, Beijing 100714, China New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal selection, propagation, and maintenance of juvenility of Chinese fir, and afforestation with monoclonal blocks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedged stool-bed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoclonal blocks</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Techniques of clonal selection, establishment of hedged stool-beds, and cutting propagation have been developed for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) in Zhejiang Province, China, and clonal forestry has been implemented in a local programme based at Kaihua County Forest Farm. Cutting propagation and the maintenance of juvenility, and plantation performance of 102 clones in single-row plots and multi-tree blocks, have been studied over different years and sites. &#xD;&#xD;Hedged stool-beds with a density of 6.3 stools/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> can provide 40-50 shoots per stool in the third year, when techniques for stimulating shoots have been used. Cuttings taken in the spring have an average rooting success of 90%, height at age 1 year of 35 cm, and basal diameter of 6 mm at a density of 52.5 plants/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, at which point they are ready for transplanting to field sites.&#xD;&#xD;Needle cuttings were developed to increase multiplication rates of superior clones. This involves cutting off needles (with a little xylem) from coppice shoots near the root collar, and setting during the period from January to March. Rooting was 85%, the height at age 8 years was 10 m, and diameter at breast height (dbh) was 12.4 cm, a similar performance to that of shoot cuttings. Stands developed from seedlings of elite families and cuttings of the third propagation cycle had a similar growth rate. The performance of successive propagations of cuttings showed no significant decline in rooting and growth over 11 propagation cycles. Hedged stool-beds can prevent trees from ageing and keep shoots at a juvenile stage.&#xD;&#xD;If the test materials are classified into four levels of improvement—&quot;elite clones&quot;, &quot;average of best 23 clones&quot;, &quot;elite families&quot;, and &quot;first-generation seed orchard offspring&quot;—gains in single-tree-volume (STV) at age 9 years were respectively 67%, 24%, and 15% over the seed orchard offspring. Of all selection materials, the best were crosses between selected parents from different provenances. The first screening of clones was carried out at 4-5 years after planting, the second at 6-7 years, and the final screening at 8-12 years (9.5—11.5 m height). Selection of 15 clones out of 102 resulted in a gain of 86% in STV over the Napo, Guangxi, check. Planting single-clone blocks of a genetically-diverse range of clones can increase yields per unit area. Up to the present, 2700 ha have been planted on Kaihua Forest Farm and increases in yield of over 50% are expected.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1199</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1199</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, P-1399 Lisbon, Portugal Horticulture Section, Wye College, University of London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing clones from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and hybrid seedlings by stem cuttings propagation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-303</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones were developed by stem cuttings propagation from 1700 potted seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill, ssp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">globulus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and various </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> interspecific hybrids. Propagation traits were evaluated and the 10% of clones that were easiest to propagate were planted in clonal field trials. Ease of propagation varied widely between clones, families, and hybrids, although (overall) the hybrids were not  dissimilar from the pure species. Rooting ability also varied widely between occasions within a clone, largely owing to management factors, increasing the error in clonal rankings and leading to under-estimates of clonal mean rooting ability. Over all harvests of cuttings, rooting was higher than 70% of survivors in 3-4% of all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and hybrid clones.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, P-1399 Lisbon, Portugal Horticulture Section, Wye College, University of London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental preferences of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stem cuttings in one nursery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-315</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The initial survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill, ssp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">globulus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem cuttings, under intermittent mist in a glasshouse, was increased by: shade on clear days, the amount depending on season; increasing the wettability of cuttings; periodic water stress of mother plants; and, in winter, by supplementary lighting of cuttings and mother plants. In cuttings from greenhouse-grown plants, survival and the rooting ability of survivors did not vary overall with season, but short-term environmental variation (over 1 week) was significant. Rooting was sensitive to fertiliser in the medium of both mother plants and cuttings, and to the level of shading of cuttings. In summer, outdoor environments were satisfactory for mother plants and favourable for cuttings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1234</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1234</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuan, Z. Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Tasmanian Research Centre, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection of wounds in young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by ascospores and conidia of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endothia gyrosa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">316-324</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ascospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conidia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothia gyrosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A shadehouse-based technique to inoculate seedling stems with ascospores and conidia was developed. Seventeen-month-old seedlings from three different localities of the Toorongo provenance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane et Maiden) Maiden were inoculated with the ascospores, conidia, and mycelium of each of three </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endothia gyrosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schw.: Fr.) Fr. isolates. The lesions produced from the inoculation of the different forms of each isolate were compared. Both ascospores and conidia of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. gyrosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were able to initiate and establish infections through wounds, and results suggest that both are able to play a role in dissemination of the pathogen.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>567</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">567</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosking, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutcheson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand 2 Wharetoroa Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind-caused disturbance of a red/silver beech forest: ten years on</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-334</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest decline</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platypus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 10-year study of the effect of wind damage on the health of residual </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst. / </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook, f.) Oerst. (red/silver beech) forest showed tree mortality continued throughout the period in severely damaged forest. Forest with less than 30% canopy loss was much less affected by continued deterioration and showed little difference from undamaged forest at the end of the period. The two species showed different trends in mortality over time; the mortality rate of red beech levelled off after 7 years while that of silver beech was still increasing after 10 years. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platypus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. pinhole borers were not a primary cause of tree mortality, attack being largely confined to trees that were already unhealthy. Blowdown debris harboured only a single generation of pinhole borers, decay being too advanced to support further broods.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>148</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">148</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine risk posed to forestry by full container loads, and efficiency of FCL door inspections</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Containerised cargo</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey of 9001 full-container-load (FCL) consignments imported into Auckland (a 10% sample, based on perceived risk) was undertaken to examine the incidence of interceptions of material that may affect trees and wood products, and to compare the rate of interceptions with those found in an earlier study of part-container-load (LCL) cargo (100% inspection). Interceptions in FCL cargo (4.2%) were less than half those in LCL cargo (9.1%). Bark was found in 3.5% of the consignments, insect damage in 1.5%, insects in 0.7%, and fungi in 0.3%. Stone and slate, sawn timber, and general goods had the highest rate of contamination, along with any cargo from Africa and North Asia. Cargo packed in crates, skids, and cases contained more prohibited material than packages or cargo packed in cartons or bales. A log-linear model was used to predict contamination rates for various combinations of origin, goods, and packaging. Nearly half the combinations had a 2%, or less, probability of carrying contaminated material. &#xD;&#xD;A further study of 501 &quot;high risk&quot; FCLs was carried out by examining the cargo as it was unpacked at its final destination, after the containers had been inspected via the open door of the FCL on the wharf. Contamination by insects or fungi, or the presence of bark, was recorded. Of the 501 containers examined, 191 (38.1 %) contained insects, insect damage, bark, fungi, or some combination of the four. Door inspections identified 115 (23%) contaminated containers, and during the follow-up inspections, 76 (15%) containers previously cleared during the door inspections were found to be contaminated. The majority (81%) of contaminants found during the door inspections were of such significance that treatment was recommended. Only 30% of contaminated containers found during the follow-up inspections warranted treatment. Quarantine interceptions were most common for stone and slate, machinery, and general goods packed in crates and cases. The study showed that door inspections are generally efficient for detecting significant contaminants in imported cargo, but some contaminated containers slip through quarantine undetected.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parfitt, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salt, G. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> harvest residue samples from a coastal sand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-360</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching losses</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate-nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although nitrogen mineralisation after harvest of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantation forests has been studied previously, little work has addressed nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in stockpiles of harvest residues on coastal sands. We examined, in the laboratory, the mineralisation of nitrogen and phosphorus in dead needles, L/FH materials, and mineral soil (0—10 cm depth) from windrows, and in raked soil, and compared results with those from an adjacent standing forest. Microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were also determined. Samples were taken 12 and 32 months after harvest.&#xD;&#xD;Mineralisation of nitrogen was greatest in the dead needles, and was greater in windrow L and FH materials than in corresponding forest samples. The proportion in the nitrate-nitrogen form increased with time after harvest, and became susceptible to leaching loss. Microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus values were initially highest in the windrow dead needles and L material. These data were consistent with previous results suggesting that net nitrification is likely in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> needles with carbon/nitrogen ratios &lt;40, whereas net immobilisation of nitrogen is likely if the ratio is &gt;55. Extractable phosphorus was comparatively high, and carbon/phosphorus ratios comparatively low, in the windrow L and FH materials, which suggests that net mineralisation of phosphorus would readily occur in these materials. Net mineralisation of phosphorus in mineral soil was higher in the windrow and raked soil than in the standing forest. These data are also consistent with previous data suggesting that net mineralisation of phosphorus occurs when the carbon/phosphorus ratio for the FH horizon is &lt;550. Since the nitrogen in the windrows is readily mineralised, and some losses by leaching occur, management practices could be initiated to allow for greater retention of nutrients after harvest on coastal sands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1026</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1026</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5418, United Kingdom New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery stock and field fertiliser application affect early performance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on a phosphorus-deficient site in Northland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-372</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diammonium phosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizas</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery practice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rock phosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was established on a phosphorus-deficient site to determine the effects of nursery stock type and fertiliser application (after transplanting) on early growth and survival of 1/0 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don seedlings. Three fertiliser treatments were compared: (1) slit-applied diammonium phosphate (DAP; 18 kg N and 20 kg P/ha) at 80 g/tree, (2) Christmas Is. &apos;A&apos; grade rock phosphate (RP; 16% P) broadcast at 50 kg P/ha, and (3) partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARR; 17% P) broadcast at 50 kg P/ha. Tree stocks given DAP grew best over the first 2 years, but lost the early height advantage in the following 2-year period when stock on PARR- or RP-treated soil outgrew them by c. 0.5 m. After 4 years in the field, the trees with fertiliser were on average 1.8 to 2 times taller than stock without. Container stock maintained its initial 4 cm or so height advantage over bare-root stock for the 4 years of the trial, but cost three times as much to produce. Seedling survival was not affected by fertiliser application after planting, but survival was slightly lower for bare-root seedlings that were initially deficient in nitrogen. Inoculating the soil with freeze-dried spores of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhizopogon </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. had no beneficial effects on seedling performance.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>844</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">844</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Hara, K. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dean, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McInnes, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Division of Forest Science, 145 Mulford Hall, #3114, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth efficiency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand elements: Implications for stand growth modelling strategies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-388</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farm sites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual tree growth rates and growth efficiencies were assessed for different stand elements from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don pruning trials in New Zealand. Growth rates were higher for non-crop elements, but crop elements had significantly higher rates of efficiency (basal area increment per unit of crown length or per unit of sapwood crosssectional area at crown base (as a representation of leaf area)). Sapwood basal area was more strongly related to tree basal area increment than to measured crown length, indicating it may be a better measure of crown size in growth models and in measures of crown growth efficiency. Weak correlations between plot basal area increment and average crown length per tree indicated that the primary effect of crown length per hectare on basal area increment was through its relationship to stocking density rather than crown length. Inclusion of a growth efficiency variable in the EARLY growth model resulted in some minor improvements to the model for productive farm sites, but not for less-productive pumice forest sites. Future modifications which may enhance the EARLY model might include adding calliper cross-sectional area at crown base as a production variable to represent leaf area.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>652</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">652</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Institute, P. O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index curves for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grown in the South Island high country, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-399</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height/age curves</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height/age equations were derived for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Arn. subsp, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">laricio </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Poiret) Maire (Corsican pine) growing in the South Island high country of New Zealand. These equations can be used to predict height growth, including site index (dominant height at age 40), when provided with a measure of height and age. The equations were derived from dominant height data obtained from 30 stands covering the range of rainfall zones typical of the region. Because of the species&apos; monocyclic growth pattern it was possible to measure annual heights for each tree. A variety of sigmoidal height/age curves were tested, with the Hossfeld and Chapman-Richards equations performing best. Anamorphic and polymorphic forms of these models were tested using cross-validation. The simpler anamorphic forms of the equations gave better results than the more complex polymorphic forms. The two methods of fitting the equations that were compared—one treating site index as a fixed effect, the other as a random effect—gave almost identical results. The shape parameters of the growth curves were not related to altitude or rainfall, but site index was positively correlated with rainfall, thus allowing formulation of a predictive equation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>678</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">678</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreber, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, A. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norris, M. G. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High air velocity and relative humidity reduce development of kiln brown stain in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">400-407</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiln brown stain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative humidity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiln drying of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don sapwood causes the development of a brown subsurface coloration, commonly called kiln brown stain. Planing exposes the stain and this can spoil one of the appealing features of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">—its light colour.&#xD;&#xD;Kiln schedule modifications—for example, drying with low kiln temperatures—reduced the frequency and intensity of kiln brown stain but increased drying times. An attempt was made to shorten drying times and produce an acceptable colour in the dried lumber by using high air velocities as well as high relative kiln humidities in conjunction with medium kiln temperatures. Depth (below the wood surface) and thickness of kiln brown stain were also determined in the dried </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;&#xD;Using stepped kiln schedules with either high air velocities or high relative humidity reduced development of kiln brown stain compared to accelerated conventional temperature 90/60°C drying, but considerably longer drying times were needed. Furthermore, stain formed about 0.5 mm underneath the surface with a thickness of up to 2 mm. The best method for countering the effect of kiln brown stain would be to plane 2 mm off the surface of kiln-dried lumber during remanufacturing.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1323</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1323</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridoutt, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Butterfield, B.G. (Ed.) 1998: Microfibril angle in wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-410</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of: &quot;Microfibril angle in wood&quot;, The Proceedings of the IAWA/IUFRO International Workshop on the &quot;Signficance of Microfibril Angle to Wood Quality&quot; edited by B.G. Butterfield.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>610</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">610</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jayawickrama, K. J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> selections from different regions of New ZeaLand differ in branch habit, form, and growth rate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceptability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land race</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polycross</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed source</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Select trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The North American provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don show differences in growth and form when grown in common-garden trials, but little has been reported on differentiation into regional land races as an exotic. Data at age 8 years from two large trials, each with progenies of plus-tree selections from different regions in New Zealand, were analysed for various traits. The first trial (&quot;850&quot;) had polycross progenies of 109 parent clones, selected between 1950 and 1967 and belonging to six regional selection groups, and was planted on six sites in 1975. The second (&quot;888&quot;) had 329 open-pollinated progenies, from 279 plus-trees selected in 1988 in six distinct regions and from clones in a Chilean seed orchard. This trial was planted on three sites in 1989. In the &quot;888&quot; trial there were significant differences among seed sources for every trait except needle retention at all sites and malformation at one of the sites. The Tarawera source had the highest branch cluster frequency score, needle retention score, malformation score (least malformation), and percentage of acceptable stems. The Southland and Nelson sources had low branch cluster frequency scores. Branch cluster frequency score was the only trait for which significant seed-source effects were found across sites in the &quot;850&quot; trial. The lowest branch cluster frequency scores were for the Nelson and Southland sources. However, there were significant interactions between seed source and site, and at the site with the highest survival and heritabilities there were significant differences between seed sources for diameter, straightness score, branch cluster frequency score, and malformation score. On this site, the highest score for every trait assessed was for the Kaingaroa second-rotation seed source. Two trends emerged from these studies. The first trend was of faster growth and better form for selections made in second-rotation stands in the central North Island. Given that most of the plus-trees selected and progeny tested for the New Zealand breeding population were selected on such sites, this was an encouraging result. The second trend was tor lower branch cluster frequency for selections made in the South Island Possible reasons for significant seed-source effects are better ability to select on certain sites and regions, founder effects, and natural and artificial selection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>609</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">609</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jayawickrama, K. J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jefferson, P. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulation of genetic advancement of multiple traits using sequential culling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-43</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic weights</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elite populations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forwards selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long internode</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple populations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A software tool was developed for the stochastic simulation of multiple traits and uses sequential culling for the different traits. It selects superior progeny and, at present, can calculate genetic gain from the backward selection of parent clones based on progeny performance, crossing those parent clones, and forwards selection among the progeny. Key information input to the program includes the base population size number of parents selected, economic weights for different traits, genetic correlations between traits, mating design and number of crosses, number of progeny planted and selected, and proportion culled within the progeny for each trait. An application of the software, with particular relevance to the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don breeding population in New Zealand, deals with the development of breeds for specific products and for specific site types. Gains obtained at age 8 from different selection emphases were compared, for an unspecialised main population of 300 parents and four specialised breeds of 24 parents each. The parents came from a base population of 2000 progeny-tested parents. The simulation covered forwards selection in the progeny obtained by crossing the selected parents. The breeds were designated Structural Timber, Growth and Form Elite, Long Internode, and Fibre, and reflected different end-product objectives. Six traits were involved - namely dbh, stem straightness score needle retention score, branch cluster frequency score, spiral-grain angle, and wood density. The simulation provided support for differentiating a Structural Timber breed (with a strongly multinodal branching habit, higher wood density, and reduced spiral grain angle). As well, we were able to simulate breeds similar to the existing Long Internode breed and a Growth and Form Elite population. The software can also be used to study the effect of varying population size.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>304</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">304</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickson, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riding, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Bag Service #45111, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada Pine Plantation Systems, Tablelands Research Centre, State Forests of NSW, P.O. Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramet size affects the timing of female strobilus formation in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed orchard clone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cone formation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibberellin (GA4/7)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meadow orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megasporangiate strobilus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There was substantial variation in the timing of lateral long-shoot initiation in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don clone, associated with ramet size. Grafted meadow orchard ramets aged 2, 3, and 4 years from planting (with respective heights approximately 1, 2, and 4 m) were sampled on 19 February and 31 March. On 19 February, microscopic examination revealed that vegetative and female strobili primordia were differentiating on 4-year-old ramets, but 2-year-old ramets had not initiated any lateral long-shoot primordia. The 3-year-old ramets had vegetative and undifferentiated long-shoot primordia but no female strobili. On 31 March, buds on the 2-year-old ramets contained lateral long-shoot primordia in early stages of differentiation. At this time strobili primordia of the 2-year-old ramets were similar in size and state of bract formation to those of the 4-year-old ramets 6 weeks earlier. Application of GA4/7 on 19 February stimulated only the 2-year-old ramets to form female strobili.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>511</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">511</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hargreaves, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foggo, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Department of Science, Central Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 40740, Upper Hutt, New Zealand MetaGenetics, RD4, 93 State Highway 30, Rotorua, New Zealand School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of protocols for the cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and subsequent plant regeneration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryopreservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zygotic embryo</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole zygotic embryos of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don were evaluated for survival after storage in liquid nitrogen (-196ÝC). Zygotic embryos were cryoprotected with selected levels of sorbitol and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and were then frozen, employing an isopropanol-filled cryovial container and -80</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C freezer for 1.5 hours prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen. After removal from liquid nitrogen the condition of embryos was assessed and then cotyledons were excised for shoot induction. Up to 61% of cotyledons cryopreserved in a cryoprotectant formula of 0.4M sorbitol and 15% DMSO regenerated shoots. A sample of the regenerated shoots was successfully rooted. Cryopreserved cotyledons from 84% of the genotypes were able to regenerate shoots upon return to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> culture as compared to 92% of the unfrozen controls.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>431</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">431</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, A. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foote, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand 8 Waikuta Rd, Ngongotaha, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening of nitrogen-fixing plants for use in sand-dune revegetation in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-84</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand dunes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appropriate nitrogen-fixing plant species are required to replace </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sims, which once played an important nutritional role in the managed succession used to reclaim unstable coastal sand in New Zealand. A fungus disease has reduced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> populations by up to 95%. Six spaced-plant trials at widely-separated locations on the west coast of the North Island identified 18 introduced species which are able to grow and fix nitrogen in the sand dune environment. Trials were conducted in the area immediately behind the foredune which is partially stabilised by sand-binding grasses. In this zone plant growth is limited by nitrogen supply. Unless the activity of browsing animals on sand dunes can be controlled, only unpalatable species or those combining high tissue regeneration capacity with absence of weed potential are likely to be effective and acceptable substitutes for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. arboreus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The relative performance of the 18 species requires further examination under standard trial conditions before a final list can be recommended for sand revegetation purposes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baillie, B. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cummins, T. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liro, New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting effects on woody debris and bank disturbance in stream channels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Channel bank disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large woody debris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris volumes and channel bank disturbance were measured in a 100-m section of stream channel, prior to and after harvesting, in 17 streams in pine plantations in five regions of New Zealand. These sites were harvested using four different harvest methods. Volumes of pre-harvest woody debris and woody debris produced during harvest averaged 105 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, and 147 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, respectively. Apart from the stream-cleaned sites where virtually all the pre-harvest and harvest woody debris was removed, post-harvest volumes (pre-harvest + harvest) averaged 289 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and increased three-fold on average over pre-harvest levels. Most of the woody debris in the stream channel was positioned above the stream - 69% of pre-harvest woody debris, 64% of harvest woody debris, and 66% of total post-harvest woody debris. The remainder lay in-stream or on the floodplain. The most significant change in woody debris characteristics after harvest was size distribution. Small woody debris &lt;10 cm in diameter (SWD) increased from 13% of woody debris volumes at pre-harvest to 38% at post-harvest. The number of pieces of large woody debris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">≥</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10 cm in diameter (LWD) increased significantly, and the average length and piece size decreased significantly after harvest. This was due mainly to the removal of the larger merchantable pieces of LWD from the stream channel. Harvest method had the most impact on harvest woody debris volumes in the stream channel, overriding the influence of riparian buffers which ranged in width from 1 to 30 m at four of these sites. Stream-cleaned sites had the lowest harvest woody debris volumes, followed by sites harvested with ground-based systems (15 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and 48 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha respectively). When yarder systems were used to extract timber back from the stream edge, woody debris volumes averaged 104 m3/ha, whereas hauling across the stream channel resulted in the highest average woody debris volumes of 287 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha. For hauling across the stream channel only, there was a relationship between stand volume and harvest woody debris volumes. Bank collapses accounted for 68% of all pre-harvest channel bank disturbances. Bank scuffing from felling and log extraction during harvest operations was the most common channel bank disturbance after harvest (46%). Harvest method did not show a clear relationship with the degree of channel bank disturbance.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>149</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">149</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of the efficiency of pest detection surveys</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest detection surveys</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveys of port environs and forests to detect new introductions of harmful insects or fungi are carried out in New Zealand by Forest Health Advisers. The efficiency of three survey methods was analysed, using simulated damage. The first two methods involved the use of drive-through or walk-through sampling of plantation forests, and the third method focused on sampling port environs. At the slowest vehicle speed tested (15 km/h), the drive-through forest sampling gave detection efficiencies very similar to walk-through sampling. In the drive-through surveys, 88%, 79%, and 63% of simulated damage was detected at 0 m, 20 m, and 40 m from road edge, with corresponding efficiencies of 97%, 71%, and 47% for the walk-through surveys. Detection levels for the drive-through survey reduced sharply at greater vehicle speeds. One port environs survey detected 49% of all simulated damage, but cumulative detections from repeated surveys gave a lower gain than at first assumed, with two surveys detecting 66% of all symptoms rather than the 75% predicted. Using the new efficiency data, and a revised method of calculating the probability of detecting a randomly located infection centre, detection probability scores for drive-through surveys and walk-through plots were considerably higher than predicted, but the port environs trial showed that re-inspections gave lower probabilities of detection than predicted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>886</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">886</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perrott, K. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghani, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Connor, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waller, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawke, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand AgResearch, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree stocking effects on soil chemical and microbial properties at the Tikitere Agroforestry Research Area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-130</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aggregates</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorapatite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olsen phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphatase activity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus fractions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical protection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility at the Tikitere Agroforestry Research Area near Rotorua has been monitored since the site was planted with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in 1973. Measurements made in 1991 and 1992 showed that after 18 years soil pH had declined and that Olsen phosphorus levels increased with increased tree stocking. Soil magnesium also declined at the higher tree stocking rates. We made further measurements on samples collected in 1991 and 1992 to determine reasons for the change in nutrient status. Soil carbon and soil organic phosphorus in the surface soil (0-75 mm depth) decreased with tree stocking, indicating increased net mineralisation of soil organic matter under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> compared with pasture. Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity also declined with tree stocking, which is consistent with the loss of exchange sites in soil organic matter. Total soil inorganic phosphorus declined with increased tree stocking. This was expected because of reduced fertiliserphosphorus input at the higher stocking rates. However, phosphorus fractionation showed that bicarbonate-extractable inorganic phosphorus increased and acid-extractable inorganic phosphorus declined with tree stocking. The latter indicated possible decreases in soil apatite phosphorus. These results were consistent with the mobilisation of soil phosphorus under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by dissolution of fluorapatite (in parent material deposited during the 1886 Tarawera eruption) due to lower soil pH values and mineralisation of organic phosphorus previously accumulated under pasture. Consequently, Olsen phosphorus has increased despite reduced phosphorus fertiliser applications. Microbiological activity (as indicated by microbial biomass and microbial respiration) and phosphatase activities of soil samples collected in 1995 also decreased with tree stocking, and so mineralisation of organic matter was not a result of microbial activity alone. However, the proportion of soil aggregates &gt; 0.5 mm decreased under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, indicating there was less physical protection of the soil organic matter than under pasture where soil aggregates were maintained by fine roots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">439</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Top-height growth components and site index curves, based on permanent sample plot data for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand, were were used in growth models stratified into 8 growth modelling regions. The application of an age adjustment based on seasonal growth patterns helped to reduce variation caused by different measurement dates and the rapid and sustained growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> throughout the year. Global and local parameters in a stochastic differential equation version of the Bertalanffy-Richards model were estimated simultaneously by maximum-likelihood. Various parameterizations were tried. The procedure has worked reliably, giving satisfactory predictions and making full use of the available data. Comparison of the models obtained showed significant differences across regions, justifying the initial regionalization and indicating that a broader aggregation would not be advisable.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1105</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tombleson, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prediction of final sweep in pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> logs from juvenile sweep measurements</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mature sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pith sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between juvenile and final stem sweep is used to aid selection of final-crop trees at time of thinning, and measurement of juvenile sweep at final pruning (approximately age 6 to 8 years) provides the information with which to predict sweep in the final-crop stems of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands. Sweep in the pruned butt log, in conjunction with log diameter, length, and taper, affects the level of conversion to sawn timber, and hence, the value of a log. Pith sweep, as a surrogate for juvenile sweep, and final-stem sweep data calculated from cross-sectional analyses or sawing studies of 815 pruned logs, were used to improve the stand average and individual log sweep predictions made in the stand modelling system STANDPAK. The following juvenile / final sweep model was fitted using regression analysis: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">F</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> = aS</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> - b(AGE-28)</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> where: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">F</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is final sweep (mm/m); </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="italic subscript" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is pith sweep (mm/m); AGE is time from juvenile sweep measurement to final harvest (years); </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">a</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are regression coefficients. Validation by residual analysis indicated the model slightly under-predicted final sweep and the error in predicting final sweep could be expected to fall within </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">±</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5 mm/m. Comparison of the fit of several distribution models to study data, by comparing chi-squared goodness-of-fit deviances, identified the lognormal distribution as a reliable predictor of individual log final sweep. Validation using an independent data set from six sites indicated the error in predicting percentage frequency of logs in individual log classes could be expected to fall within </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">±</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20%. An important limitation of this study was the use of pith sweep as a surrogate for juvenile sweep.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>725</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">725</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, P. O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics of final crop stocking at the Tikitere Agroforestry Trial - Part 1: Volume and quality comparisons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-174</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farm sites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Final-crop stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARVL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data produced by the &quot;Method for Assessment of Recoverable Volume by Log Type&quot; (MARVL) from the Tikitere Agroforestry Trial were used to compare volumes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don by log type for a range of final-crop stockings on a fertile farm site. The 93-ha 21-year-old trial included stockings at 400, 200, 100, and 50 stems/ha; intermediate stockings were simulated using the stand growth program STANDPAK as calibrated by the MARVL data. Higher stockings tended to have a greater total and recoverable volume, unpruned volume, volume of large-diameter unpruned logs, and volume of small-branched logs (nearly 200 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha). At age 21, all stockings over 250 stems/ha generated approximately the same pruned volume, but higher stockings are expected to have greater pruned volumes at older ages. The greatest pulpwood volume occurred at 100 stems/ha, comprising 30% of the total recoverable volume. The volume at Tikitere for the 400 stems/ha stocking was about one-third higher than expected for an equivalent non-farm site, but this difference may decrease, with age.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, P. O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics of final crop stocking at the Tikitere Agroforestry Trial - Part 2: Economic comparisons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discount rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Final-crop stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal rate of return</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARVL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data produced by the &quot;Method for Assessment of Recoverable Volume by Log Type&quot; (MARVL) from the Tikitere Agroforestry Trial were used to compare the economic consequences of a range of final-crop stockings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don on a typical farm site with understorey grazing. The 93-ha 21-year-old trial included stockings at 400, 200, 100, and 50 stems/ha; intermediate stockings were simulated using the stand growth program STANDPAK as calibrated by the MARVL data. The highest stocking examined (400 stems/ha) yielded the highest revenue per hectare. Whereas it is conceivable that rising premiums for large pruned logs could enable 200 stems/ha to yield an equivalent revenue, premiums would have to almost double before 100 stems/ha could achieve this. In terms of Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the most profitable investment - given that current log specifications do not include many important features of internal wood quality - is clearly to harvest at or before age 21, and to adopt low final-crop stockings (100-200 stems/ha). On the other hand, if the Net Present Value (NPV) approach is used and combined with discount rates that are markedly lower than the IRR (11-14%), then the optimum felling age occurs as late as age 31 and optimum final-crop stockings are as high as 400 stems/ha. The preferred method (IRR or NPV) will depend on the objectives of the decision-maker.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1324</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1324</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Wilson, B. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1998): Forest policy: International case studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>430</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">430</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, A. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 8 Waikuta Rd, Ngongotaha, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two seedling rooting media and subsequent growth of nitrogen-fixing plants in a New Zealand coastal sand-dune environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-202</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand dunes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting media</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous vegetation cover preventing erosion of coastal sand dunes is essential for the protection and development of productive forestry, farming, and other activities in their vicinity. Use of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to enhance the nutritional status (and thus the vigour) of sand dune vegetation currently depends on the introduction of nursery-raised plants. Local sand and a standard nursery potting compost were seen as possible alternatives for seedling rooting media, but their relative effects on plant performance after transfer to exposed dune sites were unknown. Three nitrogen-fixing species representing a range of tolerance to dune conditions in the north of the North Island (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia sophorae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Labill.) C. Martius, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecytisus palmensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Christ) Bisby et K. Nicholls, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lotus uliginosus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Schk.) were used as the basis for comparison. A slight overall plant size advantage was associated with potting compost during the first year after transplanting, but this was not maintained during the second and third years. Long-term plant survival was not influenced by seedling rooting medium, although mortality of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. palmensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (the least tolerant species) was twice as great in compost-raised plants as in sand-raised plants during the first 6 months. There was no evidence of any consistent effect of seedling rooting medium on relative nitrogenase activity. It was concluded that choice of medium for raising seedlings in the nursery is likely to have only a minor and transitory effect on the performance of nitrogen-fixing plants in sand-dune revegetation projects and species-screening trials.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>270</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">270</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hebert, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Gembloux Univ. of Agric. Sciences, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> lumber characteristics - Part 1: Mechanical properties of small clears</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small clears</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast-grown plantation wood (particularly the juvenile zone) can have some limiting performance characteristics (stiffness, strength, stability). Improvements in the overall performance of the lumber products will depend on a knowledge of the most important factors which can be influenced by either silviculture or tree breeding. Some wood technologists believe that the traditional view of wood density as the single most-important factor may be flawed, and that other parameters (e.g., microfibril angle, spiral grain, and compression wood) may have an equal or greater effect. During 1996-98, intensive utilisation studies were carried out on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don material from two sites in the central North Island of New Zealand. Sample trees were selected from managed crops (23 and 28 years old respectively) to cover a range of wood properties. They were chosen on the basis that they represented a wide range of tree characteristics (diameter, branch habit), and subsequently the full range of log and stem properties was measured from wood disc samples and sawn lumber. One of the objectives of the research was to document the relative importance of a number of properties known to influence both mechanical properties and product performance. Some of the studies comprised a series of standard &quot;small clears&quot; tests, designed to untangle the impacts of wood density, ring width, spiral grain, compression wood, and microfibril angle on bending strength (MoR) and stiffness (MoE). Altogether 450 &quot;small clears&quot; samples were selected, covering the range of log and lumber properties existing in 51 stems from 15 clones across the two trials. Each wood sample was designated &quot;juvenile&quot; (within 10 rings from the pith - 304 pieces) or &quot;mature&quot; (129 pieces) depending on the location within the tree stem. The study data clearly showed very significant effects of both density and microfibril angle on clearwood performance of the juvenile wood. In the mature wood, however, density alone was important. Overall, wood density was confirmed as the most influential parameter, affecting all classifications of wood, being easy to measure, and showing high juvenile:mature correlation. This confirms traditional thinking and justifies the past and present efforts to document factors affecting wood density in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and to improve the average levels through tree breeding.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riddell, M. J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density and kraft fibre and pulp properties of four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provenances</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handsheet properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulp properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four native provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don were sampled in a common environment for studying wood density (as chip density), kraft pulp yield at Kappa number 302, 10 pulp fibre properties, and four handsheet properties. Each provenance sample comprised a nominal 30 unrelated trees. Separate wood specimens were taken to represent toplog and slabwood material respectively. Within each of the eight provenance/ wood-zone subclasses the trees were allocated at random to give duplicate bulked chip samples. Use of four refining treatments gave further replication and allowed various handsheet properties to be evaluated in relation to density, tear index, and tensile index. The various properties were similar for the four provenances (A</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ñ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria, and Guadalupe), except in the Guadalupe toplog material. Chip densities for the Guadalupe toplog and slabwood samples were surprisingly similar, and Guadalupe toplog fibres were short, slender, of low coarseness, stiff (high collapse resistance), and thus present in large numbers compared with those of the other toplog pulps. Opportunities for tree breeding could, therefore, involve selecting Guadalupe trees with high density and large numbers of slender tracheids of low coarseness in the corewood. Such selection should substantially improve corewood properties for both solid-wood products and pulping. Verification of the distinctive tracheid properties found in Guadalupe marterial is now needed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>236</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">236</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collier, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baillie, B. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natl. Inst. Water Atmosph. Res. Ltd., P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay state and orientation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood in streams and riparian areas of the central North Island</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-235</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debris orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debris size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay state</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large woody debris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest harvesting can generate large amounts of woody debris, some of which ends up in riparian areas and stream channels where it can pose problems for post-harvest management due to its potential for mobilisation during floods and for affecting stream ecosystem structure and function. We measured the decay state, size, and orientation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don large woody debris (&gt;10 cm diameter; LWD) in and alongside 13 spring-fed streams in the central North Island where harvesting had occurred between 1 and 19 years previously, partly to assess the time-scales associated with any impacts of harvesting debris. Most LWD in the streams and riparian zones was oriented perpendicular to the flow. Similar orientations for riparian and submerged wood indicated that it had moved little since harvesting and was therefore a stable feature of the channels in which it was deposited. Most instream LWD was lying level on the streambed where it could potentially play an important role in channel scour processes. Diameters of riparian LWD tended to be larger than instream LWD, apparently due to &quot;case-hardening&quot; of logs on the land and erosion of decayed material from the outer surfaces of logs in streams. LWD in streams was less decomposed than that in riparian areas where it became severely decayed within 10-15 years. Logarithmic regression of time since harvest, and decay data for submerged LWD considered to be from harvesting, indicated that pine logs remained intact in these spring-fed streams for over 20 years. The persistence and stability of pine LWD throughout the rotation period mean that LWD is likely to play an important role for stream processes and biota in central North Island pumice-bed streams.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dibley, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings propagation of hybrid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppicing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is currently being trialled in New Zealand for pulp and wood production. F1 hybrids were successfully propagated using rooted cuttings derived from coppice of 2-year-old seedlings. The hybrid behaved more like the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> parent in its ability to coppice and produce rooted cuttings. Starving stock plants of nutrients and applying 2-stage topping, which are necessary for obtaining coppice with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, gave poorer results for the hybrid. The ideal window in time for coppicing has not been identified and the experimental period for coppicing should be extended from June through to February. Clonal influence was the only critical factor in the rooting of the hybrid cuttings. Rooting percentages ranged from 0 to 100% depending on clone. Sixteen out of the 135 clones (12%) had 70% rooting or better. This figure should increase with further optimization of the factors important to coppicing and rooting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, S. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pierce, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Comb. Sci. and Industrial Research, Environtek, Nelspruit, South Africa</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early results from trials of interspecific hybrids of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, a high-altitude species from the mountains of central Victoria and eastern New South Wales, is the eucalypt most commonly planted for pulpwood in New Zealand. Parents of these two provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were crossed with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Maiden of coastal New South Wales origin to create first-generation hybrids that should be adapted to warmer, low-altitude sites in New Zealand and which might be able to be propagated by cuttings. Single-pair crosses were made between eight New Zealand-selected parents from both central Victorian and southern New South Wales provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, as pollen parents, with eight selected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> female parents growing in a South African seed orchard. Eight seedlings of each hybrid family and of open-pollinated families from each of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> parents were planted in a single-tree-plot design at each of four sites in New Zealand. One trial in Southland was destroyed by frost, and hybrids performed poorly at a frosty central North Island site. At two, warm, coastal Bay of Plenty sites the hybrids at age 2 years and 8 months had average height and diameter that was about the same as their </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> open-pollinated siblings. There were a large proportion of poorly grown, genetically defective individuals in the hybrid families and a smaller proportion of extremely vigorous trees which exceeded the growth of the best-grown individuals of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. These successful hybrid genotypes could form the basis of clonal forestry deployment of the hybrids, provided vegetative propagation methods can be developed. Some success has already been achieved in propagation trials and further crosses have been made and await planting.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>531</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">531</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kampfraath, B. M. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monthly diameter and height growth of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata, E. regnans, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. See Corrigendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">30 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), 477</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-273</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnons</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monthly growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monthly tree heights and diameters were measured for sample stems of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith over a period of 3 years, and of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E.fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane &amp; Maiden over a 5-year period. The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand was located in a coastal Bay of Plenty forest; the other two species were in a central North Island forest. Diameter growth was fastest in October, with a secondary peak in March, and slowest in June, with a secondary trough in January. At its maximum, diameter growth was approximately double the minimum rate. The seasonal pattern in height growth was much more pronounced, peaking in December/January and at a minimum in June/July. There was little difference between the three species in seasonal patterns of diameter growth. Although the seasonal pattern in height growth appeared less pronounced for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> than for the other two species, it is believed this may reflect site differences. The results confirmed that permanent sample plots should be measured during the winter months when growth is at its lowest. Monthly height and diameter percentage increments have been tabulated for use in eucalypt growth models.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>715</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">715</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus, E. maidenii, E. nitens,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and other eucalypts in Northland and Hawke&apos;s Bay at ages 7 and 11 years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">274-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus maidenii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species and provenance trials of eucalypts, planted independently, near Kaikohe in Northland and at Clive in coastal Hawke&apos;s Bay were assessed at ages 7 and 11 years, respectively. At Kaikohe, 11 provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, six of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Smith, three of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. grandis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill ex Maiden, two each of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill., and one of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. robusta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Smith were included; at Clive, 21 species were involved, including </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus, E. maidenii, and E. bicostata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill., and provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from central Victoria (Vic) and southern New South Wales (NSW). At Kaikohe three replications of 49-tree square plots were planted of each seedlot at 2.0 × 1.9m spacing, and at Clive the trial consisted of eight replications of 18-tree plots at 2 × 1 m spacing. At a third site at Patoka, north-west of Napier, transect comparisons were made of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vic), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. bicostata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at age 11 years. At Kaikohe (age 7 years), the best growth was achieved by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vic) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(NSW) (equal; dbh 200 mm), followed by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (equal; dbh 172 mm). However, the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vic) provenances showed a widespread, unidentified disorder in the form of progressive loss of the lower crown and eventual death of the tree. Their &quot;survival&quot; (after a 50% early thinning) averaged half that of the NSW provenances which had healthy crowns. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> showed a similar problem to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vic), but </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">retained good crowns and high survival. At Clive (age 11 years), a periodic high water table affected survival and health of some species more than others. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Vic) grew well (dbh 200 mm), though survival was poorer than that of the NSW provenance and crown health was much poorer, with the same progressive loss of lower crown and death (also windthrow) as was seen at Kaikohe. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had grown a little better than both </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> provenances, but showed similar crown death to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vic). </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had a higher mean dbh (219 mm) than all other species and had maintained a high survival. At Patoka, growth, form, and health of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Vic) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were excellent, with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a little slower-growing. The good health and much higher wood density of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">than of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> indicate its potential value for pulpwood, e.g., at Clive (from a disc study at age 10 years) weighted whole-tree basic density of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was 582 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as against 450 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>583</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">583</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunt, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beadle, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cherry, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coop. Res. Ctr. Sustainable Prod. F., Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, G.P.O. Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Coop. Res. Ctr. Sustainable Prod. F., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, G.P.O. Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Queensland Forest. Res. Institute, MS 483, Fraser Rd, Gympie, QLD 4570, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allometric relationships between stem variables and leaf area in planted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and naturally regenerating </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-300</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood area</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allometric relationships between stem variables and leaf area were determined for plantation </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane et Maiden) Maiden and competing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Link in 8-year-old and 4-year-old stands. Both cross-sectional area and sapwood area were considered at crown break and breast height. Whilst all four stem variables could be used to calculate tree leaf area adequately, proximity of the stem measurement to crown break was found to be more important than the choice of sapwood area or cross-sectional area in determining the closeness of the derived allometric relationship. When the relationship between sapwood area at crown break and leaf area was used, a single equation was suitable for predictive purposes across treatments for each species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>767</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">767</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawke, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth response of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> dominant trees to thinning in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301-310</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominant trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarter-sawing helps to reduce drying degrade in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. Muell., and large sawlogs with a minimum small-end diameter of 40 cm are recommended in order to use this technique. The growth rate of dominants will determine the time taken to grow trees capable of producing these large logs. A trial with initial stockings of 2500, 1111, and 625 stems/ha, thinned between ages 5 and 11.8 years, with two unthinned treatments, was analysed at age 19 years to determine the effect of stocking on growth of dominant trees. Stocking was not the main influence although diameter of dominant trees tended to be greater in treatments with lower initial and final stockings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>465</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">465</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lundgren, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite taper equations to predict over- and under-bark diameter and volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis, E. globoidea,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. muelleriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globoidea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sample size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite tree taper equations were fitted to data from sectionally measured, New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sm., and to combined data from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. muelleriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Howitt and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globoidea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blakely. Although the sample size was small, the equation for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. pilularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fitted well. The combined </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. muelleriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globoidea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> equation was less satisfactory and should be used only as an interim solution.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">105</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bi, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research and Development Division, State Forests of NSW, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting stem volume to any height limit for native tree species in Southern New South Wales and Victoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corymbia spp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigonometric volume-ratio equations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigonometric volume ratio equations, which predict stem volume to any specified top height limit as a percentage of the total stem volume, were developed for 25 native tree species in southern New South Wales and Victoria. When used together with companion total stem volume equations, they allow direct predictions of volume to any height limit. Validation statistics obtained through a resampling approach showed little local bias over any range of relative height and the 95% confidence limits of prediction error were mostly within 10% over the entire range of relative height for all species. These equations will be useful for forest managers when estimating the volumes of multiple logs from the same stem during integrated logging, and in forest inventory where yield estimates by product categories are required.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>795</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">795</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Millar, C. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA 94706, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution and biogeography of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, with a proposed revision of its Quaternary history</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-365</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeography</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fossil history</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metapopulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paleoecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> evolved about 100 million years ago, spreading from centres in eastern North America and western Europe throughout middle latitudes of the supercontinent Laurasia. Many early subsections of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are recorded from fossil remains of this period, but it is not until the early Tertiary, when the genus was fragmented by changing global climates and continental tectonics into latitudinal refugia, that secondary centres of origin appeared. From one of these areas, now Mexico and Central America, the subsection Oocarpae is thought to have arisen. This subsection includes the California closed-cone pines, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lemmon, which evolved 15-25 million years ago as they migrated northward to California from Central America. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> appears to have occupied coastal or near-coastal habitats throughout its history in the California region. A synthesis of recent evidence from microfossils in sediment cores, oxygen-isotope ratios in ice and sediment cores, and re-evaluation of available macro-fossils yields an improved characterisation of Quaternary climatic and vegetation changes in the California coast region. Over the last million years, California climates fluctuated quasi-cyclically, at long-(multi-millennial), medium-(century), and short-(decadal to annual) periodicities in patterns similar to those documented elsewhere in the world. Changing plant fossil assemblages in the California coast region reflect major and minor fluctuations, with Quercus and Compositae dominating floristic communities during warmest and driest periods, and Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae taxa dominating coldest periods. Pines, notably </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, expanded in abundance and shifted locations along the coast during climates intermediate to these extremes. Such climates occurred during transitional periods of major and minor cycles, including onset and terminations of major glacial stages, extended interstadials, and shorter cool, mesic intervals within warmer climates. This evidence is used to argue against a long-standing scenario that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was broadly distributed along the coast throughout the Pleistocene (10 ka - 2 Ma), and that the Holocene climatic optimum (warm, dry period 4-8 ka) triggered contraction into the present fragmented, relictual populations. Instead, it is proposed that the species has maintained a metapopulation strategy throughout its history in the California region, growing in distinct coastal populations that were subject to repeated events of colonisation, coalescence, and local extirpation in response to fluctuating climates. Population differences are thus likely to reflect frequent founder and bottleneck effects, and complex introgression. Appropriate conservation and restoration approaches to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> may be revised given this perspective. Rathern than restricting views about native populations to the five extant locations, coastal sites beyond the current distribution might also be accepted as &apos;neo-native&apos;. Areas where </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has naturalised along the California coast during historic climate periods similar to the present include many sites known from the Quaternary fossil record. Rather than treating </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in these areas as an undesired exotic, these and other locations could be considered appropriate places in which to encourage conservation populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. This would mimic the natural potential of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under the generally cooler climate of the late Holocene (relative to earlier millennia) to colonise and expand in abundance, which may be inhibited currently by human development.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>976</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">976</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Setiawati, Y. G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riding, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Bag Service 45111, Fredericton, NB, E3B 6E1, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Determination of the stage at which failure occurred in empty control-pollinated seeds of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-374</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlled pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissection technique</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryo abortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megagametophyte</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don seed orchards throughout New Zealand, controlled pollination of isolated cones produced very few full seeds in 1991-92. Standard X-ray analysis of the empty seeds showed that the female gametophyte was present but shrivelled. Excising and soaking these gametophytes and attached nucellar material in a 15% sucrose solution under vacuum for 48 hours allowed them to be dissected or sectioned. Pollination had occurred in all seeds; however, development of the pollen tube and embryo formation differed among the seeds. In 15% of the seeds either pollen grains did not germinate or pollen tube development was arrested immediately after germination. In 35% of the seeds pollen tubes penetrated only part way through the nucellar cap. Thus, for 50% of the seeds, factors leading to abortion could have occurred while the cones were still within the isolation bags. In 50% of the seeds the pollen tube penetrated through the nucellar cap. Development occurred through the proembryo stage to late embryo in 44% of the seeds. Abortion in these seeds occurred well after the removal of the isolation bags. It is not clear how the isolation bags could be associated with the collapse of these ovules some 14 months after pollination.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>174</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">174</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk-management issues for genetically engineered forest trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-390</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic contamination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transgenics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of genetic transformation, as the most widely pursued form of &apos;genetic engineering&apos;, is often seen as entailing various biological risks. Prominent among the perceived risks for forest trees is genetic contamination of wild populations. However, this cannot happen with exotic species with no local relatives; moreover, suppression of reproduction is desired on independent grounds. Potentially the most serious, yet largely unrecognised, risks for plantation forest species arise from side-effects of genetic transformation on fitness in the field. While these risks may involve low-probability events (&apos;disasters&apos;), such disasters could be catastrophic, except under extremely short rotations, calling for risk management. The risks that are associated just with gene insertion are in principle readily controlled. More problematic are the risks associated with side effects of alien gene (transgene) action interfering with crucial functions such as disease resistance. Quantitative analysis of such risks was made assuming a range of arbitrary probabilities associated with individual transgenes and interactions among different transgenes within the same recipient genotype, showing how such risks might increase markedly as more transgenes are inserted. More crucial, though, may be the need to avoid over-dependence on insertion of any particular gene, despite the associated risk being of low probability, because of the worst-case potential for dire economic consequences. This approach, however, may be difficult to reconcile with the desideratum of suppressing all sexual reproductive activity. Field testing of transformants will be crucial, as it will eliminate many transformation-related risks. The elimination, however, will be slow and never quite complete, which argues for long periods of applying risk spread. In New Zealand a gap exists in the regulatory provisions for risk management with transformants. Use of genetic transformation, as the most widely pursued form of `genetic engineering&apos;, is often seen as entailing various biological risks. Prominent among the perceived risks for forest trees is genetic contamination of wild populations. However, this cannot happen with exotic species with no local relatives; moreover, suppression of reproduction is desired on independent grounds. Potentially the most serious, yet largely unrecognized, risks for plantation forest species arise from side-effects of genetic transformation on fitness in the field. While these risks may involve low-probability events (`disasters&apos;), such disasters could be catastrophic, except under extremely short rotations, calling for risk management. The risks that are associated just with gene insertion are in principle readily controlled. More problematic are the risks associated with side effects of alien gene (transgene) action interfering with crucial functions such as disease resistance. Quantitative analysis of such risks was made assuming a range of arbitrary probabilities associated with individual transgenes and interactions among different transgenes within the same recipient genotype, showing how such risks might increase markedly as more transgenes are inserted. More crucial, though, may be the need to avoid over-dependence on insertion of any particular gene, despite the associated risk being of low probability, because of the worst-case potential for dire economic consequences. This approach, however, may be difficult to reconcile with the desideratum of suppressing all sexual reproductive activity. Field testing of transformants will be crucial, as it will eliminate many transformation-related risks. The elimination, however, will be slow and never quite complete, which argues for long periods of applying risk spread. In New Zealand a gap exists in the regulatory provisions for risk management with transformants.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>479</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">479</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rawley, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling branch development for forest management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">391-408</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch clusters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data collection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The locations and dimensions of branches encased within a tree-stem influence the appearance, strength, and ultimately the end-use of timber. A model which predicts branch development through time would enable the New Zealand forest industry to obtain better estimates of log and timber grades at time of harvest from inventory information collected at any time during the rotation. Choosing the appropriate level of detail with which to model branch development for forest management requires a compromise between understanding growth processes, data collection costs, model accuracy and precision, and suitability for use by forest management. The approach chosen was to model the occurrence of branch clusters within annual shoots on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, and to model the diameter growth of branches at the point of attachment to the tree stem. This approach has several major advantages. It is based on an understanding of branch morphology and basic growth processes. It allows the utilisation of existing models of annual height development, stem taper, and growth which are based on extensive field measurements. We believe that the model structure is cost-efficient in terms of the data requirements. The increased costs of data collection to develop a more detailed model of the full extent of the crown would not be matched by a similar increase in worth to the forest industry. The locations and dimensions of branches encased within a tree-stem influence the appearance, strength, and ultimately the end-use of timber. A model which predicts branch development through time would enable the New Zealand forest industry to obtain better estimates of log and timber grades at time of harvest from inventory information collected at any time during the rotation. Choosing the appropriate level of detail with which to model branch development for forest management requires a compromise between understanding growth processes, data collection costs, model accuracy and precision, and suitability for use by forest management. The approach chosen was to model the occurrence of branch clusters within annual shoots on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, and to model the diameter growth of branches at the point of attachment to the tree stem. This approach has several major advantages. It is based on an understanding of branch morphology and basic growth processes. It allows the utilization of existing models of annual height development, stem taper, and growth which are based on extensive field measurements. We believe that the model structure is cost-efficient in terms of the data requirements. The increased costs of data collection to develop a more detailed model of the full extent of the crown would not be matched by a similar increase in worth to the forest industry.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>83</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">83</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford-Robertson, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Description and validation of C_change: A model for simulating carbon content in managed </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">409-427</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDPAK</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model has been developed that predicts the amount of carbon contained in the stem, crown, roots, forest floor, and understorey of managed </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands at any age over a ritation. A key concept underlying the C_change model is that, with current knowledge of growth partitioning, mortality, and decay of tree components, stem volume production can be used to predict carbon content of forest biomass components. The advantage of taking this approach is that data input requirements for predicting forest carbon are minimised, given a system for determining stem volume growth and mortality over time. The Stand Growth module of STANDPAK predicts P. radiata stem volume for each of the major forest-growing regions in New Zealand, based on an extensive network of permanent sample plots (PSP). By linking the Growth Partitioning module with Stand Growth, a minimum set of data inputs is required to calibrate C_change to the region. The utility of this approach was tested by running C_change to make predictions of stem volume and carbon at several sites where stand biomass measurements had been made. These sites covered a range in nitrogen fertility, stocking, stand ages, and climate. Across all studies, actual above-ground stand carbon content (i.e., excluding understorey and forest floor) was highly correlated with that predicted by C_change (r</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">=0.97, n=25, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">p</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &lt; 0.01). Assuming that suitable regional growth models are available for predicting stem volume and that growth relationships are constant across regions, these results give confidence in the use of C_change for prediction of carbon on a stand and regional scale in New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>411</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">411</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 1</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">428-439</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Record</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 20 fungi described in this paper have not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The fungi described are: Caulicolous Ascomycota:</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Cryptodiaporthe salicina, Stictis stellata, Xenomeris abietis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Corticolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lachnellula hahniana, L. pseudotsugae, L. subtilissima, Lophium mytilinum, Sarea resinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Foliicolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Meloderma desmazierii, Mycosphaerella pittospori, Rosenscheldiella pullulans, R. styracis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Caulicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melanconium oblongum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Foliicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coma circularis, Diploceras dilophosporum, Hainesia lythri, Readeriella mirabilis, Septoria unedonis, Sigmina thujina, Strasseria geniculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The host plants are: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arbutus unedo, Callistemon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cyathodes fraseri, Eucalyptus fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens, E. regnans, Juglans nigra, Kunzea ericoides, Larix sp., Olearia traversii, O. virgata, Pinus radiata, P. strobus, Pittosporum umbellatum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Salix fragilis, Thuja plicata.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>410</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">410</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">440-458</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Record</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 17 fungi and the new combination described in this paper have not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The fungi described are: Caulicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptosporiopsis hoheriae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> comb. nov., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sarcostroma mahinapuense</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov.; Caulicolous Mitosporic fungi, Hyphomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chalara myrsines</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov.; Foliicolous Basidiomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Uromycladium alpinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Foliicolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acrospermum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cashiella sticheri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov.; Foliicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Catenophoropsis eucalypticola, Coleophoma cylindrospora, Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti, Discula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Monostichella robergei, Sarcostroma arbuti, Seiridium eucalypti, Septoria typica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vermisporium acutum, V. brevicentrum, V. eucalypti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">; Foliicolous Mitosporic fungi, Hyphomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Harzia acremonioides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The host plants are: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata, A. mearnsii, A. melanoxylon, Corokia cotoneaster, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus calophylla, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. ficifolia, E. leucoxylon, E. muelleriana, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, Hoheria populnea, Lagunaria patersonii, Myrsine chathamica, Pinus radiata, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudopanax crassifolius, Pteris tremula, Sticherus cunninghamii.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirst, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, T. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradshaw, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> genetic diversity is low in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">459-472</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hierarchy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scirrhia pini</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The risk of severe dothistroma needle blight in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don forests depends on many factors, including the genetic diversity of the pathogen population, and so molecular methods were used to estimate the genetic diversity of the population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hulbary in New Zealand. Samples of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were collected from infected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees using two sampling regimes. One involved collections from three forests, using a hierarchy of populations approach. The other involved collections from a Forest Research Institute field trial for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> resistance in which each tree was of known parentage. In addition to these, four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> samples isolated in New Zealand during the 1960s, and DNA from a Central American strain of the teleomorph (sexual form) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella pini </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Rostrup apud Monk, were analysed. Using the PCR-based techniques of RAPD (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA) and RAMS (Random Amplified Microsatellites), no genetic diversity was detected within the New Zealand samples. These results suggest that a single strain of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was introduced into New Zealand and that this spread throughout the country. The New Zealand strain of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is easily distinguishable from the Central American teleomorph, using both RAPD and RAMS techniques. The current study does not specifically address virulence levels, but this work implies that although the current New Zealand strain of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is unlikely to overcome the current level of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> resistance, the introduction of an overseas strain into New Zealand could present a threat to forest health.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dentener, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewthwaite, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogers, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connolly, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horticulture and Food Res. Inst., Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortality of huhu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) subjected to heat and controlled atmosphere treatments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">473-483</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlled atmospheres</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eggs and larvae of huhu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> White) were treated at elevated temperatures and varying controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. At 35</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C in air, more than 9.4 days were needed to achieve 99% mortality (LT99) of huhu larvae. Treatment time decreased with increasing temperature to 3 h at 45</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C in air. Eggs and neonate larvae (mean weight: 1.25 mg) were more susceptible to the heat treatments than were larger larvae (</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">≥</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100 mg). When treating larger huhu with controlled atmosphere conditions of 100% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, 100% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, or a 50% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> / 50% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> mixture at 20</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C, less than 36% mortality was observed after 11 days&apos; exposure. However, increasing the treatment temperature to 40</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C during 100% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, 100% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and 50% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> / 50% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> treatments resulted in LT99 of 8.3, 6.9, and 7.6 h respectively. The 100% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> controlled atmosphere treatment was most effective. There was no statistical difference in mortality responses to the 100% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> or 50% N</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> / 50% CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">treatment. All controlled atmosphere treatments at 40</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C were significantly better at controlling larger larvae than was the 40</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C air treatment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>858</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">858</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pang, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchard, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tangential shrinkage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> earlywood and latewood, and its implication for within-ring internal checking</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">484-491</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tangential shrinkage of earlywood and latewood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in wood from logs which had a severe propensity for within-ring internal checking on drying was compared with wood from logs which showed no tendency to form internal checks. The samples were collected from nine 23- to 26-year-old trees of each category, with a total of 132 samples being assessed. These trees were chosen from three forests in the central North Island of New Zealand, denoted as Sites A, B, and C. The average tangential shrinkage from green to 12% moisture content was 3.68% for all the samples, with a standard deviation of 0.82%. Between-site variation for average shrinkage was less than 0.27% with an average value of 3.82% for Site B, 3.57% for Site A, and 3.55% for Site C. From the measured data, it was found that earlywood and the latewood shrink differently. However, for the severely checked rings, the tangential shrinkage of the earlywood layer was higher than for the latewood layer, and for the rings without checks the trend was the opposite.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>931</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">931</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakkila, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest editorial: Conventional systems for bioenergy. IEA Bioenergy Task 18 workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, 19-25 September 1999</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1&amp;2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply chain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood fuel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twenty papers are presented on bioenergy, including the topics of silviculture, forest management, biomass quantification, harvesting, logging residues, wood procurement, the wood fuel supply chain, soil carbon, nutrient cycling, incorporation of biomass into soil, etc</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weetman, G. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvicultural systems for biomass production in Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon balance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvicultural systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Four combinations of biomass value, stand condition, site, and management objective are discussed. An emphasis is placed on short- and medium-rotation coppice systems using natural and artificial regeneration. Artificial systems which parallel agricultural production require both very high yields and good biomass prices to offset high input costs. At present, low fossil fuel prices in Canada do not make utilisation of biomass for energy economically attractive. Government policy may dictate more biomass use for energy for political, environmental, and especially carbon balance reasons</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>614</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">614</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johansson, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Management, Swed. Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7060, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regenerating Norway spruce under the shelter of birch on good sites might increase the biofuel supply in Sweden</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pubescens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofuel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixed forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-commercial thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In conventional forest management the fast-growing hardwoods such as birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) are cleaned when they start to compete with the conifers. In general, the naturally regenerated birch trees of minimal energy value are removed when they are 2-4 m high and start to suppress the undcrstorey of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Today with increasing interest in utilising biomass for fuel, mixed forest with a shade-tolerant main species and a fast-growing species combined could be an important supply of biofuel and also an important ecological site for maintaining biodiversity. An experiment was established 1983-85 on eight localities in central and southern parts of Sweden (lat. 58Ý-61Ý N). The stands were 20-30 years old when the experiment was started and consisted of dense, even-aged, self-propagated birch sheltering young Norway spruce either planted or self-propagated. All stands were growing on moist or mesic sites with high site indices. Thinning regimes included (1) thinning of the birch overstorey to create a shelter of 500 stems/ha (shelter) and (2) total removal of the birch overstorey (no-shelter). The treatments were replicated at each locality. The shelter was to be cut when the stand was 35-40 years old. When the experiments started the mean diameter of trees on all plots was 60 mm for birch and 45-49 mm for Norway spruce. The amount of birch biomass removed at first treatment was 40.6 Ý 3 (range 13.7-64.5) tonnes dry weight (dw)/ha for shelter plots and 70.0 Ý6 (range 34.9-142.7) tonnes dw/ha for no-shelter plots. In 1997 when all birch trees on shelter plots were cut, the amount of birch biomass removed was 45.3 Ý 5 (range 13.6109.3) tonnes dw/ha. Total amount of birch biomass during the period was 85.9 Ý7 (range 40.9-145.3) tonnes dw/ha for shelter plots and 72.7 Ý7 (range 34.9-142.7) tonnes dw/ ha for no-shelter plots. The remaining Norway spruce stands have produced 32.9(10.948.6) tonnes dw/ha growing under a birch shelter compared with 37.9 (5.0-63.4) tonnes dw/ha for pure spruce stands</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>811</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">811</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ø</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, I. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calculation of biomass and nutrient removal for different harvesting intensities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-45</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient removal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Removals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree harvesting of precommercial trees from first thinnings for wood chip production has been practised in Denmark for more than 10 years. Encouraged by Governmental energy and forest policies, markets and production are both increasing. Most wood chips are produced in coniferous stands on relatively poor soils. There has been concern that this practice may lead to nutrient depletion of the soil and decreased production potential in the long-term. More biomass is removed with this practice, with higher mean nutrient concentrations, than when only stems are harvested in whole or in part. It is common practice to cut the trees during the winter and leave them to dry in the stands during the summer so that nutrient-rich tree parts such as needles and twigs are returned to the forest soil. A preliminary study was carried out at one site to measure differences in amounts of biomass and nutrients removed, when whole trees were harvested fresh or dried, or when only stems were removed. Drying trees reduced the amount of nutrients removed by 20-45% compared with fresh harvest, and biomass removed was reduced by 15%. Harvesting stems alone reduced the amount of nutrients removed by 70-90% compared with fresh harvest, while biomass removed was reduced by 35%. Compared with stem harvest, 55% and 30% more biomass was removed in harvesting of fresh and dried whole trees respectively. Compared with stem harvest, the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium removed increased 6.5, 8.0, 3.5, 3.5, and 3.5 times respectively for fresh harvesting. For harvesting of dried trees removals increased 4.5, 4.5, 2.5, 3.0, and 2.5 times for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium respectively. When harvesting of fresh and dried whole trees was simulated for the first two thinnings and stem harvest for the later thinnings and the clear-cut, calculations showed that over one rotation period there were still clear differences between whole-tree harvesting scenarios and stem harvest only. Inherently, differences decreased when stem harvesting was simulated in clear-cut and later thinnings for all three scenarios.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>538</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">538</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helynen, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakkila, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nousiainen, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VTT Energy, P. O. Box 1603, FIN-40101 Jyva?skyla?, Finland</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood energy 1999-2003: A new national technology programme in Finland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest chips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel chips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood fuel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new national energy technology programme, Wood Energy, has been launched in Finland by the National Technology Agency (Tekes). The programme&apos;s total budget for 1999-2003 is F1M250 million (US$45 million), Tekes&apos; share of which amounts to FIM50 million. The programme is co-ordinated by VTT Energy. In 1998, the energy use of forest chips amounted to 0.5 million m3 solid. The target of the Wood Energy Technology Programme is to increase the annual use of forest chips to 2.5 million m3 solid in 2003, i.e., five-fold in 5 years. It is obvious that the target can be achieved mainly by increasing the use of logging residues from final cuttings, since salvaging residues from cut-over areas is more cost competitive than harvesting smallwood from young sapling stands and early commercial thinnings. Nevertheless, chip production from thinning of young stands will be developed as well. Increasing the use of forest chips requires that the cost of production is reduced still further, and that is naturally one of the main objectives of the programme. The programme is also helping to develop quality control and storage of wood chips. The quality of chips can be seen as an important cost factor, since the amount of heat obtained from the wood chips, the emissions produced, and the reliability of delivery and use all depend upon it. Improvement of chip quality is not confined solely to forest chips, but it is just as important for wood residues from primary timber processing at mills. For this reason the scope of the programme also includes bark, sawdust, and other solid wood residues from the forest products industry that are suitable for fuel</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>906</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">906</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puttock, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGregor, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silv-Econ Ltd., 913 Southwind Ct, Newmarket, Ont. L3Y 6J1, Canada Whitefish River First Nation, General Delivery, Birch Island, Ont. P0P 1A0, Canada SUNY Coll. Environ. Sci./Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210-7900, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management planning strategy for bioenergy in remote aboriginal communities in Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aboriginal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest levels</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management plan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traditional ecological knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents a framework for community-based forest management planning for bioenergy in remote Aboriginal communities in Canada. Modelled after work done by the National Aboriginal Forestry Association and provincial government agencies, the proposed approach to forest management planning provides the necessary information and format to develop a long-term and integrated resource management plan. It is designed to be adapted as part of a small-scale forestry operation to supply wood-chips for burning in biomass heating facilities. The framework allows individual communities to modify the format to suit their needs, and recognises and plans accordingly for the unique circumstances and characteristics of remote Aboriginal communities. The framework includes information for completing a plan including: period, land description, history, maps, biomass and non-timber inventories, sustainable harvest levels, activity schedules, monitoring, and review. Aboriginal involvement in broad district-level forest management plans is discussed in relation to and comparison with participation requirements for management planning for community-based bioenergy projects</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">116</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bj</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheden, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating production of timber and energy - a comprehensive view</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest fuel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest operations need comprehensive remodelling in order to integrate forest energy recovery with other harvesting operations. Energy contents and suitability for combustion are important quality measures of forest fuels. The energy fraction from harvesting operations is thus valued in measures other than conventional industry wood - physical volume, looks, and mechanical properties. By force of habit, the energy fraction is often implicitly defined by what has been rejected by other industries. Definitions of sorts, instead, must be based on calculations aiming to maximise operational efficiency. Several different levels of integration of forest fuel recovery in harvesting operations can be identified. The levels with low or moderate integration do not have the same economical potential as the higher levels of integration, which include extensive development of methods and technology for parallel harvesting operations. On the other hand, the risk and degree of commitment is higher if a higher level of integration is chosen. The supply flow for forest energy production has the form &quot;areas serving points&quot;. Efficient transportation is a cornerstone in the building of an efficient forest energy supply system. Normally, simple straightforward solutions, minimising intermediate handling, are the most competitive. Storage is another important part of the supply flow. Standard storing principles apply but are complicated by various processes within the stored material</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">          </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asikainen, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuitto, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry/VTT Energy, P.O. Box 111, FIN- 80101 Joensuu, Finland FINBIO, Bioenergy Association of Finland, P. O. Box 27, FIN-40101 Jyva?skyla?, Finland</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost factors in wood fuel procurement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-87</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost factors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy wood harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood fuel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating the planning and implementation of wood-based fuel production with the procurement of industrial roundwood in conventional forestry is considered to be a feasible undertaking. When doing so, the logging sites potentially serving as sources of biomass residues to be salvaged for fuel need to be chosen on the basis of harvesting costs. It is essential to take carefully into account site-based cost factors such as the total volume of wood to be obtained from the site, site conditions, available equipment and operating technologies, off-road haulage and truck transportation distances, storage, and quality control. In addition, ecological sustainability, possibilities to concentrate operations, seasonal variation in consumption, and the wishes of land-owners also affect the choice of harvesting sites. An important factor is the scale of operation. Harvesting machinery is expensive and thus the annual output considerably affects the costs. In addition, the greater the share of the potential fuel supply recovered, the higher the cost of procurement. This is due to longer transport distances and the need to operate on less favourable sites. As regards deliveries of different wood fuels or fuel mixtures, the quality of the fuel and the demands of energy-generation plants should be also considered. The present situation in Finland and Sweden is such that the wood fuel delivered directly from the forest to users is recovered almost solely from final cuttings in the form of logging residues. Wood fuel obtained from thinning operations is of minor importance</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>346</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">346</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriksson, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SkogForsk, Forest. Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, SE-75 07183, Uppsala, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skogforsk review of systems for logging residues handling in Sweden</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-93</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy provides more power than either hydroelectric or nuclear power, accounting for 87 TWh per annum (1996) and nearly 20% of the total power generated. The total consumption of energy wood amounts to 20 million m3 solid including biomass direct from the forest, by-products from the forest products industry, and a small quantity of recycled timber. This should be seen in the context of a total annual cut of some 60 million m3 roundwood for industrial consumption. The energy wood that is available on the open market consists largely of wood straight from the stand, wood reduced to chips, and other comminuted biomass. We utilise annually roughly 4 million m3 biomass, mainly logging residue from final felling. The energy-wood sector is currently in a state of high activity. The demand is heavy in the vicinity of large towns in some parts of the country. There is also an increasing awareness of the need, for ecological reasons, for well-thought-out recommendations as to where and how energy wood should be exploited</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>581</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">581</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hudson, Barrie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hudson, Ben</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry Contracting Association, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire AB51 5LA, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood fuel supply chain in the United Kingdom</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-107</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One-pass systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residue compression systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second-pass residue harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply chain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood fuel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent developments in the provision of subsidies for large-scale electricity generation in the United Kingdom have created annual markets for some 400 000 oven-dry tonnes of wood fuel from the year 2000. However, wood fuel supply costs are only on the very edge of economic viability. There will have to be major technological advances in the supply chain to contain costs, and to ensure an adequate profit element for harvesting contractors to encourage capital investment in wood fuel harvesting equipment. A number of harvesting systems are likely to be adopted in the United Kingdom. Trials into residue compaction systems linked to large-scale comminution at the generation plants are currently ongoing and, subject to results, are likely to form one of the supply systems to be adopted. Compaction trials of the Swedish Bala Press baling system were carried out in the United Kingdom in 1996 and 1997. Results of the trials indicated greater productivity was needed to reduce costs. Trials in 1999 are concentrating on the Swedish Fibrepac compaction equipment that is being introduced into a number of harvesting systems. Investigations are also ongoing into road and rail transport of the compacted residues</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>504</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">504</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy fuel from stem-to-log processing waste using conventional forest harvesting systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The harvesting and use of in-forest residues as bioenergy is not common in New Zealand. However, most of the large wood-processing plants (pulpmills, papermills, and sawmills) have co-generation plants for converting woody residues from wood processing (bark, shavings, and sawdust) into process steam and electricity. In a number of New Zealand&apos;s major areas of forestry, changes in harvesting practices have recently taken place, from conventional landing-based stem-to-log processing to the use of two-stage extraction with full stems being taken to central processing yards or super skids for conversion into logs. These changes have brought about a concentration of stem-to-log processing waste at the central processing sites. This waste is of such a volume as to create a disposal problem (cost). Use of this material as bioenergy fuels at nearby processing plants, or as panel fibre, is economically and environmentally desirable</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>687</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">687</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larson, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neary, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daugherty, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edminster, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northern Arizona University, Department of Civil Engineering, P. O. Box 15600, Flagstaff, AZ, United States Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 South Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, United States Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, P. O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting costs for potential bioenergy fuels in a fire risk reduction programme</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildland-urban interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper documents the harvesting costs for a representative wildland-urban interface zone project around Flagstaff, Arizona - the 134-ha Fort Valley Research and Demonstration Project. The economic impacts of three treatment prescriptions on three types of Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson et Lawson (ponderosa pine) stands utilising three different harvesting techniques were analysed. In addition, the opportunities of two potential bioenergy markets were examined from the harvesters&apos; revenue perspective. The costs of fully mechanised harvesting of the whole tree(WT) and hauling merchantable-size logs equalled US$28/m3, when averaged over the three different prescriptions in the three blackjack (BJ) units. There was little variation in WT cost from unit to unit. Under a direct cost hand-felling and mechanised-forwarding scenario (HD) scenario, the predicted costs, when averaged over the three blackjack-yellow pine (BJ/YP) units, equalled US$25/m3. Similarly, the cost to treat the three yellow pine (YP) units with a small cut-to-length forwarder system (CTL) averaged US$26/m3. The variation from unit to unit, however, for the HD and CTL operations was significant. The costs were a function of volume per unit area and average volume per tree and varied from a low of US$19/m3 to a high of US$43/m3. A comparative analysis of the three harvesting operations found the WT operation to be the most cost-effective in BJ and BJ/YP units. A slow forwarding system limited HD and CTL effectiveness. In the YP units (characterised by excessive numbers of closely spaced, very small, blackjack trees surrounding widely spaced, mature, yellow pine trees), forwarding times were no longer of consideration. Cutter rates and associated expenses became the dependent economic variable. The pre-commercial work in the BJ and BJ/YP units was modelled as a minimal-cost operation using a contract sawyer crew. These costs were found to average, respectively, US$21/ha (US$0.28/tree) and US$193/ha (US$0.15/tree). Within the YP units, the CTL machine completed the pre-commercial work as it made its way through the units cutting the available merchantable trees. This slower operation resulted in very high pre-commercial costs, averaging US$393/ha (US$0.36/tree). The economic analysis of an existing solid firewood market from the harvesters&apos; perspective indicates that a high-value pole market subsidises the lower value firewood opportunity. The ethanol projections were not favourable and the fibre costs were prohibitive</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buford, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stokes, B. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Vegetation Mgmt./Protect. Research, P. O. Box 96090, Washington, DC 20090-6090, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incorporation of biomass into forest soils for enhanced productivity, restoration and biostorage: a modelling study to evaluate research needs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-137</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofuel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass incorporation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biostorage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2FIX</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation study</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concept of using multiple rotations of fast-growing fibre/energy plantations for restoring soil capacity was evaluated using the CO2FIX model. The simulation analysis considered portions of such stands being incorporated back into the soil at the end of each rotation and with different product scenarios. The analysis of nine simulated scenarios illustrating a range of mixes of energy, pulp, and solid wood products, as well as incorporation of biomass into the soil and productivity differences, using the model CO2FIX showed: (1) shifting the mix to more durable products significantly increased the amount of carbon sequestered, (2) increases in stand productivity increased carbon sequestration potential, and (3) productivity increases and incorporating biomass into the soil appear to have the biggest payback for carbon management. These simulation results show there may be potential for the use of short-rotation woody crops as a way to mitigate previous long-term soil depletion activities and to increase carbon sequestration. Research needs indicated by this simulation analysis include: (1) appropriate functions for decomposition and transformation of buried biomass for incorporation into carbon management models, (2) incorporation of feedback mechanisms into carbon management models reflecting the impact of soil and management changes on productivity, and (3) a means of crediting carbon as offsets to fossil fuel in a closed-loop biofuel cycle</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1096</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1096</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tolbert, V. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thornton, F. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joslin, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bock, B. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bandaranayake, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tyler, D. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mays, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pettry, D. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, United States Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL, United States Belowground Forest Research, Oak Ridge, TN, United States University of Alberta, Alta., Canada Univ. Tennessee and Ames Plantation, Grand Junction, TN, United States Alabama AandM University, Normal, AL, United States Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasing below-ground carbon sequestration with conversion of agricultural lands to production of bio-energy crops</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-149</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioenergy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass crops</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon changes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbaceous crops</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-rotation crops</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical changes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At three locations in the south-eastern United States, researchers have been quantifying differences in water and soil quality, run-off, and sediment transport with conversion from traditional agricultural crops to biomass crop production. After three growing seasons, soil quality improved and soil carbon storage increased on sites planted to short-rotation woody species (sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L.; sycamore, Platanus occidentaux L.; and cottonwood, Populus deltoides Marshall), and a herbaceous species, (switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L.) when compared with agricultural crops (corn, Zea mays L., for grain or silage; and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.). The greatest increases in carbon sequestration under the woody and herbaceous biomass crops occurred in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. At the Alabama site with conversion from traditional corn production to biomass crops, soil carbon increased under switchgrass, no-till corn, and sweetgum with a cover crop (tall fescue, Festuca eliator Schreber) established between the rows. The sweetgum treatment without a cover crop between rows showed a 6% decrease in soil carbon storage over the first 3 years. All three woody crops (sweetgum, sycamore, and cottonwood) sequestered considerable organic matter (OM) below-ground primarily as stumps and large roots and to a lesser extent as fine roots. At the Tennessee site, the below-ground OM associated with the sycamore was approximately 7.4 Mg/ha and at the Mississippi site 6.6 Mg/ha after 3 years of growth. Stumps and large roots contributed approximately 79% and fine roots 21 % of these totals. At the Alabama site, the slower growing sweetgum had contributed only 1.8 Mg soil organic matter/ha after 3 years of growth. These plot-scale comparisons of the intensively managed biomass crop and traditional agricultural crops show that biomass crops can contribute to increasing below-ground carbon sequestration. The extent and timing of this sequestration is dependent on the individual growth characteristics of the different woody and herbaceous crops and the management practices employed</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>958</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">958</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, F. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klepac, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, P. O. Box 12254, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn University, 520 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL 36849-5418, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon and soil physical properties response to incorporating mulched forest slash</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-168</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulch</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Till</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study was installed in the Lower Coastal Plain near Washington, North Carolina, to test the hypothesis that incorporating organic matter in the form of comminuted forest slash would increase soil carbon and nutrient pools and alter soil physical properties to favour pine growth. Two sites were selected, an organic and a mineral site, to compare the treatment effects on the different soil types. The mulching treatments included a surface broadcast mulch, a surface strip mulch, and a strip mulch and till. On the mineral site, the three treatments resulted in general decreases in soil bulk density, gravimetric soil water content, and soil strength. Soil carbon and nitrogen increased for all the treatments on the mineral site, with some significant differences between the treatments. The broadcast mulch and bed treatment resulted in an almost 100% increase in soil carbon and nitrogen. On the organic site, the treatments did not have a significant effect on soil physical properties or soil carbon and nitrogen. There was a consistent decrease in soil carbon and nitrogen on this site but these changes were not significantly different from those in the control treatment</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grigal, D. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vance, E. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Soil, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States Natl. Cncl. Air/Stream I.I., P.O. Box 13318, Res. Triangle Park, NC 27709-3318, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of soil organic matter on forest productivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter (SOM) is generally assumed to be important to forest productivity, but its direct influence has been difficult to clearly demonstrate. SOM has a myriad of interactions with other soil properties, and levels of SOM depend on plant factors such as productivity and litter chemistry, and on environmental factors such as temperature and water. SOM is thus both cause and effect with respect to productivity. Additionally, SOM is inversely related to productivity where conditions such as low temperatures or reduced aeration are adverse for both plant growth and for microbial activity, and SOM accumulates. Conventional experimental methods arc unlikely to provide a wholly-inclusive general demonstration of the effects of SOM on forest productivity because the relationship is complex and site-specific. In spite of that caveat, circumstantial evidence indicates that SOM positively affects long-term forest productivity, with its specific role and contribution depending on the limiting site factors. In coarse-textured soils, SOM is important for retaining water and for supplying and retaining nutrients. As soils become finer, those roles become less important but its role in promoting favourable soil physical properties increases. Forest management practices can alter the amount and type of SOM, but because inherent soil or site characteristics sometimes compensate for or mitigate the effects of SOM change, the direct impacts on productivity may be equivocal. Nonetheless, because of the strong ties of SOM to a wide range of soil properties and functions across soil textures, most prudent forest management regimes should maintain or enhance SOM levels</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>626</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">626</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelting, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burger, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterson, S. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States College of Natural Resources, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States Westvaco Corporation, Forest Science Laboratory, 180 Westvaco Road, Summerville, SC 29483, United States Department of Forestry, 3108 Jordan Hall, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early loblolly pine growth response to changes in the soil environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying the critical soil- and site-based determinants of pine productivity is a crucial part of developing management practices that facilitate maintenance and enhancement of long-term site productivity. The objectives of this analysis were to: (i) determine the relationships between soil and site properties controlling early loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) productivity, and (ii) determine the effects of site preparation on these relationships. Fifty-four loblolly pine bioassay plots were established across a gradient of soil disturbance, organic debris removal, and site preparation methods. These mini-stands were designed to simulate the growth response of commercially spaced trees to the disturbance/site preparation gradient at stand closure. Several soil and site properties were selected as indicators of the three dominant soil attributes controlling tree productivity - (i) promotion of root growth, (ii) air/water balance, and (iii) soil fertility and they were measured at each of the 54 bioassay plots. A multilinear regression analysis showed that soil oxidation depth (air/water balance), the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) (promotion of root growth), and net nitrogen mineralisation (soil fertility) were the most important soil indicator variables explaining pine productivity. A multiple interaction model with dummy variables included for the site preparation methods showed that oxidation depth interacted strongly with the LLWR and net nitrogen mineralisation, with the model explaining 87% of the variation in 2-year-old tree height. The model showed that oxidation depth was the most important soil variable affecting early tree growth, having large positive effects on tree height even for soils with very poor physical quality (low LLWR). Bedding increased 2-year-old tree height compared to that in non-bedded plots. The bedding response was attributed to a doubling in oxidation depth, and secondarily to improved net nitrogen mineralisation. There was an optimum oxidation depth above and below which tree growth declined, showing that these sites experienced both aeration and available water-limiting conditions. The optimum oxidation depth was 30 cm, which corresponded to an average water table depth in winter of 43 cm. High net nitrogen mineralisation offset the negative effects of high oxidation depths; trees growing on well-drained locations with high nitrogen availability and oxidation depths in excess of 30 cm outgrew trees growing on well-drained locations with similar oxidation depths and low nitrogen availability. These results suggest that with taller beds, and especially with internal drainage treatments such as the mole-plough, soil fertility may have to be increased with fertiliser application if the inherent levels of fertility are low and the goal is to maximise pine production</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>963</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">963</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santana, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barros, N. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comerford, N. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universidad Federal de Vicosa, Departamento de Solos, CEP 36571-000, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Soil and Water Science Department, Florida University, Florida, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Above-ground biomass, nutrient content, and nutrient use efficiency of eucalypt plantations growing in different sites in Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The annual increment in above-ground biomass, and the corresponding nutrient content of eucalypt plantations growing in nine different sites, were evaluated in order to analyse the growth and the nutrient accumulation of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. The sites represented a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions, resulting in a large variation in growth increment and tree nutrient content. The highest productivities (approximately 36 t/ha·year) were observed in sites with the lowest water deficits. On average, the stem represents 89% of the above-ground biomass but it can be as low as 78% in the least productive site. The nutrient content in the stem was highest in the most productive sites, showing a close relationship with biomass production. There were two distinct patterns of stem annual nutrient accumulation. At three of the sites, the amount of nutrients in the stem decreased in the order nitrogen &gt; calcium &gt; potassium &gt; magnesium &gt; and phosphorus. However, calcium exceeded nitrogen at the other six sites. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for stem and above-ground biomass production was significantly different among sites. On average, the values of NUE for both stem and above-ground biomass decreased in the order phosphorus &gt; magnesium &gt; potassium &gt; nitrogen &gt; calcium. Unlike dry matter, there were appreciable differences among sites in relative nutrient allocation. Although bark constitutes only 10% of the above-ground dry matter, it contains large amounts of nutrients (73% of the calcium in the stem, 65% of the magnesium, 46% of the phosphorus, 41% of the potassium, and 24% of the nitrogen). Debarking in the field can substantially reduce nutrient exportation, which could lead to greater sustainability or less fertiliser use in eucalypt plantation forests of Brazil</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>211</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">211</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torbert, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, 520 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL 36849-5418, United States Mead Coated Board, 1000 Broad Street, Phenix City, AL 36868, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of soil strength variability in a harvested loblolly pine plantation in the Piedmont region of Alabama, United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-249</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cone index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data collection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nugget semivariance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piedmont</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil compaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial dependence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanised forest harvest operations are a significant source of soil compaction for which intensive tillage is prescribed to alleviate soil compaction and ensure successful regeneration of planted pine trees. Soil strength is a potential indicator of compaction status of a harvest tract due to its sensitivity and the ease of data collection with a cone penetrometer, but estimates may vary widely throughout a harvest tract. A loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation that had been harvested in winter 1998 was studied to assess soil strength and its spatial qualities through the measurement of soil strength on two sampling scales, and to identify areas of the harvest tract where tillage operations would be beneficial. Cone index measurements indicated a high degree of variability in soil strength regardless of the scale of measurement, and high soil strength levels throughout the soil profile. Spatial dependence was high in the surface and immediate subsurface soil layers of each point grid system and was attributed to the impact of traffic or topographic position on soil strength. Spatial dependence was not detectable for the lowest subsoil layers of the large-scale sampling scheme. The short ranges of spatial correlation associated with cone index estimations and the presence of compacted subsoil layers throughout the study area suggested the need to perform tillage throughout the harvest tract to ensure alleviation of subsoil compaction for adequate regeneration</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Y. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burger, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aust, W. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterson, S. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States Forest Science Laboratory, Westvaco Corporation, 180 Westvaco Road, Summerville, SC 29483, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of surface hydrology and early loblolly pine growth to soil disturbance and site preparation in a lower coastal plain wetland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-265</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forested wetlands</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface water table</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of surface soil disturbances induced by traffic during timber harvest on surface hydrology and early pine growth were assessed after harvesting of three 19-ha, 22-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in an Atlantic coastal wetland in the south-eastern United States. This study follows previous research on surface soil disturbances caused by harvesting under dry-weather and wet-weather conditions in order to address two basic questions: (i) to what extent does the extensive surface soil disturbance on wet-weather harvested sites affect overall surface water dynamics and tree growth, and (ii) can these harvest-induced soil disturbances be mitigated through site preparation with respect to hydrologie recovery and site productivity. Overall surface hydrology and tree responses to the two harvest treatments and three site preparation levels (no preparation, bedding, or mole-ploughing + bedding) were evaluated by monitoring the water table dynamics and tree growth on a 20 x 20-m grid across the sites. The study showed that surface soil disturbances affect hydroperiod, by showing a large difference in water table elevation during the growing season between the wet-weather harvested and the dry-weather harvested sites. Bedding lowered overall surface water table initially to a large extent, but this effect decreased rapidly during the first 2 years after stand establishment. No significant differences in tree growth at age 2 were found among undisturbed, compressed, and shallow-rutted areas within non-bedded, bedded, and mole-ploughed + bedded sites. Surface deformation such as deep rutting or churning, appeared to promote tree growth on the flat-planted sites, yet showed a negative effect on early tree growth on the bedded sites. At a stand level, above-ground biomass production at this young age was little affected by surface soil disturbances</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gresham, C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baruch Inst. Coast. Ecol. Forest S., Clemson University, P. O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen accumulation and changes in nitrate leaching after 4 years of intensive forest culture on marginal agricultural land</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-279</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groundwater</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquidambar styraciflua</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lysimeters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrate-nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen accumulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were grown with irrigation, continuous fertiliser application, and insect pest control on a 1- year-old abandoned peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field. Wells and tension lysimeters were used to measure nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in soil moisture and groundwater on three replicate transects for 4 years. Each replication had five treatments: maximum plantation management, minimum plantation management, old field, natural forest, and lake edge. Maximum plantation management included improved genetic stock, irrigation, fertiliser, complete elimination of competing vegetation, and insect pest control. Minimum plantation management included improved genetic stock and complete elimination of competing vegetation. The old field was the abandoned peanut field with no treatment. The natural forest was 50-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest. The lake edge was a narrow wetland transition from the longleaf pine forest to the lake. During the first 2 years of plantation management, groundwater nitrate-nitrogen concentrations exceeded drinking water standards throughout the abandoned field and were highest on plantation plots. During years 3 and 4, groundwater nitrate-nitrogen concentrations declined. The greatest reduction of nitrate-nitrogen concentration occurred in soil moisture, at the shallowest depths, in the plantation treatments. After four growing seasons, biomass accumulation ranged from 7.5 Mg/ha for the sweetgum minimum treatment to 57 Mg/ha for loblolly pine maximum treatment</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1132</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, D. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outred, H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowland, R. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fountain, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male cone development and microsporogenesis in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-307</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male cone development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsporogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The developmental timing and cytological detail of male cone development and microsporogenesis in Pinus radiata D.Don (radiata or Monterey pine) growing in the central North Island of New Zealand were studied. Potential male cone primordia were formed by mid-January, and microsporophylls were initiated in late February, the late New Zealand summer. Unlike northern temperate pine species, development of microsporophylls and differentiation of the microsporogenous tissue progressed continuously from late February to early July without a break for dormancy. Meiosis, as inferred by nuclear changes prior to tetrad formation, occurred in late May and was completed by the beginning of July. Pollen was shed in July. Electron microscopy showed major ultrastructural changes during microsporogenesis. Early in development, well-developed plasmodesmata connected all the sporogenous cells and tapetal cells which contained vacuoles, plastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) network, and an abundance of ribosomes. As the pollen mother cells differentiated, the number of plastids, mitochondria, and ribosomes remained abundant but, in contrast, the plasmodesmata between these adjoining cells became blocked and putative autophagic vacuoles appeared. The tapetal cells became radially flattened, their nuclei and cytoplasm were intensely basophilic, and the RER system became highly dilated to form wide channels containing fibrillar material. As development progressed further, a thick callosic wall isolated the pollen mother cells from the tapetal cells. Invagination of the pollen mother cell plasmalemma became prominent along with a reduction in the numbers of plastids and mitochondria</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1027</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1027</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School Forestry/Wildlife Sciences, Alabama Agricult&apos;l. Experiment Stn., Auburn Univesity, Alabama 36849-5418, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest treatments and fertiliser application affect transplant stress index of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308-314</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting check</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplant shock</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple method of assessing transplant stress was applied to data from three studies with bare-root Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings. A negative Transplant Stress Index (TSI) indicates seedlings have undergone transplant shock (the more negative the value, the greater the intensity of transplant stress). Negative TSI values occurred only during the first year after transplanting. Harvest treatments that included removing the forest litter affected TSI values on two sites. On one site, application of urea fertiliser increased the TSI. After the first year, TSI values were always positive. The TSI value appears to be a measure of seedling performance that is not directly related to either mean survival or mean initial height growth of the population. Stress Index can detect differences among treatments more quickly than comparisons of mortality</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterburry, Private Bag 4800, Chrischurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic influence on second-log branching in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;850&quot; seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch cluster frequency breeding value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intermode length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long internode</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean internode length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of planning models, which quantify the genetic influence on branch diameter at the family level, would enable forest managers to make informed decisions regarding the management of improved breeds of Pinus radiata D. Don. In a preliminary study of the genetic influence on branch diameter at the family level, progeny trials of both &quot;850&quot; seed orchard and long-internode selection series were sampled from a compartment in Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Secondlog measurements of branch diameter and internode length were taken from 210 trees within 30 families across the &quot;850&quot; seed orchard and long-internode selection series. After branch index was adjusted for diameter at breast height, the residuals were regressed successively against mean internode length and branch cluster frequency breeding-value at the family level. Mean internode length was significantly correlated to branch index residuals within each selection series, but it was not correlated to branch index residuals across selection series. In contrast, branch cluster frequency breeding value was moderately correlated to branch index residuals both within and across the two selection series. The failure of mean internode length to completely account for differences in branch index between selection series suggests that forest managers may to a certain extent be able to manipulate branch index independently of internode length. Although this study showed that branch cluster frequency breeding value was correlated to branch index residuals across selection series at the family level, these findings are preliminary. If further research shows the relationship between branch cluster frequency breeding value, and branch index holds across other selection series, inclusion of branch cluster frequency breeding value in planning models may enable the genetic influence on branch index to be quantified at a more refined level than previously possible</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1227</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1227</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Victoria 3169, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is curvature adjustment necessary in growth strain measurement?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332-340</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curvative adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal growth strain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A mathematical procedure was established to calculate a threshold tree/log radius above which the curvature adjustment required in Nicholson&apos;s &quot;primary&quot; procedure of measuring longitudinal growth strain may be omitted. The radius derived is a function of longitudinal growth strain on the surface of tree stems or logs, initial distance between measuring points, and the allowable error. The indication is that for all practical circumstances, it may not be necessary to account for curvature, based on the Kubler distribution of growth stresses. Formulas were also constructed to derive longitudinal surface strain under different circumstances</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crabtree, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, R. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Neil, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glassey, K. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significance to New Zealand forestry of contaminants on the external surfaces of shipping containers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-358</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant material</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantinable contaminants</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shipping containers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A sample, comprising 3681 shipping containers, was selected randomly from containers landed at the ports of Auckland, Wellington, and Lyttelton in the period from September 1997 to May 1998. Each selected container was placed on a frame and all six sides of the container were examined for the presence of soil, plant, animal, or inorganic matter. Isolations for fungi were made from all soil samples found on containers (1150 in total) and nematodes (and other soil meso- and micro-fauna) were extracted from 347 soil samples. All plant material was examined microscopically for the presence of pathogens. The insects, spiders, and other animals were identified as far as possible and their pest status was determined. A container was classified as &quot;quarantinable&quot; if any of the contaminants found on it included either viable pests or viable fungi belonging to genera which include plant pathogens or plant parasitic nematodes. Of the 3681 containers examined, 2240 (61%) carried no contaminants, 580 (16%) carried non-quarantinable contaminants, and 861 (23%) carried quarantinable contaminants. Among the quarantinable contaminants were pathogenic species of Fusarium and a live egg mass of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)). The quarantinable contamination rate of containers originating in different parts of the world varied from region to region: for example, it was 13.7% for containers originating from Korea, Taiwan, and Japan; 20.9% for Northern Europe; 21.2% for North America; 28.3% for Australia; 33.2% for Southeast Asia; 47.5% for the Pacific Islands; and 50% for South Africa. There were no regional differences in the proportion of quarantinable contaminants to the total number of contaminants and no differences in the quarantinable contamination rate were found for different cargo types or for different container types. It is concluded that the nature and the frequency of occurrence of contaminants on the external surfaces of shipping containers represent a risk to forestry in New Zealand. Further work needs to be carried out to quantify the magnitude of this risk</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>787</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">787</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dibley, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimer-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Morphological markers of physiological age for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-364</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings of Pinus radiata D. Don have been produced for more than 60 years (Field 1934; Jacobs 1939; Fielding 1954, 1964; Thulin &amp; Faulds 1968). The effect of maturation or physiological ageing on rooting success of cuttings has been reported (e.g., Fielding 1964) but the strategic significance of ageing was not fully realised in the 1960s (Thulin &amp; Faulds 1968). There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with physiological age (Menzies et al. 1988), and field trial results have now indicated that there is an optimum physiological age of 3-4 years when there are advantages of improved stem form with some ageing but not the disadvantage of early loss of stem diameter growth associated with older physiological ages (Menzies, Klomp, Holden, &amp; Hong 1991; Menzies, Klomp, &amp; Holden 1991; Forest Research Institute 1991). Reliable morphological markers of physiological ages are required to ensure that cuttings of the right age are selected for setting in nurseries for plantation establishment</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>985</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">985</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts for Northland: 7- to 11-year results from trials of nine species at four sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-383</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus maidenii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species and provenance trials of eucalypts planted in Northland between 1988 and 1993 included several provenances each of Eucalyptus fastigata Deane et Maiden. E. regnans F. Mueller. E. saligna Smith, E. botryoides Smith, E. grandis Hill ex Maiden, E. nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, E. globulus Labill, and E. maidenii Labill. Trials were all located between Kaikohe and Dargaville (latitudes 35Ý31&apos; to 35Ý48&apos;), with two trials at Carnation Road and two at Walker Road (aged 11 and 9 years) and one of E. nitens only at Karaka Road. Trial designs were mainly 64-tree square plots with two to five replicates. Trees were assessed for breast height diameter over-bark, bole straightness, malformation, and crown health. Results were expressed as provenance and species means at each site, and also as basal area per hectare over-bark, volume per hectare under-bark, and frequencies of crop trees, mortality, and runts (suppressed sub-dominants). Eucalyptus fastigata at its single test site showed best growth and health of all species (mean annual increment (MAI) at Carnation Road averaged 52 m3/ha) but suffered some basal and upper stem forking. Eucalyptus regnans averaged 50 m3/ha/year, with good crown health, but E. nitens of central Victorian provenances showed poor crown health and high mortality despite good earlier growth. Eucalyptus saligna (and E. grandis) grew more slowly than other species and showed a high frequency of runts. Eucalyptus maidenii, planted in only one subsidiary trial at Carnation Road (and at Knudsen Road), had better crown health, higher survival, and better growth than E. saligna, E. grandis, and E. globulus, though its volume growth appeared to be less than E. fastigata in the main trial. Eucalyptus nitens of central Victorian provenances was evidently poorly adapted and unlikely to continue its earlier good growth, and even the healthier NSW provenances appeared insecure. Eucalyptus fastigata was a clear winner for growth and health, followed by E. regnans. Eucalyptus globulus had generally poor health and slower growth than E. nitens. Eucalyptus maidenii, although a slower starter, had good crown health and good survival, and showed higher wood density (from other studies) than E. nitens and E. globulus, and by inference, E. fastigata and E. regnans. Eucalyptus saligna, originally the preferred species in Northland, produced much less volume than the other species. Eucalyptus botryoides failed completely due to early possum damage</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>987</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">987</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringybark eucalypts for New Zealand: 6-year results from a provenance/family trial of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Northland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384-400</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringybark</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>986</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">986</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulloch, B. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Privte Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results of provenance testing of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. mearnsii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and other acacias at ages 7 and 5 years in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">401-421</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A.mearnsii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance and species trials of Acacia dealbata Link. (31 seedlots) and A. mearnsii de Wildeman (23 seedlots), together with one or a few seedlots each of A. decurrens (Wendl.) Willd., A. falciformis D.C., A. filicifolia Cheel. &amp; Welch ex Welch. A. melanoxylon R.Br., and A. silvestris Tind. were planted at five sites in 1989 and at two sites in 1991. All trials were assessed in 1996 at ages 7 years and 5 years (for 1991-planted trials) for diameter at breast height (dbh), bole straightness (score 1-9), and malformation (score 1-5). A small subsample of trees from seven seedlots each of A. mearnsii (from two sites) and of A. dealbata (from three sites) were assessed for height, dbh, and wood density (5-mm pith-to-bark cores) at age 7 years. Acacia dealbata and A. mearnsii greatly outgrew the other species, and were of much better form than all except A. silvestris. Both A. dealbata and A. mearnsii showed large and significant differences between seedlots (mostly provenances) in diameter growth and bole straightness, and A. dealbata did in malformation. For A. dealbata trials aged 7 years, overall mean dbh varied from 206 mm at Kinleith to 145 mm at Tuki Tuki (Havelock North); for A. mearnsii (not assessed at Kinleith), site mean dbh ranged from 151 mm at Tuki Tuki to 135 mm at Pohangina (Palmerston North). Averaged across three sites, dbh of the best three seedlots of A. dealbata was 175 mm compared with over 162 mm for the best three seedlots of A. mearnsii. The seedlots of A. dealbata with better growth and form were reasonably free of malformation and their bole straightness was acceptable for sawlogs. All seedlots of A. mearnsii were much more sinuous in stem form than A. dealbata, such that very few trees would be straight enough for sawlogs. Height of A. dealbata averaged 12 m at Tuki Tuki and up to 15 m at Kinleith. Height of A. mearnsii averaged 12 m at Tuki Tuki and Emerald Hills. Basic wood density of A. dealbata averaged 369 kg/m3 at Kinleith, 371 kg/m3 at Emerald Hills, and 412 kg/m3 at Tuki Tuki. By contrast, wood density of A. mearnsii averaged 553 kg/m3 at Tuki Tuki and 556 kg/m3 at Emerald Hills. There was substantial variation between seedlots in both species, with a range of 348 to 437 kg/m3 for A. dealbata (averaged over three sites) and of 521 to 573 kg/m for A. mearnsii (over two sites). The better provenances of A. dealbata show promise for sawlog and pulpwood production, based on rapid growth rate, acceptable bole straightness and wood density, and (from other work) good sawing, seasoning, and appearance characteristics. The rapid growth rates and high wood density of A. mearnsii in New Zealand, as well as existing market acceptance of South African material for pulp, indicate a real potential for this species for pulpwood</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>764</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">764</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McElwee, H. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating canopy closure and understorey pasture production in New Zealand-grown poplar plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">422-435</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital images of poplar canopies in the Bay of Plenty and East Coast were captured to develop a model to predict canopy closure in poplar stands as a function of basal area. A model to predict basal area as a function of site quality, age, and stocking was also estimated. The effect of canopy closure on relative understorey pasture production in poplar stands was investigated using existing data sources. It was concluded that a simple linear function was unlikely to adequately model this relationship, and a more complex function was consequently estimated. The equations to predict basal area, canopy closure, and understorey pasture production can be used in conjunction with data describing initial livestock-carrying capacity and the seasonal distribution of pasture growth, to predict the effect of site, age, and stocking on understorey livestock-carrying capacity in poplar stands</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, G. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in whole-tree basic wood density for a range of plantation species grown in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">436-446</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia dealbata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia mearnsii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density/age regression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globoidea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus maidenii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree basic wood density of individual trees of a variety of species has been determined in many different studies in New Zealand since 1977. These data were recently collated, and whole-tree values for each species have been aggregated across sites into 5-year age-classes, from &lt;7 years up to 70 years. Means, ranges, and standard deviations of each species/age-class have been tabulated for a total of 968 trees and 13 species or species groups, with numbers of trees/species varying from 15 to 232. Sites sampled were mainly in the central and northern parts of the North Island (latitude 39Ý30&apos;-35Ý25&apos;S). Logarithmic regression equations fitted to the age-class mean densities for each species have provided predictions of whole-tree basic density with age and, in conjunction with predicted volume yields, were used in a related study to predict stem dry matter production per hectare for different species. The species included were: Acacia dealbata Link., A. mearnsii De Wild., cypresses (data from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murray) Par., Ch. nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach x Cupressus macrocarpa, C. lusitanica Miller, and C. macrocarpa Gordon were amalgamated), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel.) Franco, Eucalyptus fastigata Deane et Maiden, E. globoidea Blakely, E. globulus Labill., E. maidenii Labill., E. muelleriana Howitt, E. nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, E. pilularis Smith, E. regnans F. Mueller, and E. saligna Smith. Predicted mean whole-tree basic density (from logarithmic regression) for the eucalypts (30-year-old trees) varied from 452 kg/m3 for E. regnans to 623 kg/m3 for E. globoidea. No data at age 30 years were available for Acacia mearnsii and E. maidenii but their mean density was respectively 658 kg/m3 at age 14 and 572 kg/m3 at age 11 years. Whole-tree mean density was about 418 kg/m3 for the cypresses and 406 kg/m3 for Ps. menziesii, almost irrespective of tree age. A notable feature of these data was the great variability in density between trees in a stand, but variation in whole-tree density with age showed consistent patterns for different species, in spite of confounded effects of site and stocking</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>644</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">644</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, B. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp qualities of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, at ages 8 and 11 years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">447-457</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulp properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft fibre and pulp properties were assessed for 10-tree bulked chip samples from 8- and 11-year-old species/provenance trials of Eucalyptus globulus Labill., E. nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, and E. maidenii Labill., grown on two sites south of Kaikohe in Northland, New Zealand. Mean basic density of bulked chip samples ranged from 447 kg/m3 for both ages of E. nitens to 576 kg/m3 for 11-year-old E. maidenii. Pulp yields for all wood types were similar, from 54.5 to 55.6%. The kraft fibres of E. maidenii were somewhat longer, with higher wall area (coarseness) than those of E. globulus, which were in turn of higher coarseness than those of E. nitens. Fibre collapse potential (as indicated by fibre width/thickness ratio) of both E. maidenii pulps and the E. globulus 11-year-old material was much less than that for E. nitens. For these six wood origins, pulps of premium quality were obtained from E. globulus aged 11 and from E. maidenii aged 8 years. The pulp from 11-year-old E. maidenii was too high in bulk, requiring excessive refining, and the pulps from E. nitens (aged 8 and 11 years) were deficient in bulk and unsuitable for many eucalypt market kraft end uses</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>645</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">645</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kibblewhite, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riddell, M. J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in wood, kraft fibre, and handsheet properties among 29 trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and comparison with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">458-474</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimensions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handsheet properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in and relationships between wood, chemical, kraft fibre, and kraft handsheet properties were studied in 29 individual trees of Eucalyptus regnans F. Mueller, aged 20-21 years, grown in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. Means and ranges of these characteristics for E. regnans were also compared with those for similar 29-tree samples from E. nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden and E. fastigata Deane et Maiden from the same forest, aged 15-16 years. The trees sampled of E. regnans were of lower wood density (in spite of their greater age) and had kraft fibres that were longer, broader, thinner-walled, and had higher levels of collapse than those of either of the other species. Eucalyptus regnans individual-tree pulps showed the widest range of apparent sheet density compared with the other two species but had a similar mean, which was well predicted by wood density or by the level of fibre collapse in handsheets. Eucalyptus regnans trees had a good pulp yield, similar to those of E. nitens. For a market kraft pulp, E. regnans grown for 15 years could be expected to give a kraft pulp very deficient in handsheet bulk</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridoutt,B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Stungo, N. 1998: The new wood architecture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">475-476</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1268</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1268</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kampfraath, B. M. P. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum for Hay, A. E. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. 1999: Monthly diameter and height growth of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">,and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. saligna</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">29</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (2), 263-273</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">477</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., P.O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil properties under pine forest and pasture at two hill country sites in Canterbury</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-17</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acidity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aluminium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient removal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Removals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulphur</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil chemical properties under grassland were compared with those under adjoining first-rotation pine forest aged 20 and 25 years, at coastal and inland hill country sites in Canterbury, New Zealand. The pasture sites had been treated with fertiliser but not limed. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels were lower in soil beneath forest at one or both of the sites. In contrast, available phosphorus and sulphur concentrations were marginally higher beneath forest at both sites despite fertiliser application to grassland. Mineralisable nitrogen also was higher beneath forest at the inland site, but not at the more agriculturally developed coastal site. Differences between sites for total sulphur and exchangeable magnesium were ascribed to greater atmospheric inputs of these elements to forest at the coastal site. At both sites, soils under forest were more acid and had higher exchangeable aluminum levels. Differences between forest and grassland for organic carbon and total nitrogen and phosphorus were confined to the upper soil layers (0-0.1 m), while differences in soil acidity progressed to a depth of 0.2 m, and differences in exchangeable cations were evident to 0.4 m, the greatest depth measured. Soil (&lt; 2 mm) bulk density and nutrient pools were measured at the coastal site, and bulk density was similar beneath forest and grassland. Total nitrogen and exchangeable potassium and magnesium pools to 0.3 m depth were lower under forest than grassland, while the exchangeable aluminium pool was higher under forest. Organic carbon, total phosphorus and sulphur, and exchangeable calcium pools were similar under the two types of vegetation. Lower concentrations and pools of nutrients in soil beneath forest may have been due to uptake and sequestration of nutrients in forest biomass, or to fertiliser application to grassland, although the latter would have been counteracted to some extent by nutrient removals by grazing animals</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>291</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">291</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordmeyer, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., P.O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining fertiliser requirements for the establishment of pines and Douglas-fir in the South Island high-country</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-33</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic varieties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus nigra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulphur</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser requirements at establishment of pines and Pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) were examined in field trials on four soils in low to medium (600-to 900-mm) rainfall environments in the high-country of the South Island, New Zealand. A combination of boron, nutrient omission, and factorial nitrogen-phosphorus-sulphur trials was used to examine potential responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, magnesium, and boron. Tree form and height responses to boron application were obtained in Pinus radiata D. Don breeds growing on free-draining Fork and Pukaki soils in a low-rainfall environment. In the same trials P. nigra Arn. subsp. laricio (Poiret) Maire (Corsican pine) and P. ponderosa P. Lawson et Lawson (ponderosa pine) showed no response to boron. The form response to boron varied amongst P. radiata breeds and depended on soil type. Douglas-fir showed no response to omission of boron from an otherwise-complete fertiliser mixture on Tekapo soils in moister (800-900 mm) environments. No responses were demonstrated to nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, or magnesium fertilisers by either pines or Douglas-fir</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olykan, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., P.O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium fertilisers affected growth, upper mid-crown yellowing, and foliar nutrients of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and soil magnesium concentration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acid-extractable magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcined magnesite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma minus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dolomite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epsom salts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar potassium/magnesium ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kieserite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serpentine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil exchangeable magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil exchangeable potassium/magnesium ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A magnesium (Mg) fertiliser trial was established in 1984 in a 5-year-old stand of Pinus radiata D. Don with magnesium deficiency in Tauhara Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. The main trial consisted of rates of dolomite applied at 0, 20, 55, 150, and 400 kg Mg/ha. A range of magnesium fertilisers (kieserite, serpentine, coarseground calcined magnesite, fine-ground calcined magnesite, and Epsom salts) was also applied at 55 kg Mg/ha. Since establishment the trial has been regularly measured (height and dbh) and the foliage sampled, and the soil has been sampled periodically. The young trees were subjectively scored for visual symptoms of magnesium deficiency prior to fertiliser application in 1984 and a year later in 1985. In 1993, the trial was used to study the long-term effect of added magnesium on the incidence and severity of Upper Mid-Crown Yellowing (UMCY). Individual trees were scored for UMCY symptoms and needle retention, and measurements of height and dbh were taken. Foliage samples were taken from all plots and analysed for nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and boron. Soil samples were collected from selected plots (at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm) and analysed for exchangeable cations (magnesium, potassium, calcium) and acid-extractable magnesium. The incidence and severity of UMCY symptoms were significantly reduced with magnesium additions of 150 and 400 kg/ha. There were no growth responses to magnesium addition in the trial but in an adjacent area of the stand, which had been operationally treated with magnesium (coarse-ground calcined magnesite at 200 kg Mg/ha) in 1984-85, there was a 5% response in dbh to magnesium addition. In the trial, strong positive correlations were found between tree growth measurements and needle retention, indicating that the needle-cast fungus Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo et al. may have been the most important influence on tree growth. Where dolomite had been added at 150 and 400 kg Mg/ha, and kieserite at 55 kg Mg/ha, foliar magnesium concentrations were still elevated nearly 10 years after addition. Dolomite added at 400 kg Mg/ha maintained high amounts of soil exchangeable magnesium in the top 20 cm and acid-extractable magnesium in the 0-10 cm depth while reducing the soil exchangeable potassium/magnesium ratio (both depths) after 10 years. High UMCY values were associated with low foliar and soil exchangeable magnesium and high foliar and soil exchangeable potassium/magnesium ratios. The latter relationships may be developed into useful diagnostics tools for the future identification of resistant genotypes and high-risk sites. It was concluded that the stand studied in Tauhara Forest was at &quot;medium&quot; risk for UMCY development by age 14 years and a future reassessment of the site may provide stronger relationships between UMCY and soil and foliar chemical characteristics</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alavi, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomer, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Soil Sciences, SLU, Box 7014, Uppsala SE - 750 07, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of soil hydraulic parameters to simulate water flux in volcanic soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-65</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allophane soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residual water content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil water modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil water movement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volcanic soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining soil hydraulic parameters is necessary for accurate simulation of water movement. However, few data exist for key hydraulic parameters required to run such simulation models for volcanic soils. The aim of this study was to obtain hydraulic parameters for sandy volcanic soils (Vitric Orthic Allophanic under the New Zealand system) that are irrigated with wastewater from Rotorua, New Zealand. We measured drainage characteristics, soil water retention, and hydraulic conductivity at three plots and used a simulation model, SOIL. The drainage process was simulated for 20 days and model output was compared with measured water contents and total drainage. The model output was in excellent agreement with measured results from one of the three profiles (less than 1% error in the prediction of the cumulative drainage at 1 m depth). However, the agreement was poor for the other profiles (35% and 138% over-estimation of the drainage) when water retention curves determined from soil cores were used. We repeatedly ran the model using new values of the Brooks and Corey coefficients, until the best agreement between simulated and measured data was achieved for the two profiles with poor comparisons. Residual water content was found to be large (about 25%). Finally, we constructed a three-layer soil profile for the upper 1 m of these soils, with common soil hydraulic parameters in each layer. Simulation results indicated that the uppermost 1 -m layer of local volcanic soils may be adequately simulated as a profile with three layers for prediction of water fluxes and drainage. However, these parameters have to be tested on other soil profiles in order to evaluate their generality</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1205</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1205</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Withers, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keena, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria monacha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (nun moth) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. dispar</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (gypsy moth) survival and development on improved </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-77</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larval feeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria monacha</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantriidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">No-choice trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus strobus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The lymantriid forest defoliators, Lymantria monacha L. (nun moth) and Lymantria dispar L. (gypsy moth) are particularly severe pests in other countries in the world, but the ability of these moths to utilise and complete development on Pinus radiata D. Don had never been established. In laboratory trials, colonies of central European L. monacha and Russian far east (flight capable) L. dispar were fed on foliage from three mature P. radiata trees originating from three different advanced-selection families from New Zealand. The results showed that both moths were capable of completing their development from egg to adult on these families of P. radiata. However, P. radiata was a less suitable host for development of L. dispar than Quercus velutina Lam. (black oak), as evidenced by higher mortality and slower growth. Lymantria monacha developed faster and survived better on P. radiata than it did on mature foliage of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Neonate L. monacha larvae favoured male pine cones from Pinus strobus L. as a food source, but when these were absent did complete their development on P. radiata needles. There was no difference in larval development between those on the three P. radiata families tested. The study suggests an accidental introduction of L. monacha to New Zealand, even more so than L. dispar, could have a serious impact on P. radiata plantations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConchie, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability of internal checking in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - evidence and preliminary estimates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-87</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bayesian analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BUGS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hierarchical models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-normality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordinal logistic regression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oven-dry method</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudo-priors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robust estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistical techniques for assessing the evidence of heritability (h2) of a highly non-normal random variable from limited-sized datasets were applied to internal checking in Pinus radiata D. Don wood. Bayesian hierarchical models for ordinal logistic regression with and without random family effects were fitted and compared using the technique of pseudo-priors to estimate the Bayes factor. Model parameters and Bayes factors were estimated using Gibbs sampling, and implemented using the computer program BUGS and importance sampling. Bayes factors of 203, 41.7 were obtained for the total number of checks and number of rings with checks, respectively. In the model assuming non-zero heritability, estimates and 95% credible intervals for h2 were 0.64 (0.15-0.996) and 0.60 (0.06-0.997) respectively. In contrast, non-Bayesian methods including ANOVA with transformed variables and a non-Bayesian ordinal logistic regression analysis, failed to detect any effects for p&lt;0.05</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>271</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">271</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood densitometry of 10 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> families at seven contrasting sites: Influence of tree age, site, and genotype</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bayesian hierarchical models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Densitometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype x environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs sampler</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residual maximum likelihood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trellis graphics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood densitometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast height pith-to-bark 10-mm increment cores were collected from eight individual stems from each of 10 families of Pinus radiata D. Don (+ control seedlot) at seven sites after 22 years of growth. The sites ranged from Taringatura, in the deep south of New Zealand (lat. 46ÝS; mean annual temperature 10.1ÝC), to Woodhill (lat. 35ÝS; mean annual temperature 14.6ÝC), and covered an altitudinal range of 650 m. The cores were resin-extracted and scanned in a wood densitometer to yield a continuous density trace across all annual growth rings. Sample data were analysed by family and site to determine the influence of genotype and environment on growth ring density components. There were significant site effects for both growth rate and wood density, which broadly corresponded to expected patterns, but little correlation between the two variables. Average wood density at Woodhill reached &quot;mature&quot; levels (defined as 400 kg/ m3) well before age 10 years whereas the southernmost site, Taringatura, failed to reach this level even after 20 years. Percentage latewood proved to be the most sensitive variable in both juvenile and mature wood, and was reflected in the site values for average wood density. Site differences in earlywood and latewood density were comparatively small. Family ranks for density traits averaged across all sites maintained a high degree of consistency and moderate-to-high heritabilities, but analyses of variance also revealed a significant GxE component. The range in family density means of about 50 kg/m3 remained consistent from pith to bark across sites. There were large differences in the ability of individual families to reach &quot;mature&quot; levels of wood density. Families varied in the period required for mature wood initiation (8 to 20 years)</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">      &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1092</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1092</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, G. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity analysis of log and branch characteristics influencing sawn timber grade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch indices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internode index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log variables</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean internode length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An analysis of log and branch variables influencing timber grade outturn was performed using the AUTOSAW sawing simulator. Data from 115 unpruned Pinus radiata D. Don logs were used in the study; 85 logs were extracted from a plantation forest (Kaingaroa Forest) and the other 30 from a farm site (Tikitere Agroforestry Research Area). Each log had been intensively measured and reconstructed as a virtual 3D log model inclusive of all branches. The virtual logs were repeatedly sawn with the sawing simulator over a range of rotational settings and product types. Virtual boards arising from the simulations were graded according to clear cuttings and visual structural grade requirements. Simulated timber grades were correlated with indices reflecting log and branch characteristics. The sawn percentage of No. 2 cuttings and better grades (%2Cuts+) was correlated with combinations of traditional predictive variables and indices such as small-end diameter (SED), internode index (IIX), and mean internode length (MIL). New measures of internodal lengths, such as a fundamental internode length (FIL) that ignores whorls with three or fewer branches, were also trialled. FIL was developed on the premise that clearcuttings can be recovered that pass through whorls, especially when the branch count is low. Models for predicting the sawn percentage of No. 1 Framing and better grades (%1F+) were correlated with Branch Index (BIX) and other log variables. Newly developed indices based on the sum of branch diameters within a whorl, such as WGB that refers to that whorl with the greatest sum of branch diameters, and knot size ratio (KSR), were fitted to both linear and non-linear regression models. FIL gave higher correlations than IIX and MIL, when fitted using linear models, and in practice should be easier to calculate than MIL as whorls with three or fewer branches can be simply ignored. With non-linear regression models, the combination of IIX with SED gave the highest correlation. For predicting structural grade conversions, WGB gave higher correlations than BIX for both linear and nonlinear models. Almost as good a fit was achieved using WN4, which summed the branch diameters in the whorl with the most branches of 40 mm and over. In practice, WN4 is likely to be easier to use than the WGB. KSR was also effective in predicting sawn percentage of No. 1 Framing and better. These results suggest that there is one whorl that has a significant influence on sawn percentage of No. 1 Framing and better grades</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1091</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1091</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Budianto, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber conversions and value from pruned logs for split-taper and no-taper sawing methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Half-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Split-taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparisons of split-taper and no-taper sawing methods were based on the simulated sawing of 300 pruned logs of varying size, shape, and quality. Sawn timber conversions, Clears grade and Combined Clears grade conversions, and gross log value arising from each log were calculated for both methods and compared using paired t-test statistics. In general, significant gains (p &lt; 0.01) were provided by the split-taper method. Sawn timber conversions averaged 64% (range 52-70%) for the split-taper method and 62% (range 48-70%) for the no-taper method. Conversion to Clears and Combined Clears grades was significantly greater with split-taper sawing of well-pruned logs (PLI ? 6). Overall, conversion to Combined Clears yielded an average conversion of 36% (ranging from 18 to 54%) for split-taper sawing and an average of 34% (ranging from 16 to 51%) for the no-taper method. Gross log value, calculated as timber value per cubic metre of round log volume, was also significantly increased with split-taper sawing. On average the split-taper method yielded $246/m3 whilst the no-taper method yielded $237/m3. This equates to an average increase in conversion value of 4% (when measured relative to no-taper sawing). Conversion value increases ranged from nearly - 14% to 27%, indicating that, although significant gains can be made with split-taper sawing, gains cannot be expected from all logs</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>176</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">176</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton, R. A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness and bending strength in relation to density in four native provenances of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-146</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of rupture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance differences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Static bending tests were conducted on small clear timber specimens from 20 trees of each of four native provenances of Pinus radiata D. Don: An?o Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria from mainland California, and Guadalupe Island. The specimens came from ?5 m up the tree, with c. 24 rings from the pith. Individual specimens were cut from five equidistant positions from pith to bark, giving 400 specimens in all. Density (unextracted), modulus of elasticity (MoE), and modulus of rupture (MoR) were recorded for each specimen. Density had the lowest coefficients of variation and MoE the highest. Provenances differed appreciably in density but not quite consistently across positions; while Guadalupe ranked top throughout, Cambria ranked lowest near the pith and An?o Nuevo lowest towards the bark. MoE and MoR showed the same sort of pattern, albeit less pronounced in MoE. MoE was strongly correlated with density near the bark, but towards the pith the correlations were weaker and regressions on density less steep. MoR was even more strongly correlated with density, and with little pith-to-bark trend in regression slopes. Pith-to-bark increases were strong in all variables, and were evident in MoE and MoR even when adjusted for covariance on density. MoE in particular showed some negative skewness about its regression on density, especially near the pith, and this was believed to reflect compression wood. After adjusting for covariance on density, provenance differences in MoE and MoR were negligible, but significant differences remained among individual trees across positions</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1325</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1325</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Mayers, J. &amp; Bass, S. 1999: Policy that works for forests and people</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-150</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1326</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1326</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Fox, R.T.V. (Ed.) 2000: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot: Biology and control of honey fungus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-152</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1327</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1327</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Reilly, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Building regressions from ordinal data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1328</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1328</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baillie, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the editor: Building regressions from ordinal data - response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1042</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1042</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, O. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative mineral nutrition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">cliffortioides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157-169</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineral nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook.f.) Poole and N. menziesii (Hook.f.) Oerst. are both widely distributed in New Zealand, occurring naturally from sea level to the upper timberline. Despite the similarity in the distribution pattern between the two species, there are some areas where the natural stands of forests are either represented, or dominated by only one of the two species. To test the hypothesis that differences between N. solandri and N. menziesii in mineral nutrition may play a role in the localised distribution differentiation, we conducted two experiments examining the growth response of seedlings to the supply rates of five major nutrients, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, using the techniques of perlite and solution culture in a glasshouse. Results showed that N. solandri seedlings are less tolerant to supply limitations of phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium than are N. menziesii seedlings. These differences were related to the natural distribution of the two species</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>495</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">495</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guinto, D. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Z. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">House, A. P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saffigna, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College of Agriculture Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources, Cavite State Universtiy, Indang, Cavite, Philippines</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil chemical properties and forest floor nutrients under repeated prescribed-burning in eucalypt forests of south-east Queensland, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel reduction burning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The long-term impacts of repeated prescribed-burning on surface (0-30 cm) soil chemical properties and forest floor nutrients in two contrasting native eucalypt forests in south-east Queensland, Australia were assessed. Most effects were confined to the topsoil (0-10 cm). At the dry sclerophyll site, more than 40 years of annual burning had not led to any loss in topsoil total nitrogen and organic carbon but had significantly increased topsoil acid-extractable phosphorus. At the wet sclerophyll site, biennial burning (10 burns) resulted in decreases in topsoil total nitrogen and potentially mineralisable nitrogen despite a shorter experimental period (22 years). The increase in acid-extractable phosphorus with burning on this latter site was not significant. The varying impacts of prescribed-burning on soil chemical properties at the two sites may be partly explained by differences in site quality and in the number of times the forests have been subjected to various burning regimes. These changes may have implications for tree growth in the long term. Repeated burning reduced the weight, organic matter, and nutrient contents of the forest floor at both sites, the decreases being directly proportional to the frequency of burning</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>745</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">745</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magesan, G. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in soil physical properties after irrigation of two forested soils with municipal wastewater</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-195</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Municipal wastewater</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sand dune soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volcanic soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land application of wastewater in New Zealand is becoming more common due to resource management legislation and the cultural preferences of the indigenous people. Impacts of municipal wastewater irrigation on some physical properties of two sandy soils under Pinus radiata D. Don forest were measured on a site of sand-dune origin (Waitarere) and one of volcanic origin (Whakarewarewa) which received primary-treated and tertiary-treated wastewater, respectively, at a rate of 60 mm/week. Intact soil cores were collected at 0-100 mm and 100-200 mm from wastewater-irrigated and non-irrigated control sites after 4 years of irrigation. At the Waitarere site, irrigation with primary-treated wastewater significantly decreased the bulk and particle densities and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, but increased total porosity and macroporosity. However, there was no change in saturated hydraulic conductivity. At the Whakarewarewa site, irrigation with tertiary-treated wastewater did not change bulk and particle densities, total porosity, water retention, and hydraulic conductivity but significantly increased soil macroporosity. Wastewater quality and, possibly, soil origin appear to play important roles in the changes in soil physical properties observed under wastewater irrigation</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>413</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">413</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 3</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-207</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptomeria japonica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Record</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The six fungi described in this paper have not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The fungi are: Caulicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: Cryptosporiopsis edgertonii nom.nov. on Acer davidii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Eucalyptus regnans, Ilex sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Nothofagus antartica, N. fusca, N. solandri, Podocarpus hallii; Foliicolous Mitosporic fungi, Coelomycetes: Kabatina thujae on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata; Pestalotiopsis stevensonii on Abies sp., Pinus edulis, P. jeffreyi, P. radiata; Phyllosticta concentrica on Corynocarpus laevigatus; P. spinarum on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus arizonica, C. macrocarpa, Juniperus chinensis, Thuja plicata; Septoria alnifolia on Alnus rubra</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>804</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">804</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative windfirmness of New Zealand-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and Douglas-fir: A preliminary investigation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208-223</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maximum resistive bending moment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree winching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uprooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind damage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The hypothesis that Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) is more windfirm than Pinus radiata D. Don was tested by examining the factors which affect tree stability and comparing available data for each species. A tree-winching study performed on Douglas-fir trees of different sizes growing on Orthic Pumice soils found that their maximum resistive bending moments were not significantly different from those of P. radiata (p &gt; 0.05). A literature search was performed to determine the relative overturning bending moments of the two species. For each species, information was obtained on the drag coefficient, the crown frontal area, and the mass of the stem and crown. A mechanistic model for predicting the threshold hourly mean windspeed at which damage occurs was applied to a baseline stand of each species (mean top height 30 m, dbh 40 cm, and stocking 310 stems/ha). The Douglas-fir stand had a threshold windspeed of 24.3 m/s and the threshold windspeed for the P. radiata stand was 20.6 m/s. A recurrence function, fitted to extreme windspeed data from Rotorua airport, was applied to these critical windspeeds and showed that the risk of damage to P. radiata was 2.3 times greater than that to Douglas-fir. Over a period of 90 years, the analysis predicted that a P. radiata stand grown on a 28-year rotation was 3 times more likely to suffer catastrophic wind damage than a Douglas-fir stand grown on a 45-year rotation. The most critical factor behind these differences was the lower drag coefficient of Douglas-fir foliage</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newton, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of plant canopy structure to predict herbicide spray interception</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">224-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctostaphylos patula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy architecture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide spray</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteridium aquilinum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spray deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models to predict herbicide spray deposition within plant canopies can help to define application characteristics which result in the desired distribution of herbicide deposits and minimum contamination of non-target surfaces. A modelling approach was used to explain the interception of large herbicide droplets in terms of foliage structure, using the canopies of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn.) and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula Greene) as examples. Analysis demonstrated that an effective canopy interception model must account for both the distribution and the quantity of foliage so that the gap fraction can be quantified. Within a bracken canopy, predicted spray interception profiles were in close agreement with actual data. Predicted spray interception profiles in a greenleaf manzanita canopy over-estimated the observed rate of deposition, possibly because of low droplet retention</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>653</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">653</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the growth and interactions of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with some important weed species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth loss</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results from a trial at Rotorua, on a moist, moderately fertile site, suggested that tall fast-growing weed species reduced growth of Pinus radiata D. Don by restricting availability of light to tree crowns. Data from this experiment were used to model the height growth of the trees relative to neighbouring weeds to create a simple shade index. The model demonstrated that reductions in tree growth could be expressed as a function of this simple index of shading. However, the index was not independent of weed species or age, possibly because of the lack of a term in the model to describe weed abundance, and future studies will test this. The data showed that tree diameter growth was reduced by less than 10% when weeds were 50% tree height, and by about 30% when the weeds were 75% tree height. Thus, an appropriate time for management intervention to minimise tree growth losses would be when weeds exceed 50-75% tree height</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>893</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">893</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of phyllotaxis to predict arrangement and size of branches in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematical models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllotaxy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The location and size of branches in the tops (main stem diameter &lt; 20 cm) of 16 Pinus radiata D. Don trees (26 years old) were recorded, and phyllotactic patterns in each branch cluster were described and analysed. Branch position and size within the cluster were examined in relation to ontogenetic sequence. Accurate three-dimensional branch locations were used to analyse branch azimuth and branch vertical position. Divergence angle, branch vertical position, and branch diameter within a cluster were all shown to be strongly related to position in the ontogenetic sequence. A mathematical model incorporating relationships between branch location, branch size, and phyllotactic pattern was constructed for the prediction of branch arrangement and development in P. radiata. The model has potential for forestry applications, particularly those involving log and timber grading, where reliable branch and knot size data are required</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreber, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chittenden, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eden, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakeling, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Waals, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential of dairy products and integrated systems for in-forest applications to protect </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from fungal degrade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-272</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dairy products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discoloration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrated preservative systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory and field studies were conducted to investigate the potential of dairy products and integrated systems, containing fungi and biocides, for controlling fungal invasion of Pinus radiata D. Don by wood-inhabiting fungi. In laboratory and field trials, branches and log billets of P. radiata were subjected to various experimental treatments prior to exposure to fungal infection. After 4 and 9 weeks of incubation, billets were visually assessed for internal discoloration. In the laboratory, satisfactory control against staining fungi was obtained with integrated systems containing Trichoderma viride Pers.: S.F.Gray plus sodium fluoride, T. viride plus sodium fluoride plus Sentry®, and a suspension of Camembert cheese rind in pasteurised milk. In the field, T. harzianum Rifai or T. viride plus sodium fluoride plus Sentry® controlled detrimental discoloration in log billets exposed to natural fungal invasion</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dentener, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewthwaite, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogers, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meier, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whiting, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Hor./Fd.Res. Inst. New Zeal. Ltd, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heat treatments for control of huhu beetle (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) larvae in logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerambyciadae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discoloration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huhu beetle larvae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of quarantine heating conditions on temperature distribution inside logs of varying diameter. When 20-cm-diameter </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don logs were heated using a 3.5-hour ramp from 20°C to 65°C air temperature and this air temperature was maintained, internal temperatures at 10 cm depth inside the logs reached an average of 45°C 6 hours from start. This temperature had previously been shown to be lethal to huhu (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prionoplus reticularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> White) larvae treated outside logs. Mortality of all huhu larvae heat-treated in logs was achieved using the 6-hour heat treatment. Huhu mortality in the insect-infested logs may have been further aided by the fact that internal temperatures continued to rise for more than 1 hour after treatment was completed, and that the average temperature remained above 40°C for more than 3.5 hours from completion of treatment.&#xD;&#xD;As log diameter increased, longer treatment duration was required. The treatment time to reach 45 °C at 10 cm depth had to be extended from 6 hours for a 20-cm-diameter log to an average of 10.5 hours for a 30-cm log and 13.5 hours for a 40-cm log.&#xD;&#xD;Heat treatments may be cost-effective compared to the currently used methyl bromide disinfestation treatments, and could also improve wood quality (reducing the incidence of surface checks, warping, or discoloration).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>840</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">840</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurmi, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hillebrand, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finnish Forest Research Station, Kannus Research Station, P.O. Box 44, Kannus 69101, Finland</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage alternatives affect fuelwood properties of Norway spruce logging residues</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of harvesting logistics on the fuel characteristics of non-comminuted </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Karsten (Norway spruce) logging residues from regeneration cuttings was studied in Southern Finland. Roundwood harvesting took place in the summer of 1999. Green residues were forwarded immediately to roadside storage areas for use during winter 1999-2000. Part of the material was left on the felling sites to dry for 4-8 weeks, after which the brown residues were also forwarded to the roadside for storage. Drying/ storage on the clearcut area continued into the fall. Altogether 12 roadside storage piles were made by mid-October 1999, half of them covered. Moisture, needles, and ash contents as well as element composition were analysed at the beginning and during the experiment.&#xD;&#xD;Drying and storage conditions were exceptionally good during summer 1999. The cumulative evaporation of June through August was 150 mm, which was twice as high as the cumulative precipitation over the same period. As a result, the residues in roadside piles reached 22% moisture content in just 4 weeks. At the same time, the residues on the clearcut area in harvester-made heaps fell below the 20% mark, after which drying was much slower. With the approach of the fall and winter, the residue mass started to absorb moisture. As long as the weather was favourable, covering the piles did not seem to have much significance. However, with the increased precipitation, first rain and then snow, the uncovered roadside piles rewetted at a faster rate. This applied to both the green and the brown residues.&#xD;&#xD;The fresh logging residues contained 19.1% needles. Seasoning the fuelstock lowered the percentage to 1.8% on the clearcut area and to 4.0% on the landing. This loss lowered the ash content from 2.1 % to 1.5% during the first month of storage. The concentrations of nutrient elements were correlated with the ash content. Seasoning helped to lower the amount of chlorine from 200 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>106</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">106</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birk, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambert, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurskis, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayonier New Zealand Limited, P.O. Box 9283, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Converting stem volume to biomass with additivity, bias correction, and confidence bands for two Australian tree species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-319</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass equations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression-based bias correction factor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">System of additive equations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are increasing requirements for forest management agencies to estimate not only wood volume for timber production, but also biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration rates of their forests for environmental purposes. The common methods of biomass estimation have been to develop allometric equations to predict the biomass of individual trees from diameter or both diameter and height. The biomass equations are usually based on small samples, especially for large trees, due to the time-consuming nature of destructive biomass sampling. Consequently, the predictive performance of biomass equations has been seldom evaluated. Most forest management agencies do, however, have reliable volume estimates that are based on large samples. Converting stem or stand volume estimates, that are already available in forest inventory and growth and yield systems, to biomass seems to be the most convenient and reliable way to estimate forest biomass over a large management area. Adopting this approach, we developed a system of additive equations for converting stem volume into four biomass components (stemwood, bark, branches, foliage) and total above-ground tree biomass using data for two Australian tree species as an example. To correct log transformation bias and at the same time maintain additivity among the component equations, we proposed a regression-based bias correction factor and simultaneously estimated the biomass correction factors for the component equations. The distributional properties of the error in stem volume prediction were incorporated in stochastic simulations of the system of equations to determine the confidence bands of the biomass conversions. Such results would provide a clear indication whether the required precision of biomass prediction is met for a particular objective of investigation and, if not, where improvements can be made</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1106</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1106</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buongiorno, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maplesden, F. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Ecology/Mgmt., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liberalisation of forest product trade and the New Zealand forest sector, 2000-2015: A global modelling approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">320-338</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative advantage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest sector</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial equilibrium model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tariffs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade liberalisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to model the effects on the New Zealand forest sector of tariff elimination under the ASEAN Free Trade Area - Closer Economic Relations (AFTA-CER) and P5 regional trade agreements, and of tariff reductions under the World Trade Organization (WTO) administered General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994). These scenarios were compared to a base scenario of no trade liberalisation except for the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement between Australia and New Zealand. All trade agreements were compared under three scenarios regarding growth in New Zealand&apos;s roundwood supply. The projections were made with the Global Forest Products Model from 1998 to 2015. The Global Forest Products Model is a spatial equilibrium model, which gives projections of production, consumption, and trade for each of 180 countries and 14 forest commodity categories. Results suggested the regional trade agreements (P5 and AFTA-CER) would have a limited effect on New Zealand production of forest products under all supply scenarios. The P5 and AFTA-CER would result in greater paper and paperboard production and exports, with an associated increase in fibre consumption. Tariff reduction under GATT 1994 had the most significant overall impact, increasing the production of all major processed commodities. In particular, the production and exports of paper and paperboard, and wood-based panels, were projected to be higher, and those of roundwood and pulp lower as their domestic consumption increased. From a policy perspective, this study suggests that if New Zealand wishes to increase domestic utilisation of its future roundwood harvest, supporting the tariff reduction initiative of GATT 1994 would be of greater benefit than tariff removal under the P5 or AFTA-CER regional trade agreements. According to the Global Forest Products Model, New Zealand has a competitive advantage in pulp, paper, and fibre production, rather than sawlog and sawntimber production as suggested by previous New Zealand studies. A possible explanation for this disparity is that the Global Forest Products Model does not disaggregate industrial roundwood into pruned, saw, and pulp logs. The Global Forest Products Model, therefore, ignores New Zealand&apos;s relative abundance of material for producing sawnwood and possible differences in the trend of pruned log, sawlog, and pulp log prices</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>432</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">432</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ede, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beeser, H. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foote, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Establishment of nitrogen-fixing plants from seed on partially stabilised coastal sand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammophila arenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legumes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marram grass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds of eight nitrogen-fixing species (Acacia saligna H. Wendl., Acacia sophorae (Labill.) C. Martius. Astragalus cicer L., Chamaecytisus palmensis (Christ) Bisby et K. Nicholls, Doryenium hirsutum (L.) Ser., Lathyrus latifolius L., Lotus pedunculatus Schk., Teline stenopetala Webb et Berth.) which tolerate the coastal sand dune environment when introduced as healthy plants, were broadcast-sown in 1995 at two sites on sand dunes which had been partially stabilised by planting marram grass (Ammophila arenaria L.). Establishment rates of 0-1% of viable seed sown after 6 months and 0-9% after 10 months, were considered to be unsatisfactory for sand revegetation purposes. Other trials at the two sites commenced in 1996 and compared the effects of three sowing methods on establishment rates of Lathyrus latifolius and Lotus pedunculatus. Lupinus arboreus Sims, once successful in this habitat but now attacked by a fungal disease before reaching full maturity, was included as a benchmark species. Sand accretion resulted in establishment failure at one site but at the other site L. arboreus provided satisfactory vegetation cover within 6 months (84-99% where seed had been partially or completely buried; 31% where seed had been broadcast-sown). Plot coverage by the other two species did not exceed 4%. Results of these trials do not explain why establishment rates were low in species other than Lupinus arboreus, but indicate that direct seeding is unlikely to be a satisfactory technique for establishing most nitrogen-fixing species on sand partially stabilised by the planting of a sand-binding grass. Enhancement of the chronically low nitrogen status of coastal sand in order to promote effective vegetation cover continues to depend on either frequent fertiliser application or the introduction of nursery-raised, nitrogen-fixing plants</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Raison, R.J., Brown, A.,&amp; Flinn, D. (Eds.) 2001: Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1330</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1330</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, G.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Mantau, U., Merlo, M, Sekot, W. &amp; Welcker, B. 2001: Recreational and environmental markets for forest enterprises</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1331</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1331</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackburne, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Bright, G. 2001: Forestry budgets and accounts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">352-353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1332</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1332</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maclaren, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Pines of silvicultural importance. Compilation from the Forestry Compendium 2002</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1333</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1333</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W..</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review (compact disc): Unasylva 1947-2000: An international journal of forestry and forest industries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>932</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">932</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riding, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickson, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welsh, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 6E1, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing of male cone initiation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cone bud initiation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male strobili</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen induction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Initiation and early development of microsporangiate strobili (male cones) in Pinus radiata D. Don were studied during two growing seasons (1992/93 and 1996/97) at the Amberley Seed Orchard (43Ý10?S) in the South Island of New Zealand. Further collections were made at the Seddon Seed Orchard (41Ý42?S) and in a breeding archive located at Rotorua (30Ý10?S). Long-shoot buds from putative pollen-producing branches were collected from December to March from different clones and different-aged ramets. On one clone male cones were found on bicyclic shoots. In both years axillary buds, which would develop into male cones, had formed by mid-December. Generally, development was earlier on older ramets, but it also varied between clones, years, and locations. Development was earlier in 1992/93 than in 1996/97. In 1996/97, material collected in the Seddon Seed Orchard was about 1 month ahead of material from the Amberley Seed Orchard. Primordia developing into male cones appeared to start swelling very early. These shoots had far fewer basal cataphylls than did short shoots. Anatomically, male-cone, vegetative long-shoot, and female-cone primordia all go through a similar intermediate stage of development whence their ultimate fate might be altered by environmental factors or hormone applications</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1067</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1067</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novais, R. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barros, N. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depto. de Cie?ncias Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura, Av. Pa?dua Dias 11, Piracicaba-SP 13418-900, Brazil</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth and distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus urophylla</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> coppice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-27</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppicing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus urophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savanna region</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil nutrient availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although fine roots are important in mineral nutrient and carbon cycling, they have often been ignored in forest ecosystems. The work reported here was carried out to study the growth and spatial distribution of roots of coppicing eucalypts. The study used a 7-year-old eucalypt stand planted at 3 x 2-m spacing at the Patago?nia farm in the Savanna region of Joa?o Pinheiro county in north-east Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The eucalypt plantation belonged to the V &amp; M Forest Company. All the trees in the area were felled, and root biomass was determined in trees whose diameter at breast height corresponded to the population mean. Measurements were carried out at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 330 days after harvesting in order to evaluate the distribution of root biomass. Sampling was performed in 50 x 50-cm units on the beds and at the 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm depths, distributed in half the area occupied by the selected trees, and the roots were separated into three diameter classes (fine roots &lt; 1 mm, medium roots 1-3 mm, and coarse roots &gt; 3 mm). Fine- and medium-sized root biomass increased with time after harvesting, particularly to a depth of 20 cm. However, there was little alteration in the biomass of coarse roots. Root biomass decreased with depth and, on average, about 73%, 54%, and 68% of the fine, medium, and coarse roots, respectively, were concentrated in the surface 20 cm of soil. Analyses of the horizontal root distribution indicated that, in general, most of the roots, mainly medium and coarse, were located close to the stumps and that the root distribution was less uniform as root diameter increased</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>414</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">414</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glassey, K. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine risk associated with air cargo containers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-47</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air cargo containers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant material</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantinable contaminants</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a preliminary study, the cargo, packaging, the inside, and the outside of 102 air cargo containers were inspected for the presence of contaminants. Most of the contaminants were lying loose inside the containers, and the packaging and cargo were almost wholly free of contaminants. Based on these findings, a larger sample of 991 containers was examined, with attention focused on contaminants in and on the container, without recording the details of the cargo carried within but inspecting the wooden packing. The sample was randomly selected from containers landed at Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch airports in the period from April to December 1999. The containers were examined in the unpacking sheds at the airports and all soil, plant, animal, and inorganic contaminants found on the outside of and inside the container during and after unpacking were collected. Isolations were made for fungi from all soil samples (from 51 containers) collected. All plant material was examined microscopically for fungi. Insects, spiders, and other invertebrates were collected. A container was classified as &quot;potentially quarantinable&quot; if any of the contaminants found in or on it included viable pests or viable fungi belonging to genera which include plant pathogens, as the presence of such organisms indicated the potential risk posed by this particular pathway. Of the 991 containers examined, 750 (75.7%) carried no contaminants, 110 (11.1%) carried only non-quarantinable contaminants, and 131 (13.2%) carried potentially quarantinable contaminants. The quarantinable contamination rate of containers originating from different parts of the world varied from region to region; it was 18.2% for Australia, 16.4% for Europe, 9.4% for North Asia, 7.8% for North America, 5.9% for South-east Asia, and 5.1% for the Pacific. There were few regional differences in the proportion of quarantinable contaminants to the total number of contaminants. Very few contaminants (3.3%), none quarantinable, were associated with packaging. The quarantinable contamination rate varied from 0.0% for baggage containers to 19.6% for open-sided containers. Foliage, twigs, fruit, seed, and woody material made up 62% of all sources of contaminants and soil was the next most common (23%) source. Most of the contaminants were found inside the containers; only 0.8% of the contaminants were found solely on the outside. The finding that fresh plant material carrying plant pests and pathogens is common inside air cargo containers suggests that these containers are a pathway by which such harmful organisms could enter New Zealand. The fact that pest and pathogen incursions similar to those found during the air container survey have been detected in the vicinity of airport cargo sheds provides a strong link to this pathway. The training of facility operators working with the air cargo containers in managing the biosecurity risks from this pathway and the monitoring of their performance are important. The removal of residues and the safe disposal of all material collected from empty containers as soon as possible after the containers are unpacked is essential to minimise the risk of introduction of undersirable organisms</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>272</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">272</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density variation in 10 mature </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age-age correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Densitometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 27-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don clonal trial was screened to identify clones with a wide range of branch size, internode length, and mature wood density (outer five rings at breast height). Four trees (ramets) from each of 10 such clones were subsequently chosen for use in wood property studies. Gravimetric wood property measurements were made on discs taken from each end of 5-m logs up to the merchantable limit (200 mm small-end diameter) and samples for densitometry obtained from specific positions in the stems. Structural lumber was recovered from four logs each of two ramets/clone, assessed for drying distortion, and graded mechanically. The discs were used to derive unextracted density for the juvenile (growth rings 1-10) and mature (rings 11 +) portions of the stems at all levels, and samples for X-ray densitometry at 5 m and 20 m. For each annual ring, a number of wood density variables were recorded, including earlywood and latewood measures. Within each of the 10 clones, the overall patterns of density variation were quite consistent from pith to bark and between stem levels, and demonstrated distinct clonal differences. Indicative estimates of heritabilities, age-age correlations, and predictability of final average tree and log densities were derived using linear mixed-effects models from the densitometric data. Both average wood density and intra-ring density component patterns were highly consistent within clones, and heritability estimates were high for most properties assessed. Latewood characteristics were particularly strongly related to growth ring density. For P. radiata, juvenile wood is often conveniently described as the first 10 growth rings from the pith. On this basis, clonal means for juvenile wood volume varied from 39% to 61%. The actual wood properties for this zone, in terms of wood density, differed markedly between clones. Using an alternative technical definition for juvenile wood (proportion of the stem with annual average basic density &lt; 400 kg/m3), the percentage of juvenile wood varied from 15 to 64%, or from 5 to 13 growth rings. This suggests that clonal selection may be an effective way of controlling the impact of juvenile wood properties</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1224</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1224</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buchanan, A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, B. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J. C. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating tensile strength in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> structural timber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-85</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characteristic tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Code value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot area ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine stress-grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual stress-grading</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Altogether, 1862 Pinus radiata D.Don structural boards were tested in tension to examine five selected parameters of tensile strength, and to verify the code-assigned characteristic tensile strength values. Knot area ratio (KAR) alone does not predict tensile strength at the weakest point of the board; local bending stiffness at the failure point EP, fail shows a stronger correlation with tensile strength, and this presents a possibility for non-destructive estimation of tensile strength in P. radiata structural timber. The mean, 5th percentile, and characteristic strength in tension were studied for the test boards and the results indicated that the code values for current visual stress-grading systems of P. radiata need to be revised because the characteristic tensile strengths obtained from the tests were significantly lower than the values assigned in the standards</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1220</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1220</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Wyk, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danvind, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time-related shape changes associated with the air-drying of wooden sample sticks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-91</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer modelling of the behaviour of Pinus radiata D. Don wood during and after drying is dependent on the availability of data and this requires rapid and accurate measurement of wood samples. The testing of a prototype device designed to facilitate measurement of dimensions and distortion in standard sample sticks has indicated that crook and twist movement can be expected after the equilibration of moisture content</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>563</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">563</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horner, I. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., 8 Waikuta Road, Ngongotaha, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 1: Basidiospore dispersal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-102</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria limonea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basidiospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As part of an investigation into the manner in which Armillaria root disease develops in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations in New Zealand, studies were undertaken to examine the ability of spores to colonise freshly cut bark-encased billets of wood in which moisture content was maintained by partial burial in soil. Billets were enclosed in plastic cylinders to protect them from colonisation by soil rhizomorphs, and in different studies were located as spore traps within second-growth indigenous podocarp/broadleaved forest, sometimes adjacent to fruitbody clusters of Armillaria species, or in the open. In two studies, natural airborne inoculum of Armillaria species was supplemented by treatment with spores or aqueous spore suspensions. After periods of 7 to 44 months, studies were terminated by exhuming billets and removing bark in order to determine which were colonised by species of Armillaria, as indicated by the presence of characteristic mycelial fans or rhizomorphs. Many billets of P. radiata (28% of 83 traps) and willow (Salix sp.; 83% of 12 traps with billets pre-treated using 2,4-D herbicide) were colonised by Armillaria species. Cultures isolated from three pine and six willow billets were identified as A. novae-zelandiae (Stevenson) Herink. In one study 65% of 20 pine traps were colonised instead by Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fries) Ju?hlich, a possible candidate as a biological control agent for Armillaria species in pine stumps. Three (9%) of 35 traps placed in the open became colonised by Armillaria species. If typical, this incidence may be sufficient to account for many of the colonies of these pathogens observed in pine plantations, and suggests that new infection centres may become established by means of airborne basidiospores. However, further work is under way to compare the receptiveness of billets and pine stumps to spore colonisation. In separate microscope studies, germination of basidiospores of two Armillaria species, followed by hyphal penetration of the xylem, was demonstrated on the surfaces of discs of P. radiata and Beilschmiedia tawa (A. Cunn.) Kirk incubated in a moist environment</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Kamp, B. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3042 - 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 2: Invasion and host reaction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The root systems of thirteen 13-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don trees with basal resinosis caused by Armillaria novae-zelandiae (Stevenson) Herink in Kaingaroa Forest were excavated and the boles were sectioned. The extent of infection in bark and wood of boles and roots was determined. Armillaria novae-zelandiae appeared to be able to survive and spread in bark, leaving the vascular cambium and the inner living phloem largely intact. Infected bark exhibited special characteristics including wide, light-coloured, resin-soaked layers of dead phloem separated by thick periderms often containing stone phellem, small mycelial fans, and layers of old resin. Penetrations to and death of sections of the cambium occurred on all but one of the trees, but the areas involved were small (mostly &lt;40 mm in tangential and 100 to 150 mm in longitudinal extent). Most were located between major lateral roots, and in none did the dead area extend higher than 300 mm above the root collar. Penetrations generally occurred during the dormant season and a strong host reaction the following growing season resulted in well-developed calluses, which healed xylem penetrations within a few years. Invasion of the cambium by A. novae-zelandiae occurred at various dates from 1990 to the current growing season, and could not be simply related to stress caused by silvicultural operations or climatic conditions. Armillaria novae-zelandiae is likely to survive on infected trees to harvest, causing minor scarring and, in a few trees, resin soaking of xylem, but only at the very base of the tree. A small increment loss is also likely. After harvest and planting, the pathogen may again cause mortality in young plantations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>562</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">562</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., 8 Waikuta Road, Ngongotaha, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 3: Influence of thinning and pruning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria limonea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basidiospores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence of infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease persists in many seemingly healthy stands of Pinus radiata D. Don throughout New Zealand. Options for control or management remain limited, but one possibility may be to manipulate silviculture in a way that minimises chronic stand infection. A 3.1-ha trial in a second-rotation stand planted in 1985 was used to compare the effects of different thinning treatments approximately halfway through the rotation on a site not formerly covered in native forest. Treatments that created stumps at stand age 7 years appeared to increase the incidence of infection 5.5 years later (to 44% and 46% trees infected, for stocking levels of 500 and 250 stems/ha, respectively), compared with unthinned controls (30% infection, 810 stems/ha). Incidence was significantly greater (49%) among trees within 5 mofstumps derivedfrom trees infected by Armillaria species before thinning, than among trees with no neighbourhood stumps (29%). Not all stumps could be found after 5.5 years, but of the 76% that were, at least 58% were colonised by species of Armillaria. Incidence and severity of infection appeared unaffected by pruning to 30% of treeheight as measured at age 13 years. Infection was distributed unevenly across the trial area at ages 6 and 12.5 years. However, the over all spatial infection pattern did not alter over this period. Cultural pairing between isolates of Armillaria species made from 23% of all infected or colonised trees prior to thinning identified a minimum number of 68 genets (at least 22 per hectare). Further cultures isolated 5.5 years after thinning from trees or stumps in six treatment plots belonged to 41 genets (44 per hectare, minimum), of which at least 20% were present prior to treatment. These high colony densities strongly imply a role for basidiospores in the dissemination of Armillaria species, whether or not colonies were established in first-crop stumps or earlier. All colonies were of A. novae-zelandiae (Stevenson) Herink expect for one of A. limonea (Stevenson) Boesewinkel, which was present before thinning and subsequently re-isolated from the same location. Infection will be re-evaluated later in the rotation to determine the effect of larger stumps generated by a second thinning at age 13.5 years. In the meantime, caution appears warranted when thinning on heavily infested sites. Research is under way for an alternative control method for use in association with low-intensity thinning</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>561</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">561</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 4: Assessment of stand infection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-140</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria limonea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence of infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levels of infestation by Armillaria species are less readily ascertained in many newer plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don in New Zealand, because early mortality is generally lower than when stands were planted directly on ex-indigenous forest sites. Two methods of assessing infection were therefore explored using data from a second-rotation trial for which infection was known for every tree. Theoretical transects of different sizes placed randomly in this stand determined that single-tree transects were the most efficient, requiring examination of the least number of root collars for the same level of accuracy. The numbers of trees were determined that should be sampled to achieve required levels of precision for different intensities of infection. Incidence and severity of infection at age 6 years were found to be greater nearer to trees killed early in the rotation period, suggesting an alternative assessment approach. Computer-generated contour maps of the incidence of killed and living infected trees were used to demonstrate that field maps of the distribution of visible, low-intensity, pre-thinning mortality may have potential for identifying sites with greater overall stand infection. This method could simplify the operational evaluation of stand infection, but more field work is required to establish its feasibility</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>381</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">381</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, J. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownlie, R. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 5: Stand assessment using aerial photography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-147</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence of infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root pathogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A remote sensing method is being developed to improve the cost effectiveness of assessing incidence and distribution of Armillaria root disease in young Pinus radiata D. Don plantations. Two multiple-tree row transects comprising 673 trees were located in a 4-year-old plantation of P. radiata (average height 3.5m) and the health of the crown foliage on each tree was assessed according to a four-point colour classification. Root collars on all trees were examined for infection by Armillaria species as indicated by resinosis, and sometimes by characteristic mycelial fans, accompanied by rhizomorphs. The study trees were then located on high resolution, colour, stereo aerial photographs and the individual canopies were re-assessed using the same colour classification. A total of 199 trees were identified as infected or colonised by Armillaria species (30% of all study trees). Of these, 131 bore healthy green crowns (66%) and 43 had died before attaining a height of 2 m (22%), and so they were not reliably detectable as diseased in colour photographs because of their green crowns or small image size. Of the other 25 diseased trees (13% of all diseased trees) which were taller than 2 m when assessed and either dead or with discoloured crowns, 24 (96%) were correctly classified on the 1:3,000 photographs and 19 (76%) on the 1:6,000 photographs. Most dead trees ?2 m tall were easily recognised at both scales of photography. The aerial photographs therefore enabled an accurate estimate of the incidence and spatial distribution of dying trees taller than 2 m that had Armillaria root disease. If a relationship can be established between such trees and the incidence of infection in a total stand, remote sensing is likely to prove a practical tool for assessing Armillaria root disease in P. radiata plantations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>654</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">654</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand - 6: Growth loss</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-162</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria limonea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria novae-zelandiae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth loss</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root collar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria root disease is widespread in plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don in many parts of New Zealand. Data from research trials in three central North Island forests were used to estimate the impact of infection, as assessed by the extent of root collar girdling, on stand growth approximately halfway through the rotation period, assuming a causative relationship between infection severity and growth. Volume loss was determined as a little over 2% at age 13 years, in a second-rotation stand with ca. 20% of trees infected prior to thinning, on a site not previously covered in indigenous forest. This value was calculated from the average stem volume for each of four infection severity classes and the relative numbers of trees in each class. Indices to compensate for competition were included in the model, based on stem diameters and local stocking densities influencing the growth of each tree. Mortality was not a significant factor in this stand. By contrast, mortality induced by Armillaria root disease was typically high in first-rotation stands planted on ex-indigenous forest sites, causing gaps in stocking resulting in substantially greater volume loss. In one such stand a comparison of mid-rotation crop tree volumes with early mortality indicated that a crop volume reduction of 21% had occurred. An additional loss of 4% in this stand was attributable to growth reduction in infected but still living trees. Although comparatively low, growth loss in infected trees may have significant economic impact if the disease becomes generally dispersed in second-rotation plantations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>433</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">433</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marram grass (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ammophila arenaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and coastal sand stability in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-180</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammophila arenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marram grass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sand-binding plant Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, commonly known as marram grass, has many characteristics which contribute to its usefulness in the initial stages of stabilisation of coastal sand and account for its selection for this purpose in most temperate countries. Research and experience in New Zealand have demonstrated the success of revegetation programmes based on its use in a planned vegetation succession, culminating in the permanent stabilisation of extensive sand drifts. Except on the seaward face of the current foredune, native sand-binding plants grow less vigorously than A. arenaria. For sites behind the foredune crest, use of A. arenaria offers the most reliable basis for prevention and arrest of sand mobility and the commencement of an effective vegetation succession involving native or exotic plants. Where rabbits have been eliminated from these sites and some degree of sand stability can be established and maintained, native sand dune species would be an appropriate choice for revegetation programmes. Use of A. arenaria as a temporary nurse for other dune species is currently under investigation</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1033</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1033</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood content in planted and natural second-growth New Zealand kauri</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-194</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison of planted and natural second-growth stands of kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.) in the North Island of New Zealand identified stem diameter as the principal factor for predicting heartwood presence and quantity. Age was a secondary factor, with older smaller stems from natural stands having disproportionately more heartwood than would be predicted from their stem diameter. Heartwood was found in kauri with diameters as small as 10.3 cm in natural trees and 15.8 cm in planted trees, although it represented less than 4% of total stem volume, and it was present in all trees above 35 cm diameter at breast height (dbh). Usable quantities of heartwood did not appear until breast height diameters reached 60 cm when mean heartwood volumes exceeded 0.5 m3 in the bottom 6-m log. Kauri with diameters in excess of 90 cm are predicted to contain a minimum of 1.9 m3 of heartwood per tree in the bottom 6-m log. Diameter increments in the best-performing planted stands in this study suggested that an average diameter over bark of 90 cm would be achieved in 120-150 years. Maximum sapwood width occurred at 40-50 cm dbh for planted kauri and 80-90 cm dbh in natural stands, and stabilised at an average value of 13 cm. In this study sapwood width was less than 15 cm in 93.7% of the kauri. The results of this study will facilitate the prediction of heartwood quantity in planted or second-growth stands using easily obtained diameter over bark measurements</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rijske, W. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utility of &quot;A&quot; horizon soil characteristics to separate pedological groupings, and their influence with climatic and topographic variables on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> height growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-207</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A horizon soil features</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Database</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weather variables</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A database consisting of 299 Pinus radiata D. Don sample plot periodic growth data, soil measurements (mainly from the A horizon profile) gathered from within each plot, as well as relevant climatic data, was updated and revisited. The plots were in various forests in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils relevant to the plots were grouped according to the New Zealand Soils Classification from which 11 classes can be recognised. These classes were examined by a multivariate discrimination analysis utilising A horizon soil variables as predictors. The various classes separated into two major groupings, with virtually all the classes being correctly classified for at least 75% of the data. The major discriminators were silt and clay percentage, the depth of the A horizon, organic carbon (%), and total nitrogen (%). Phosphorus (Bray or Olsen), Bray-extractable cations (calcium, potassium, and magnesium), average resistance, and soil pH had no significant effect on the separation of the classes. These data were augmented by climatic data and attempts were made to build a predictive system for mean top height (average height of the 100 largest trees by diameter at breast height). At first, separate equations were assayed for each soil class, but insufficient replication for some soils necessitated a pooled model. A nonlinear equation was constructed that was largely unbiased over the soil classes with an approximate R2 value equal to 0.77. The residual root of the error mean square was around 3 m. The dominant predictor variables were the age of stand when sampled, depth of the A horizon, average wind velocity, mean annual rainfall, and altitude. The model should be used cautiously as it is very difficult to produce a predictive system of stand growth without partially confounding the effects of soils, location, and climate</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>928</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">928</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCracken, I. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand Rawhiti Orchard, Rangiora, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root-zone water storage and growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the presence of a broom understorey</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytisus scoparius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water balance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple water balance model was used to explain the difference in basal area growth over 3 years for 9- to 12-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don growing on a dryland site in the presence of a broom (Cytisus scoparius L.) understorey and where the understorey was removed. With an annual average rainfall of 600 mm, seasonal water deficits are characteristic of the well-drained, stony silt-loam soil. During the summer months, root-zone water content fell to approximately 90 mm, about 50% of the winter maximum. Modelled estimates of daily root-zone water storage in the two treatments were in close agreement with neutron probe measurements. Pinus radiata basal area increment over the experiment was approximately 9% higher in the treatment where the broom understorey was removed. Annual basal area increments for both treatments were highly correlated (r=0.97) with an annual integration of root-zone water deficits. The approach used in this study highlights the importance of root-zone water storage in regulating productivity at dry sites and confirms the success of water balance modelling to explain the impacts of understorey control on tree growth</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>130</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">130</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braun, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf spot diseases of eucalypts in New Zealand caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudocercospora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-234</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specimens of Pseudocercospora on eucalypt foliage collected over the past 22 years and held in the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Mycological Herbarium were examined. In addition to the previously recorded Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum, three new species of Pseudocercospora: P. acerosa sp. nov., P. crousii sp. nov., and P. pseudobasitruncata sp. nov. - have now been described. These descriptions can be used to identify the species found in New Zealand, and contribute to the worldwide key to Pseudocercospora spp. on eucalypts</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>560</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">560</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molony, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation among eucalypt species in early susceptibility to the leaf spot fungi </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeophleospora eucalypti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premature defoliation is common in young plantations of Eucalyptus nitens in parts of New Zealand where stands are infected by the leaf spot fungus Phaeophleospora eucalypti, often accompanied by infection by species of Mycosphaerella. Four young eucalypt species and provenance trials aged between 1 and 3 years were evaluated for infection and juvenile leaf retention, to help identify alternative species or provenances that might be a suitable substitute for new plantings on disease-prone sites. Families and provenances of E. nitens from states in Australia, i.e., in New South Wales were less infected by both fungi, and had better foliage retention, than those originating from Victoria. Variation was not apparent between provenances within each State, but there were significant differences between families within provenances. Although common on E. nitens, infection by P. eucalypti was found only at a very low incidence, or not at all, on other species tested from Section Maidenaria. However, infection by Mycosphaerella species and premature defoliation were both heavy on subspecies of E. globulus, particularly subspecies globulus, subspecies pseudoglobulus, and subspecies bicostata. Infection and defoliation by Mycosphaerella species were moderate on E. nitens, comparatively low on E. globulus ssp. maidenii, and very low on two seedlots of E. benthamii. There was significant variation between provenances within several E. globulus subspecies in infection by Mycosphaerella species and in foliage retention. Infection by Mycosphaerella species was inversely correlated with foliage retention for most eucalypt species and subspecies, as was that of P. eucalypti on E. nitens. Tolerance to frost injury, as measured by percentage shoot survival, was greatest in E. nitens and E. globulus ssp. maidenii, and least in E. globulus ssp. globulus. Final selections will depend on further evaluation of health, wood production, and pulping quality, as trees mature and produce only adult foliage later in the rotation. However, initial results based on health alone confirm that there is alternative material available for reducing disease levels in young pulpwood plantations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>989</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">989</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulloch, B. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance to age 22 years of 49 eucalypts in the Wairarapa district, New Zealand, and review of results from other trials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-278</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corymbia maculata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringybark</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trials of 49 eucalypt species were established in 1979 in the Wairarapa district at Kahuiti and Pakaraka, New Zealand, originally to test species for their potential to stabilize erodable land for pastoral use. Trials were planted in a randomized complete block design with five replications of four-tree row plots of each seedlot (paired rows of four trees of species with only a single seedlot). The species included Corymbia maculata [E. maculata], E. cladocalyx, four stringybarks (including E. muellerana and E. globoidea), nine ashes (including E. fastigata, E. regnans, and E. obliqua), seven peppermints, and 18 gums (including E. nitens). Because of heavy thinning at Pakaraka, the Kahuiti trial only was assessed at age 22 years on production forestry criteria: diameter at breast height (dbh), stem straightness, malformation, crown health, and number of potential 5-m sawlogs per tree. The 12 best-grown species for mean tree dbh at Kahuiti, were ranked: E. globoidea, E. muellerana (stringybarks), E. obliqua, E. fraxinoides, E. regnans (ashes), E. cordata (gum), E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. sieberi (ashes), E. cinerea, E. kartzoffiana, and E. nitens (gums). The ashes, with addition of E. nitens, showed a combination of best diameter growth (apart from the two stringybarks), straightest stems, least malformation, good crown health, and largest number of sawlogs per tree of all groups. The peppermints were generally slower-growing and more sinuous than the ashes. Some of the gums grew well and most survived better on this adverse, eroded site than the other groups. Superiority of E. fastigata and E. obliqua was confirmed by other trials in Hawke&apos;s Bay and the Wairarapa region. The apparent good growth and health of E. globoidea and E. muellerana in the Wairarapa district, also reported in trials in Northland, hint at the potential of these known good sawtimber species</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>693</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">693</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, K. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practicality of 3P sampling with accurate dendrometry for the pre-harvest inventory of plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confidence intervals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dendrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARVL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-harvest inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional sampling schemes using bounded or point plots in a woodlot or stand of small area require a high proportion of the trees to be measured when recoverable (merchantable) volume is being estimated to the degree of precision normally required. Where the cost is high relative to the value of the woodlot, too few plots may be established to obtain useful confidence intervals and the trees within the plots themselves may be assessed too quickly for the predictions to be accurate. Individual tree sampling is often preferred over plot-based schema. PhotoMARVL, a method based on photographic image analysis of the stem, was developed to improve the accuracy of measurement over existing visual systems, but significantly adds to the cost of conventional pre-harvest inventory. Sampling with probability proportional to prediction (3P sampling) can efficiently utilize a more accurate though more costly measurement method such as PhotoMARVL. Additionally, it is useful where the stocked area of a woodlot is uncertain, as all the trees are visited and counted. In this study, 3P sampling was evaluated using pre-harvest inventory data of rotation-age Pinus radiata in New Zealand to test under what circumstances this system could be cost effective. Where individual trees were visually assessed for diameter at breast height 1.4 m to obtain a quick estimate of recoverable volume and a subsample was more accurately measured for product volumes using the conventional MARVL cruising technique, 3P sampling was the most cost-effective technique for woodlots of 5 ha or less. In less than a day, a two-person crew could estimate the potential recoverable volume by broad log-product classes to within 10% of the mean. As the variability of a stand increased, or as the requirements for precision increased, the size of the area below which 3P sampling was competitive increased to between 20 and 40 ha. The coefficient of variation of the ratio of the quickly estimated volume to the MARVL measured recoverable volume is likely to be between 15 and 20%, across all tree sizes, independent of the variability of tree size. Utilizing PhotoMARVL on a small subsample of trees within the woodlot would improve the accuracy of any value estimate and add the cost of approximately 4 person-hours. For larger areas, Point-3P sampling could be applied, but the combination with PhotoMARVL would increase costs by 60-70% over conventional double sampling with MARVL alone</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1233</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1233</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, X.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College of Forest Rsrc./Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot and root pruning and exposure treatments affect root growth potential of Chinese fir and Masson pine bare-root seedlings after lifting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-308</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia lanceolata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus massoniana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling desiccation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedling morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot pruning, root trimming, and exposure to sunny field conditions reduced root growth potential (RGP) of 1-0 Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook) and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) seedlings. The total number of new roots(TNR) and number of new roots greater than 1 cm (TNR &gt; 1 cm) of Masson pine decreased by 53% and 56% respectively after removal of half the foliage and decreased by 70% and 82% respectively after pruning of all the foliage; both the TNR and TNR &gt; 1 cm of Chinese fir decreased by 11% after pruning of half the foliage and 19% and 45% respectively after pruning of all the foliage. The TNR and TNR &gt; 1 cm of Chinese fir decreased by 29% and 33% respectively after trimming of 40% of the lateral roots; those of Masson pine decreased by 69% and 78% respectively. RGP of both Chinese fir and Masson pine seedlings decreased rapidly after total exposure to only a few hours of bright sun. After the seedlings were exposed for more than 2 hours, the TNR of Chinese fir fell below 10. The TNR of Masson pine appeared to be less susceptible to exposure and TNR dropped below 20 after 4 h</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>239</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">239</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cominetti, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padilla, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Mart</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ín, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depto. Ingenieria/Ctr. Model. Mate., Universidad de Chile, Casilla 170-3, Santiago, Chile</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field methodology for reconstruction of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> log</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-321</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-D graphical reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-sectional analyis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have devised a new field methodology to collect log data necessary to develop a graphical system for 3-D spatial reconstruction of the internal and external shape of the log, based on stem and cross-sectional analysis. The methodology provides a detailed internal and external description of the stem, including the full growth history of the tree as recorded in the rings. The technique may be used to analyse both straight and swept logs, and is specially suited for studying the evolution of stem sweep when a tree has lost its verticality, due to environmental factors such as snow and wind, or through destruction of the leader. We have developed the software required to process the data and to reconstruct the development inside the tree</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1100</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trincado, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiviste, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">von Gadow, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute for Forest Management, Austral University, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile Estonian Agricultural University, Department of Forest Management, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu EE-2400, Estonia Institute for Forest Management, Georg-August-Univ. Go?ttingen, Bu?gsgenweg 5, Go?ttingen 37077, Germany</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary site index models for native roble (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus obliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) and raul</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">í</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. alpina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in Chile</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">322-333</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Difference equation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Difference equation method</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphic curves</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Few growth models have been published relating to native tree species in Chile. The objective of this study was to develop site index curves for two of the most valuable native species in Chile - Roble (Nothofagus obliqua (Moerb.) Oerst.) and Rauli? (Nothofagus alpina Oerst. et Endl.). The study was based on stem analysis data. The method used for the reconstruction of each stem profile corresponded to one proposed previously. Site index models were generated using the difference equation method. The resulting site index systems revealed different growth patterns for both species. Among the two light-demanding species, Rauli? is characterised by better initial growth</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>771</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">771</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penellum, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. maidenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Northland, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">334-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.Globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.maidenii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus maidenii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In species trials of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, E. globulus Labill, and E. maidenii Labill aged 8 years and 11 years, 10 trees of each species/age were selected to compare wood properties and some lumber properties, ancillary to a previously-reported kraft pulping study. The trees were selected across the range of wood density for destructive sampling to approximate the species mean. Wood properties were measured on breast-height increment cores, on discs removed at 5-m intervals, and on a billet from height 5-6 m, and clearwood mechanical properties were measured from six test sticks/tree, cut from the billet. Eucalyptus maidenii and E. globulus had much higher density than E. nitens. Whole-tree densities averaged, respectively, 574, 540, and 451 kg/m3. There was no pith-to-bark gradient in density in the 6-m-height discs of E. nitens, but E. globulus and E. maidenii showed appreciable commensurate increases in density. In E. nitents, density decreased initially from the base to a height of 6 m, then increased rapidly upwards. Density increased steadily from the base in E. globulus, but decreased in E. maidenii. Bark was thickest in E. maidenii, especially at the tree base, and E. nitens had a higher proportion of heartwood than the other species. Tangential shrinkage, measured in the 6-m disc, was 17% for E. nitens, 12% for E. globulus, and 10% for E. maidenii. Tangential and radial collapse, measured as the reduction in shrinkage by steam reconditioning, was much higher in E. nitens than in E. globulus, which in turn was higher than in E. maidenii. Internal checking (assessed on the 6-m disc) was general and often severe in E. nitens, very occasional in E. globulus, and completely absent in E. maidenii. Average spiral grain angles for all species were less than 2.5Ý, and unlikely to cause drying distortion. Mechanical properties of the three species paralleled their wood densities. MoE values (GPa) for the outer rings 7 to 9 at height 5-6 m averaged 14.4 for E. maidenii, 13.7 for E. globulus, and 9.6 for E. nitens (at about 14% mc). Corresponding MoR values were 131, 122, and 88 MPa. The continued good growth and health of E. maidenii in Northland, combined with its lack of checking, low spiral grain angle,low shrinkage, low collapse, and excellent strength and stiffness, indicate its promise for solid wood products. However, growth-stress-related characteristics in sawn timber, and drying distortion remain to be evaluated</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>988</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">988</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholas, I. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lausberg, M. J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density and internal checking of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand as affected by site and height up the tree</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-385</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood drying</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole-tree basic density and internal checking were assessed in Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden at six New Zealand sites, four in the North Island and two in the South Island, by sampling 15 trees/site, each involving one seedlot of Victorian provenance at a stocking of 1111 stems/ha. Sites ranged in altitude from 40 to 540 m and in latitude from 35Ý52?S (Dargaville) to 45Ý55?S (Drumfern). Site mean whole-tree density ranged from 428 kg/m3 at Raweka (Whakatane) to 476 kg/m3 at Mangakahia (Dargaville). Density at Kinleith, Wainui (both central North Island), and Millers Flat and Drumfern (southern South Island) varied little, from 445 kg/m3 to 459 kg/m3. From these and previous results, there was some indication that very high rainfall and high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium led to extremely low wood density. Whole-tree density increases with age and, after an initial decrease in the lower bole, increases with height up the stem by 50 kg/m3 and more as age increases, resulting in lower density in the butt log than in upper logs. Internal checking, assessed in one breast-height disc per tree, was prevalent at all sites, especially in outer heartwood in both slowly kiln-dried and air-dried samples. More checks were found in air-dried discs than in kiln-dried. Many more checks were found at the North Island sites Mangakahia, Raweka, and Kinleith than at the high-altitude central plateau site Wainui or the South Island sites. Higher numbers of checked rings and total checks were associated with higher mean annual temperatures, short green crowns, and poor crown health. Far fewer checks were found at cooler sites where trees had much better crown health and longer green crowns. Checking data were reanalysed from an earlier study of twenty 15-year-old trees from Kaingaroa Forest (altitude 230 m) from four kiln-dried discs per tree at heights of 0, 1.4, 6.4, and 11.4 m, and from a 1-m air-dried diametral board sawn from the base of each tree. Numbers of checks varied enormously among trees and fell to zero above height 11.4 m. Numbers of checks in the board cross-section correlated moderately with those in the breast-height disc. It is considered that excessive checking in E. nitens may seriously reduce its potential for utilisation for appearance-grade lumber, particularly on warmer New Zealand sites where crown health is poor</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1114</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1114</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uprichard, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulping and papermaking properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix sibirica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pulpwood samples and comparison with those of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386-394</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larix sibirica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papermaking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulping properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larix sibirica Ledeb. (Siberian larch) pulplogs were assessed for their approximate age, and their methanol and aqueous extractives content. Kraft pulping properties were assessed using whole-log and slabwood chip samples. The slabwood chips gave pulp in somewhat higher yield than pulp from whole-log material, but the papermaking properties of their pulps were generally similar. The L. sibirica samples examined had rather low density for the species, and their papermaking properties reflected this. Kraft pulps were obtained from the L. sibirica samples in about 2% lower yield than from Pinus radiata D. Don, and had papermaking properties similar to those of P. radiata corewood (top log) pulps. They would be suitable for packaging rather than printing grades</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1334</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1334</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W.R.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Rogers, D.L. 2002: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">In situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> genetic conservation of Monterey pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don): Information and recommendations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-396</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1335</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1335</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madgwick, H. A. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Richardson, J. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Eds) 2001: Bioenergy from sustainable forestry: guiding principles and practice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">397-398</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NA</style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1034</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1034</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winstanley, W. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 168 Newlands Rd., Newlands, Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Two records of kauri regeneration from trees planted south of the species&apos; natural range</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D. Don) Lindl. (kauri) seedlings considered to originate from planted trees have been found in New Plymouth (latitude 39</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">°</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05&apos;S) and in Wellington (latitude 41</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="9">°</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16&apos;S). These sites are 120 and 365 km south of the area reported to be the natural range of the species in New Zealand. This is the first record of persistent reproduction of kauri from trees planted outside the currently accepted natural range.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>619</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">619</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnston, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortiz-Garc</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ía, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gernandt, D. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologi?a, Univercidad Nac. Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-275, Me?xico, DF 04510, Mexico Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Univ. Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Plaza Jua?rez A.P. 1-69, Pachuca, Hildago 42001, Mexico</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying pine-inhabiting </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species using PCR-RFLP</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elytroderma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium conigenum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium molitoris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium pinastri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium seditiosum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhytismataceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lophodermium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are reported from pine in New Zealand-the previously recorded </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. conigenum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Brunaud) Hilitzer and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. pinastri </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Schrad.) Chevall., and the newly reported </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. molitoris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Minter. All are saprobes with an initial endophytic phase. The North American species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. seditiosum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Minter, Staley &amp; Millar is considered a potential threat to New Zealand&apos;s plantation forests. Because these fungi are difficult to distinguish morphologically, a simple molecular method was developed to distinguish the four species. After PCR amplification, the ITS* region is digested using HaeIII and HpaII in a single reaction, resulting in unique RFLP banding patterns for each of the species treated. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences revealed two genetically distinct groups within L. pinastri, one North American and one European. All the New Zealand isolates of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">L. pinastri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> tested were identical to the North American group. Further development of the method described here, so that fungal DNA is targeted directly from infected plant tissue, will provide an effective quarantine tool for New Zealand&apos;s forestry industry.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1093</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1093</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Importance of maintaning defect cores</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect core</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter over stubs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning increases value by encouraging clearwood growth. If pruning is delayed the defect core (DC) expands and clearwood conversion reduces. The objective of this study was to examine defect cores within Pinus radiata D. Don stems to determine how well they had been maintained through multiple pruning lifts. Analysis of 4526 currently standing trees suggests that one-fifth of future crop may have defect cores extending 4 cm or more beyond that initially targeted. Furthermore, results indicate that each 1 cm increase in defect core causes an estimated conversion loss of 2.5%, equivalent to a loss in value of $ 10/m3 sawn (ex-mill). For a direct regime on fertile sites, the cost of the expanded defect core is estimated at $880/ha. Bucking may offer the possibility of recovering some lost value. The importance and magnitude of defect cores are further emphasised Through identification of threshold levels of small-end diameter required to obtain clearwood conversions at a given level. This provides a foundation upon which new log grades can be developed</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>579</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">579</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsu, L. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chauhan, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindstr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity of stemwood </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">vs</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> branchwood in 7-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> families</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-46</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thirty-six 7-year-old trees representing three families of Pinus radiata D.Don were selected within a replicated block family trial. Stem bolts were taken from three stem positions up each tree - at approximately 1.4 m, and at 50% and 80% of total tree height. The three largest branches in the whorl immediately above each sampled stem bolt were sampled and analysed using the first three branch internode segments, both individually and collectively. A resonance-based system was used to measure dynamic modulus of elasticity (MoE) of branchwood and stemwood green and at 12% moisture content (m.c.). The volume-weighted stem modulus of elasticity and the stem bolt modulus of elasticity at 1.4 m were highly correlated (r = 0.95). Individual branch segments cut from the largest-diameter branch in the whorl immediately above the lowest stem bolt position showed highest correlation with stem modulus of elasticity. Utilising a set of branch segment criteria, the best linear model of stem bolt modulus of elasticity at 12% m.c. ranged between R2 Adj = 0.51 and 0.62, with a residual mean square error (RMSE) varying between 0.36 and 0.42 GPa</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fife, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Vic. 3169, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Airport Road, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interrelationships between shrinkage properties, microfibril angle, and cellulose crystallite width in 10-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crystallite width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SilviScan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage properties, density, and moisture content of 59 trees from three provenances of 10-year-old plantation Eucalyptus globulus Labill. grown at two separate sites in the Mt Gambier region, South Australia, were determined from wood specimens of 20 × 20 × 90 mm. Microfibril angle (MFA) and cellulose crystallite width (Wcryst), typical routine measurements from SilviScan, were determined from strip specimens that were end-matched with the wood block specimens. Simple and multiple relationships between these properties were examined. The potential of using the SilviScan measurements to predict various shrinkage properties, in particular tangential collapse, was investigated. It was found that several shrinkage properties were significantly correlated with microfibril angle and Wcryst. However, microfibril angle had a direct effect (negative) only on tangential shrinkage and cross-sectional shrinkage, and Wcryst had a direct effect (positive) only on radial collapse. Density, microfibril angle, and Wcryst, either singly or collectively, accounted for a small to modest amount of variation in shrinkage and collapse in both the radial and tangential directions. Total tangential shrinkage was found to be the best single predictor for tangential collapse (r2 = 0.896) and for total cross-sectional shrinkage (r2 = 0.924). These strong relationships held for individual measurements as well as for tree means, and were not affected by positions along the radius</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>769</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">769</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Processing young plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for solid-wood products - 1: Individual-tree variation in quality and recovery of appearance-grade lumber and veneer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laminated veneer lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A New Zealand stand of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden was pruned up to height 8 m and grown for 15 years at low stocking to 57 cm diameter at breast height. This stand provided 15 trees, preselected for a range of wood density. Lumber and veneer were cut from the 5-m butt logs, veneer was peeled from the second logs from height 7 to 13 m, and each tree was evaluated for production of appearance-grade lumber and rotary-peeled veneer. Butt-log quality was good as pruning had effectively restricted the knotty core, and there was little decay from branches in either butt logs or veneer billets. Longitudinal growth stresses varied widely among trees, resulting in log endsplitting and sawlog flitch movement during sawing (spring), which led to crook in sawn timber, substantially reducing timber conversion in some trees. Collapse and internal checking were prevalent in air-dried lumber, and numbers of checks varied widely among trees. Face-checking was found in boards from all trees after kiln-drying and reconditioning, and even those with very few face checks had internal checks. Veneer thickness varied unacceptably, caused probably by incorrect knife-and pressure-bar settings. Veneer splitting also varied among trees, and was worse in butt-log than in second-log veneers. Unsatisfactory pre-heating of billets before peeling may have exacerbated splitting. Knots severely downgraded structural plywood veneer grades, &lt;8% of sheets from the second logs being acceptable compared with 87% of sheets from the pruned butt logs. Stiffness of veneer sheets was successfully measured using a sonic device (Pundit?) to sort veneers for manufacture of laminated veneer lumber</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>768</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">768</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton, R. A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Processing young plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for solid-wood products - 2: Predicting product quality from tree, increment core, disc, and 1-M billet properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimension</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimensions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal growth strain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SilviScan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butt logs of 15 trees of Eucalyptus nitens (Dean et Maiden) Maiden, aged 15 years, diameter at breast height 55 cm, were cut into appearance-grade lumber and rotary-peeled and sliced veneer, and the second logs into rotary-peeled veneer. A 1-m billet was removed from between butt and second logs of each tree, as well as discs at successive heights. In addition, breast-height increment cores and breast-height measurements of longitudinal growth strain served to characterise the wood properties and processing, product, and clearwood mechanical properties of each tree. Fibre dimensions, density, and microfibril angle were measured by SilviScan on a sample from height 6 m. Boards were quarter-sawn from the 1-m billet and air- and dehumidifier-dried, and internal checking and shrinkage were measured on these boards and on discs from height 6 m. &quot;Sawability&quot; variables of the butt log (viz log-end splits, flitch movement off the saw, timber crook, and timber conversion percentage) showed strong intercorrelations with one another and with longitudinal growth strain, measured at breast height on the standing tree. Amounts of internal checking and collapse in the air-and then kiln-dried butt-log boards were strongly correlated with checking measured on discs and on the billet boards. Shrinkage of the 1-m boards and of blocks from the 6-m-height disc was correlated moderately with collapse and checking in the butt-log boards. Clearwood modulus of elasticity, measured on eight test sticks cut from the billet from height 6-7 m, showed a strong increasing gradient from pith to bark as well as wide variation among trees. Density showed only a small pith to bark increase, while microfibril angle showed a rapid decrease from the pith over the first seven rings. Clearwood modulus of elasticity was moderately correlated with modulus of elasticity of veneer sheets, measured sonically. Tree-mean clearwood modulus of elasticity was strongly correlated with the density/microfibril angle ratio, as was modulus of elasticity of individual test sticks. Trees varied strongly in product characteristics and wood properties, and there were strong correlations (a) between breast-height growth strain and sawability characteristics, and (b) between checking and collapse in butt-log boards and tangential shrinkage and checking measured on discs. This indicated possibilities for genetic selection against growth-stress-related sawing problems and internal checking on drying, the two main deficiencies of E. nitens for appearance lumber. Good correlations of appearance-lumber and veneer properties with similar traits measured on the standing tree or from cores, discs, and a 1-m billet, indicated that effective evaluation of species, provenances, and individual trees is possible without recourse to full-scale sawing studies</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>442</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">442</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaunt, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penellum, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> laminated veneer lumber structural properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-125</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laminated veneer lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength and stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer peeled from Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden unpruned second logs was segregated into three stiffness classes using an acoustic test. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) was manufactured using sheets from each stiffness class tested. Strength tests showed that the sheets were successfully segregated by the acoustic stiffness test. The E. nitens LVL had strength and stiffness properties which were higher than those of LVL made from New Zealand-grown Pinus radiata D.Don veneer</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1028</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1028</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanderschaaf, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry/Wildlife Sciences, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Stn., Auburn University, Alabama, 36849-5418, United States Department of Forest Science, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-2135, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Number of trees per experimental unit is important when comparing transplant stress index values</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental design</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plot size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplant shock</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability to detect statistically significant treatment differences is dependent on the number of experimental units, the alpha level, and the coefficient of variation for the response variable. Some response variables are inherently more variable than others. As variability increases, a greater number of trees per experimental unit or a greater number of experimental units is required if researchers want to avoid making a Type II error (i.e., accepting a false null hypothesis). In this study (containing 20 experimental units), a significant (? = 0.05) treatment effect was obtained for an 8-cm difference in height growth using only 10 Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings per experimental unit. However, when Transplant Stress Index (TSI) means were being analysed, 120 seedlings per experimental unit were required before a difference (of 0.25) was declared significant. Because TSI values are inherently more variable than height growth data, the Type II error rate for TSI in some studies may be higher than the error rate for height growth when plots contain less than 100 pine seedlings per experimental unit (when studies contain 20 experimental units or less)</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dibley, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery systems to control maturation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cuttings, comparing hedging and serial propagation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-155</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery stool-beds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serial propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry with Pinus radiata D.Don hasbeen hampered by maturation (also termed physiological ageing) of clones during the clonal testing phase. In 1988, a long-term nursery trial was initiated to find the best treatment for delaying maturation in rooted cuttings. Clonal hedges were established, hedged annually, and subjected to five different cycles of serial propagation. Physiological age was estimated in the nursery using morphological markers. After 10 years, significant differences were observed between treatments, with the hedged treatment (no repropagation) recording the lowest physiological age of 2.24 years compared with 2.61 years for the treatment with the most frequent serial propagation. In contrast, results from a later assessment of the nursery hedges, and from a field planting of rooted cuttings harvestcd from the same hedges, yielded no statistically significant treatment effects, though significant differences were observed between families and between clones for physiological age, diameter at breast height (dbh), and height. There are some positive aspects of maturation, and this research demonstrated that nursery stool-beds can be managed using hedging to control maturation, keeping physiological age at optimal levels. Despite later non-significant results in physiological age for the different nursery treatments, a trend was still apparent and, therefore, hedging with minimal serial propagation of hedges is advised. There is a conflict between Australasian and North American researchers in terminology regarding &quot;physiological age&quot;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management for clonal forestry with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - analysis and review - 1: Strategic issues and risk spread</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-180</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry has great potential advantages for increased genetic gains and crop uniformity. However, it has inherent risks, which must be managed appropriately. Those considered important to Pinus radiata D.Don clonal forestry include risks stemming from reduced genetic diversity through large-scale clonal propagation, and risks stemming from technical and logistical difficulties of clonal propagation and storage, and the evaluation of clonal material. The first category of risks is addressed in this paper; the second category, plus climatic risks, is addressed in the accompanying paper. The widely publicised risks of clonal forestry arise from the genetic uniformity of monoclonal crops and, on a broader scale, from potential restriction in total genetic diversity over clonal plantings. Both these factors are conducive to crop vulnerability to new and serious diseases, a prime hazard for P. radiata in New Zealand. The disease hazard, along with market risks, can be addressed by risk spread in numbers and genetic diversity of clones. This diversity can be achieved by either clonal mixtures or monoclonal mosaics, and must be addressed across landscapes and across age-classes. There are various approaches to quantitative modelling of the risks, to help devise risk-management strategies. Crop failure can be addressed in terms of probabilities. A generalised approach addresses probability distributions for adverse outcomes of varying severity. Less elaborate approaches involve standard errors (which can be applied to clonal under-performance), or the probability of any one clone failing disastrously. Ulterior risks of clonal forestry involve management of the genetic diversity that is needed for long-term breeding, as distinct from safe deployment of current crops. No restrictive regulations exist in New Zealand concerning use of clones, unlike the situation in various European countries, nor is there a local code of practice. Such a code may not only be prudent business, but may also maintain public confidence and forestall restrictive regulations</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aimers-Halliday, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management for clonal forestry with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - analysis and review - 2: Technical and logistical problems and countermeasures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-204</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal tests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epigenetic effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype-environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooted cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risks, other than those associated with genetic uniformity and reduced genetic diversity, in implementing clonal forestry with Pinus radiata D.Don are often relatively predictable. They include technical and logistical difficulties in large-scale clonal propagation and clonal storage, and difficulties in accurate evaluation of clones. These problems not only impede capture of genetic gain, but they can also compromise the genetic diversity of deployed clonal material. Clones can be lost through failure in propagation and clonal storage systems. Such failure can occur early on, or it can occur through maturation in clonal storage during the clonal testing phase. As well as outright failure of clonal genotypes in clonal propagation and storage systems, general decline in clonal performance and unwanted intra-clonal variability can cause problems. The latter problem, which includes epigenetic effects and possible somaclonal variation, is sparsely reported but very insidious. Careful management of clonal material in large-scale propagation is therefore crucial, control of maturation being a key factor. Clonal testing, though costly, is important not only for testing the performance of individual genotypes, but also for testing clonal uniformity and the quality of clonal planting stock. Clonal testing can be complicated by genotype-environment interaction, and lack of clonal uniformity due to epigenetic effects, with imprecise evaluations compromising genetic gains. These risks can be minimised by fully researched and carefully managed propagation and clonal maintenance systems, together with stringent field testing</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">97</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early performance of planted totara in comparison with other indigenous conifers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The early performance of a selection of establishment trials and general plantings of totara (Podocarpus totara D. Don) and the other major indigenous conifer tree species of New Zealand has been assessed. Only the first 50 years of performance data were considered and these included single and mixed conifer plantings established throughout New Zealand by a range of agencies and individuals on a variety of sites. Examination of a wide range of planted stands of indigenous conifers indicates that totara is the most tolerant of dry exposed sites. It is also the most light- demanding. Despite the large variation in sites and management histories, planted totara consistently grows best on open fertile sites. Average survival of totara is 60%, with a mean annual diameter increment of 6 mm and mean annual height increment of 26 cm, similar to that of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb.) and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich.) de Laub.) over the first 50 years of growth. More successful plantations indicate that growth can be significantly greater with a mean annual diameter increment of 10 mm for totara, similar to that of kahikatea and kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.), and a mean annual height increment of up to 55 cm</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>797</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">797</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loganathan, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olykan, S. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil and Earth Sciences, Institute of Natural Resources, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Inst., P. O. Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium and potassium fertiliser effects on foliar magnesium and potassium concentrations and upper mid-crown yellowing in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar potassium/magnesium ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaingaroa Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kieserite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium sulphate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil potassium/magnesium ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper mid-crown yellowing (UMCY) is a disorder in Pinus radiata D.Don caused mainly by a high potassium/magnesium (K/Mg) ratio in the soil exchange complex and in the tree needles. To study the effects of a range of soil exchangeable K/Mg ratios on potassium and magnesium uptake and UMCY in P. radiata, a trial was established in September 1996 on a Pumice Soil in northern Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand in a second-rotation stand of 20-year-old P. radiata. The trial tested the effects of magnesium applied as kieserite at 200 kg Mg/ha and potassium applied as potassium sulphate at 200 and 400 kg K/ha on soil-exchangeable and soil-solution magnesium and potassium, on free needle magnesium and potassium, and on severity of UMCY. The applications of magnesium and the two rates of potassium significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased soil-exchangeable and soil-solution magnesium and potassium concentrations respectively in the top 10 cm soil depth during the first 2 years of the trial (1997 and 1998). Magnesium application significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the soil-exchangeable K/Mg ratio from 0.7-1.3 (control treatment) to 0.2-0.3, whereas the low and high rates of potassium application significantly increased this ratio to 0.8-1.7 and 1.3-2.5 respectively in the 2 years. The magnesium fertiliser application significantly (p&lt;0.1) increased tree foliage magnesium concentration in 1999, but had no effect on foliage K/Mg ratios in any of the 4 years of sampling (1997, 1998, 1999, and 2002). Potassium fertiliser at the high rate significantly (p&lt;0.1) increased the foliar potassium concentration in 1998 and 2002. Neither magnesium nor potassium fertiliser application had any effect on the change in foliar magnesium, potassium, or K/Mg ratio between 1997 and any of the other years sampled. Individual tree UMCY values ranged from 1 to 6 in a system of increasing severity from 1 to 8. Magnesium fertiliser significantly (p=0.074) reduced UMCY values (assessed in 1997 and 2001) in the 2001 scoring. Similarly, the UMCY value significantly (p=0.055) decreased from 1997 to 2001 for the magnesium fertiliser treatment compared to the control treatment and high potassium rate treatment. Potassium fertiliser application had a significant effect neither on UMCY values nor on changes in UMCY values between 1997 and 2001. The severity of UMCY was not related to the soil-exchangeable K/Mg ratio in spite of the widely different soil-exchangeable K/Mg ratios (0.3 to 2.0 in the 0-10 cm soil depth) produced by the fertilisers. Nor was it related to the foliar K/Mg ratio. The reasons for this could be that the site was not high risk for UMCY during the trial period, the trees were possibly taking significant amounts of potassium and/or magnesium from deeper layers of soil which were probably not strongly influenced by the fertiliser, the amounts of potassium applied were not excessive, and/or the impact of the fertilisers was relatively short-term</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">98</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield of totara in planted stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height/age curves</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stands of totara (Podocarpus totara D. Don) have been established in many regions for a variety of reasons including the long-term option of harvesting high-value specialty timber. Thirteen stands of planted totara ranging in age from 10 to 94 years were assessed for performance, and a crude model was developed using eight stands to give an indication of the potential yield. Most were small woodlots that had received little or no after-planting care and two had been planted as shelterbelts. Stands were assessed in the mid-1980s and again 10-12 years later for both height and diameter growth. There was a large variation in growth between individual stands. This reflected major differences in site and climate, stand density, and management history. Height/age curves were developed based on mean heights of stands, and diameter/age curves were constructed using mean stem diameters supplemented where possible with incremental diameters derived from core measurements. Basal area/age and volume/age curves were derived from the height/age and diameter/age curves. Predictions of stand growth for totara based on stands with densities around 1000 stems/ha indicated average height would be 15 m and diameter &gt; 30 cm at age 60 years. Initially, growth in basal area and volume is slow but this begins to increase from about 20 years. Estimated stand volume was 470 m3/ha at 60 years, reaching 800 m3/ha at 80 years. Stand density not only influenced diameter growth but also had an effect on stem form of trees</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>415</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">415</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobbie, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 4</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-272</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The five fungi recorded in this paper have not been previously described from New Zealand. The fungi are: Corticolous Ascomycota: Nectria fuckeliana C.Booth on Pinus radiata D.Don. Caulicolous Ascomycota: Ophiovalsa betulae (L.Tulasne and C.Tulasne) Petrak on Betula pendula Roth. Caulicolous anamorphic fungi: Coryneum betulinum Schulzer on Betula pendula; Fusarium merismoides Corda on Acmena smithii (Poiret) Merrill and Perry, Corokia cotoneaster Raoul, Cotoneaster sp., Hoheria sp., Paulownia tomentosa (Thunberg) Steudel, Podocarpus totara Bennett ex D.Don, Prumnopitys ferruginea (Bennett ex D.Don) de Laubenfels, Sorbus aucuparia Linnaeus. Foliicolous anamorphic fungi: Leptomelanconium australiense B.Sutton on Eucalyptus ficifolia F.J.Mueller</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1002</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1002</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, C. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron deficiency and tracheid properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-280</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earlywood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of boron (B) nutrition on some wood properties of Pinus radiata D.Don was assessed on 8-year-old trees from a boron fertiliser study at Ashley Forest. Wood samples were taken at breast height (1.4 m). There were significant differences between samples from control trees and those treated with boron fertiliser, with regard to lumen diameter and cell wall thickness. However, differences in tracheid length were only marginal. Cell wall thickness in the samples from boron-treated trees was greater by 35% in carlywood and 25% in latewood. Cell lumen diameter was greater by 29% in earlywood and 46% in latewood. From these results it was evident that application of boron fertiliser produced an increase in both tracheid cross-sectional area and wall thickness. Furthermore, during microtomy the sections from the control samples tended to check radially, indicating possible differences between control and boron-treated trees in the microstructure and composition of wood cell walls. The staining of control sections with toluidine blue and phloroglucinol was consistently less intense than in the sections from boron-treated trees, and the differences in the staining intensity observed were pronounced enough to suggest that boron may have an effect on the lignification of wood cell walls</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>814</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">814</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conradie, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, Peavy 215, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market complexity and its effect on variables that gauge the economics of harvesting production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sorting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of market complexity in North America and New Zealand was evaluated for five species/market combinations. The number of log-sorts was used as the surrogate for market complexity as the trend in the industry is to increase the number of log-sorts to obtain maximum value by producing products that meet the very explicit specifications set by log buyers. The results of our study suggest that theoretical value-recovery increases sharply as a few log-sorts are added but then flattens out as the total number of log-sorts increases above five. The effect of the number of log-sorts on piece size and number of pieces handled, variables known to affect production and costs, was inconsistent between species/market combinations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>327</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">327</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, N. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Carson Associates, 34 Parawai Rd, Ngongataha, New Zealand Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential and niches for inter-specific hybrids with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-318</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusarium circinatum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inter-specific hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitch canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In New Zealand there are currently 1.59 million hectares of plantation Pinus radiata D.Don. Further expansion of the plantation resource in this country may have to occur outside the most suitable growing regions, while some existing plantation areas may undergo significant climatic changes. Therefore, species alternatives that have additional climatic and site tolerances need to be found. In addition, although P. radiata is fairly versatile, its intrinsic wood quality clearly limits product quality. Inter-specific hybrid combinations might provide a wider range of opportunities for wood quality improvement and disease resistance. This could be particularly important for biotic threats such as pitch canker (Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg &amp; O&apos;Donnell). Some hybrids have already been produced and, even though these inter-specific crosses have shown lower viability and in some cases lower post-germination viability than intra-specific crosses, the benefits from introducing new attributes or increasing the range of attributes could still be worth pursuing. However, hybrids also have higher developmental costs in crossing and propagation such that greater complexity in breeding strategy may be required than with their pure-species counterparts. Therefore, pine hybrids in New Zealand need to be targeted to specific outcomes of high value. These priorities are most likely climatic (site- and climate-change related), biotic (extending the current plantation area into drought-, frost-, and snow-prone environments), and risk mitigation against the accidental introduction of biotic threats</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>933</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">933</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest pathology papers presented at the 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology, 2-7 February, 2003, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319-320</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dwarf mistletoe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella leaf disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood import</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>695</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">695</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, S. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur 52109, Malaysia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pathology of tropical hardwood plantations in south-east Asia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-335</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia mangium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus deglupta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pellita</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus tereticornis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus urophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gmelina arborea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heart rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hevea brasiliensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paraserianthes falcataria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem and foliage disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tectona grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical plantation forests</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia mangium Willd., Eucalyptus spp., Tectona grandis L.f. (teak), Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss.) Mu?ll. Arg. (rubber), Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C.Nielsen, and Gmelina arborea Roxb. (yemane) are the main tropical hardwood plantation species in South-east Asia. The occurrence of heart rot in acacias has received widespread attention but root rot is the most damaging disease of acacia plantations. Eucalypts face a different disease threat where outbreaks of leaf and shoot blights are most destructive. Teak, on the other hand, faces few disease threats although it has many insect pests. Since the 1980s, rubber has gained popularity as a source of timber (rubberwood or heveawood) and timber clones have recently been developed. The pathology of rubber is well understood and documented but the disease susceptibility of the new timber clones is currently unknown. In P. falcataria plantations gall rust appears to be an emerging threat. Yemane plantations in some parts of the world have failed due to disease problems, but no serious diseases threaten the South-east Asian plantations at present. Small plantations of other exotic and indigenous hardwood species have also been established throughout South-east Asia. Overall, comprehensive information on the pathology of many of the hardwood plantation species that have been planted in South-east Asia is lacking. Further co-operation, in particular from international agencies, needs to be continued and strengthened to ensure the success and continued productivity of hardwood plantations in South-east Asia for the betterment of local communities and economies</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1079</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1079</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thu, P. Q.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Chem - Tu Liem - Hanoi, Viet Nam</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Status of a pine wilt nematode in Vietnam</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">336-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bursaphelenchus sp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monochamus alternatus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus kesiya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon plantations are of major economic, social, and environmental importance to the Lam Dong province of Vietnam. Pine wilt symptoms and dead trees are found in pine plantations at various locations. A systematic survey was needed in order to identify the nematode and its vector, the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus altematus Hope, and to evaluate the incidence and severity of the disease. The health status of the trees (disease incidence) was evaluated by measuring the amount of oleoresin exudation after holes were punched in pine stems. Experimental plots within pine stands were typically 400 m2. Disease incidence was assessed as 36.5%, 46.4%, 47.9%, and 48.0% in Lang Bian, Phi Lieng, Cam Ly, and K&apos;Long K&apos;Lanh respectively. The death rate of pine trees increased annually and was dependent on the density of plantations. Yearly losses in the high density plantations were higher than in the lower density plantations. Nematodes extracted from wood samples were identified as a species of Bursaphelenchus. The recovery of nematodes from affected trees varied between specimens collected from different locations. The highest densities of nematodes were found in samples collected at K&apos;Long K&apos;Lanh and Cam Ly. Based on the morphological characteristics of adult sawyer beetles, all were identified as the Japanese sawyer beetle. Sawyer beetles have two emergence periods each year, the first lasting from the end of March to early July and the second from September to the end of October. The largest numbers of adults emerged at the end of April and at the end of September. Stems of 3-year-old Pinus kesiya were inoculated with cultured nematodes and the pathogenicity of the Bursaphelenchus sp. was demonstrated</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>440</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">440</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, D. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Pacific Island Ecological Res. Ctr., 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest pathology in Hawaii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-361</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endemic species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Island ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohio decline</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native Hawaiian forests are characterised by a high degree of endemism, including pathogens as well as their hosts. With the exceptions of koa (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia koa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gray), possibly maile (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Alyxia oliviformis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gaud.), and, in the past, sandalwood (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Santalum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.), forest species are of little commercial value. On the other hand, these forests are immensely important from a cultural, ecological, and evolutionary standpoint. Forest disease research was lacking during the mid-twentieth century, but increased markedly with the recognition of ohia (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Metrosideros polymorpha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gaud.) decline in the 1970s. Because many pathogens are themselves endemic, or are assumed to be, having evolved with their hosts, research emphasis in natural areas is on understanding host-parasite interactions and evolutionary influences, rather than disease control. Aside from management of native forests, attempts at establishing a commercial forest industry have included importation of several species of pine, Araucaria, and Eucalyptus as timber crops, and of numerous ornamentals. Diseases of these species have been introduced with their hosts. The attacking of native species by introduced pathogens is problematic - for example, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Armillaria mellea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Vahl ex Fr.) Qu</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">l. on koa and mamane (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sophora chrysophylla</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Salisb.) Seem.). Much work remains to be done in both native and commercial aspects of Hawaiian forest pathology.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>799</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">799</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinkard, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Battaglia, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glen, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tommerup, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potts, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaillancourt, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Co-operative Res. Ctr. Sustainable, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Forestry Tasmania, GPO Box 207, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> leaf diseases of temperate eucalypts around the southern Pacific Rim</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">362-372</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease management tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In planta molecular detection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella leaf disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process-based growth model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research with Mycosphaerella spp. on eucalypts has been historically and strongly focused towards taxonomical species descriptions, extension of host, and geographical range. To date there is insufficient information to develop management prescriptions that can be applied operationally. The research concept we have adopted is an integration of empirical studies (detection, impact, epidemiology, and physiology) and designed experiments that provide a knowledge base from which models can be developed and validated. Our empirical studies and designed experiments from a core response to current industry priorities in Australia</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>977</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">977</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shamoun, S. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Kamp, B. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Sciences, 3041-2424 Main Hall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control approach for management of dwarf mistletoes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-384</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arceuthobium americanum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arceuthobium douglasii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arceuthobium laricis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arceuthobium pusillum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arceuthobium tsugense</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dwarf mistletoe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neonectria neomacrospora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retention silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood degradation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.) are destructive forest pathogens that parasitise commercially important conifer species. Timber losses result from growth reduction, from wood degradation, from increased predisposition to attack by bark beetles, decay, and sapstain fungi, and ultimately from plantation failure. Research and experience in North America have demonstrated the potential use of hyperparasitic fungi as biological control agents for management of dwarf mistletoes. Although much information is available on the mycobiota associated with dwarf mistletoes, significant research and development are required for these to become operational tools. The most promising biological control agents are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. &amp; Sacc. in Penz. and Neonectria neomacrospora (C.Booth &amp; Samuels) Mantiri &amp; Samuels which attack shoots and berries, and the endophytic systems of dwarf mistletoe. The use of these two hyperparasitic fungi as potential biological control agents for management of dwarf mistletoes is under investigation. The development of an effective and efficient biological control strategy will reduce the impact of dwarf mistletoes on timber production in areas where traditional silvicultural control, such as retention silviculture or partial harvesting systems, is not practical</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1135</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1135</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammed, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barry, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyles, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiseman, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beadle, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Battaglia, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinkard, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kube, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry Tasmania, GPO Box 207, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Co-operative Res. Ctr. Sustainable, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Carson Associates Ltd., 34 Parawai Rd, Rotorua 3202, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interdisciplinary approach to the study and management of stem defect in eucalypts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">385-398</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heart rot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect damage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem decay</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood-decay fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound rot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Australia large areas of forest have been closed to industrial forestry and it is necessary to compensate for lost production. Future wood products will come from intensively managed silvicultural regimes -eucalypt regrowth forest and plantations. Solid-wood regimes involving high-cost operations such as pruning and thinning will be economically sensitive to downgrade due to various types of stem defect-fungal and insect damage, staining, kino veins. In Tasmania, research over the last decade has focused on developing management strategies to minimise stem defect caused by decay fungi in both regrowth and plantation eucalypts. Under plantation conditions neither Eucalyptus nitens (Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden nor E. globulus Labill. shed branches efficiently. Retention of dead branches leads to defects in wood such as large knotty core or loose knots, making the stem unsuitable for either veneer or sawlog. Pruning of green branches at canopy closure and in subsequent lifts shortly afterwards solves this problem. However, on the more productive warm and wet sites there is a high level of decay infections in E. nitens and E. globulus via pruning wounds. We are investigating the complex pathological, physiological, genetic, and silvicultural components dictating eucalypt susceptibility to decay infection and its long-term spread into clearwood including: crown characteristics prior to pruning; growth responses to pruning; growth responses to fertiliser; host resistance and antimicrobial defences; and the identity and pathogenicity of decay fungi. An interdisciplinary approach is fundamental to understanding such questions and also to the succesful development of site productivity models that include predictions of risk and impact of biotic and abiotic damage</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>298</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">298</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeNitto, G. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the pest risks of wood imports into the United States of America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">399-410</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood import</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interest in importing unmanufactured wood products into the United States increased significantly in the late 1980s. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has lead responsibility for import regulations and quarantines for plant and animal products; the USDA Forest Service has lead responsibility for managing forest pests and minimising their impacts on federal lands in the United States. USDA APHIS and the Forest Service collaborated to provide the technical information needed for the development of sound import regulations for potential wood imports. The Forest Service established a team of forest entomologists and plant pathologists to develop pest risk assessments at the request of APHIS. This team adds experts depending on the specific risk assessment needs and situation. Assessments have been completed for logs and/or wood chips from Russia, New Zealand, Chile, Mexico, and South America. An assessment is under way for imports from Australia. These assessments have looked at a number of tree species. The Forest Service and APHIS have developed a pest risk assessment process to identify risks associated with the importation of unmanufactured wood articles. This process is similar to International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures developed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, but with modifications to meet areas of concern peculiar to wood imports. APHIS issued regulations in 1995 specifying universal requirements for importation of unmanufactured wood products. They use the pest risk assessments to determine if modifications to these regulations are required</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">449</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs, J. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyffredyn Lane, Llangynidr, Powys NP8 1LR, United Kingdom</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protecting Europe&apos;s forests: How to keep out both known and unknown pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">411-419</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease epidemics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutch elm disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-specific controls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak wilt</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the last century, the tree populations of Europe suffered from a number of serious epidemics resulting from the introduction of pathogens from abroad. Currently the principal approach to minimising the risk of introducing further exotic pathogens is through Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) in which measures are devised to prevent potentially dangerous pathogens from using their likely pathways of arrival. A relevant example is provided by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceratocystis fagacearum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bretz) J.Hunt, the cause of oak wilt in eastern North America, which was subject to critical evaluation in the 1970s and 1980s. Beneficial consequences can flow from such an exercise but the longevity and large size of trees may mean that crucial information can be obtained only from a research programme that takes many years to complete. Moreover, there are other difficulties with the PRA approach when it comes to forestry. Firstly, most forest pathogens are classified using morphological criteria which are inadequate for the recognition of differences critical to the ability to cause disease. This means that the occurrence of a named organism in Europe does not mean that there is nothing to fear from further introductions of what is said to be the same species: witness the bitter experience with the fungi now identified as two species - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Buisman) Nannf. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. novo-ulmi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier. Secondly, the PRA approach results in the development of highly specific quarantine measures which are likely to leave &quot;loopholes&quot; that unrecognised pathogens can use. There must be many organisms with great potential for damage in Europe that are living in ecological balance with their host trees in other forest regions of the world and thus can never be identified as candidates for a PRA. Therefore there is a strong justification for a quarantine philosophy that recognises the value of nonspecific control measures for certain types of imported material - in particular, for unprocessed wood.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1097</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1097</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tommerup, I. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfenas, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Old, K. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private 5 Bag, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Vic?osa, Vic?osa, MG BR-36571000, Brazil CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guava rust in Brazil - a threat to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and other Myrtaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">420-428</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corymbia maculata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus grandis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus saligna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic pest risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic-disease threat management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melaleuca alternifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melaleuca cajuputi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nested-PCR in-planta detection system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puccinia psidii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Puccinia psidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Wint. is a very unusual rust with an extremely wide host range within the Myrtaceae. The fungus currently occurs only in South and Central America, the Caribbean, and Florida, where it causes disease of both indigenous and introduced species. The hosts of most economic importance are Eucalyptus species, grown as plantations on a very large scale, especially in Brazil. The rust is a serious threat to tropical, sub-tropical, and possibly temperate plantations in Australia, and in other regions world-wide. In Australia, there is an additional threat to native vegetation as many communities are dominated by Myrtaceae. A collaborative project between Australia, Brazil, and South Africa aims to assist in the management of the disease by screening a wide range of myrtaceous genera for susceptibility to the disease, mapping areas in South America, Australia, and other areas globally in eucalypt-growing regions for potential disease hazard, and developing molecular tools for detecting the presence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. psidii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in seed, pollen, and other germplasm. A total of 26 Eucalyptus species of many provenances have so far been tested for rust resistance, along with four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melaleuca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species and one species of each of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Angophora, Callistemon, Kunzea, Lophostemon, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Syncarpia.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Additional genera across the main groups of the family are currently being screened for susceptibility. Hazard maps, which can be used as a measure for evaluating risks associated with germplasm movements have been generated for South and Central America and Australasia. In addition, a highly sensitive detection system has been developed by which rust contamination has been detected in samples of asymptomatic vegetative eucalypt material, seed, and pollen, and on the surfaces of clothing and equipment.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>936</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">936</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridley, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;Six months in a leaky boat&quot;: The biosecurity of New Zealand forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-438</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134 (ISSN print)</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand is a large, isolated, oceanic, temperate, continental fragment - characteristics that have resulted in a distinct but depauperate flora also lacking virulent forest pathogens. This grand isolation has protected its native forest from any obvious natural incursions by pathogens, while affording a similar protection to the large array of exotic tree species that have been imported since the arrival of European colonists in the early nineteenth century. What is unique about the biological, social, technological, and economic factors that have historically afforded this protection? Have these factors undergone rapid change in recent years, and as a consequence is New Zealand becoming more vulnerable to border breaches and invasion by forest pathogens? Where are the most likely sources of these pathogens? And what of the enemy within? Do we harbour &quot;sleeper pathogens&quot; that may explode as the mitigating nature of these controlling factors changes? These questions were addressed in recent research programmes that evaluated (1) the importance of suspected pathways whereby foreign biota could breach New Zealand&apos;s border, (2) the recognised north-south and east-west dispersal patterns of historical pathogen invasions, and (3) an example of a &quot;sleeper pathogen&quot; Phaeophleospora eucalypti (Cooke &amp; Massee) Crous, F.A.Ferreira &amp; B.Sutton</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forwards </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">versus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> backwards selection: Trade-offs between expected genetic gain and risk avoidance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Backwards selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forwards selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polycross</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second-generation selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gains were simulated for backwards and forwards selection (1.5- and second-generation respectively), using offspring of 300 plus-trees from a base population of 30 000, and making 15 backwards selections throughout. Options were: (1) backwards selection from half-sib progeny test; (2) forwards selection within same; (3) forwards selection within select-pollen polycrosses; (4) forwards selection within single-pair crosses. Parameters varied were: heritability (h2 (0.1-0.6 in progeny, 0.05-0.3 in base population); dominance : additive genetic variance (d) (0-1); total offspring (N) (9000 or 30 000); and forwards selections made (n) (15-120). Each set of conditions involved 200 replicate runs. For mean gain across runs (Mean) Option 4 was consistently best, except with high d; Option 3 excelled Option 2 at higher heritabilities and lower n; Option 2 excelled Option 1 only at h 2 = 0.6 and n?30. Standard deviations of breeding values among selections (SD) and among-run coefficients of variation for genetic gain (CV) were predictably lower for forwards than for backwards selection, with superimposed influences of both h2 and d. Increasing n, while reducing Mean and CV, minimally affected SD. Varying N did not greatly affect comparisons. Crucially, among-run percentile distributions of gains indicated that, for n?15, realisation of any theoretical superiority of forwards selection is almost guaranteed despite imprecise genetic information on individuals. Thus, increased protection against selection errors with higher n should seldom compensate for reduced selection intensity</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">       &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>756</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">756</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathers, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Z. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyd, S. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC for Sustainable Prod. Forestry, Australian Sch. of Environ. Studies, Griffith University, Kessels Rd., Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Science, Griffith University, Kessels Rd., Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia Dept. of Nat. Rsrc./Mines Block B, Natural Resource Sciences, 80 Meiers Rd., Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest residue management affects soil nitrogen availability and humic acid composition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C cross-polarisation and magic angle spinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araucaria cunninghamii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest residues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear magnetic resonance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil nitrogen availability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil humic substances are important components of soil organic matter and contain a significant portion of total soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with cross-polarisation and magic angle spinning (CPMAS) was applied to humic acids extracted from 0-10 cm soils collected from areas under windrows of harvest residues and those areas between the windrows, 3 years after implementation of residue management in a second-rotation plantation of Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D.Don (hoop pine). In addition, nitrogen availability of under-windrow and between-windrow soils was also assayed by anaerobic incubation with either water or 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate solution in the laboratory. The NMR spectra of the humic acids showed that the carbon composition of the under-windrow humic acids was different to that of the between-windrow humic acids. Potentially mineralisable nitrogen of the under-windrow soils was greater than that of the between-windrow soils, as was gross nitrogen mineralisation (ammonification, m g). Soil potentially mineralisable nitrogen was also positively correlated with humic acid-alkyl and humic acid-O-alkyl carbon (p&lt;0.05), while gross nitrogen mineralisation was positively correlated with humc acid-aromatic carbon (p&lt;0.01). The gross nitrogen mineralisation was 33 - 45 mg N/kg dry soil as determined by isotope dilution with 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate (100 mg N/kg and 99 atom% 15N excess) and was greater in under-windrow than between-windrow soil after the 7-day anaerobic incubation. In addition, gross 15N immobilised (NH 4+ consumption, mi) was positively correlated with humic acid-aromatic carbon (p&lt;0.05). Humic acid-iron content was positively correlated with humic acid-alkyl and O-alkyl carbon (p&lt;0.05)</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1149</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1149</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tombleson, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toppling in young pines: Temporal changes in root system characteristics of bare-root seedlings and cuttings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-48</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toppling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind-throw</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings and bare-root cuttings of Pinus radiata D.Don at three ages (11, 27, and 36 months) were excavated by hand from a nursery and two trial sites in the North Island, New Zealand. A total of 48 trees were sampled, 24 from each plant type. Root system characteristics were compared by investigating differences in above- and below-ground biomass, root length, root size, and root biomass distribution. It was found that by 36 months a greater portion of wind-induced biomass had been allocated to the near-stem lateral roots of bare-root cuttings than bare-root seedlings. The presence of this indicated growth over and above what could be expected solely from age, and was likely to be related to a wind-induced adaptive growth response. The development of juvenile-tree stability can be attributed primarily to the increasing rigidity of those near-stem areas of the root system subjected to higher concentrations of wind-induced stress. As only a portion of the root system, i.e., the near-stem roots, contributes to tree stability, the use of root:shoot ratio as a primary indicator of tree wind-stability ranking could be suspect</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>920</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">920</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reglinski, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, J. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horticultural/Food Res. Institute, New Zealand Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chitosan induces resistance to pitch canker in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-58</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chitosan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusarium circinatum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Induced resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitch canker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sphaeropsis sapinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar application of chitosan on Pinus radiata D.Don seedlings resulted in the induction of resistance to wound-inoculation with Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg &amp; O&apos;Donnell, the causal agent of pitch canker. Induced resistance was expressed as the suppression of symptom development on treated seedlings compared to the controls. Chitosan treatment protected seedlings against wound inoculation with ca 100 spores per plant, and reduced disease incidence by 60% and deadtop development by 50%, compared to water-treated controls. However, chitosan efficacy was inoculum-dose dependent and no significant disease control was observed when treated seedlings were challenged with 500 or 8500 spores. At lower inoculum levels (10 spores/seedling) chitosan-treated seedlings remained more resistant to inoculation for at least 6 weeks after application. Furthermore, chitosan-induced resistance was shown to be systemic on 4-year-old P. radiata trees when chitosan application and inoculation were spatially separated. Due to the quarantine status of F. circinatum in New Zealand, inoculations were performed using Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko &amp; B.Sutton for this aspect of the study. Localised chitosan application induced an 86% reduction in average lesion length on adjacent untreated branches compared to their water-treated counterparts. These results demonstrate that chitosan can induce systemic disease resistance in P. radiata and there is potential for induced resistance in forest nursery disease management</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1226</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1226</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xue, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sands, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinton, P. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, P.O. Box 29237, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and physiological responses of two Douglas-fir provenances to nitrogen supply</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Net photosynthetic rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient uptake and distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance differences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The genotypic variation of two commonly planted Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) provenances (Ashley strain (Seedlot 93-273) referred to as 93 and Tramway strain (i.e., Beaumont strain) (Seedlot 98-514) referred to as 98) was investigated in growth and physiological responses of the seedlings to nitrogen (N) supply levels (40 and 100 mg N/litre) in sand culture in a glasshouse. The growth of Douglas fir seedlings was greater at 100 mg applied N/litre (high nitrogen) than 40 mg applied N/litre (low nitrogen). The high nitrogen supply treatment increased seedling growth rate and caused more biomass to be allocated to the shoots. Increased uptake rate of nitrogen and other nutrients (per unit mass of roots), increased percentage allocation of the nutrients to shoots, and enhanced net photosynthesis in needles were observed with high nitrogen supply. There were very significant provenance differences in most measured parameters and significant nitrogen × provenance interactions in some parameters. Provenance 93 showed better growth than Provenance 98 at both nitrogen levels, with a larger difference in growth between the two provenances at the low nitrogen supply. Differences in response of the two provenances to nitrogen treatment levels were related to the ratio of needles to whole-plant dry weight, nitrogen productivity, uptake rate and allocation of nitrogen and other nutrients, but unrelated to the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Provenance 93 had a greater ratio of needle to whole-plant dry weight, nitrogen productivity, uptake rate of nitrogen and other nutrients, and allocated greater proportions of absorbed nutrients to shoots for photosynthesis and new growth, which sustained a greater growth rate in Provenance 93, especially in the shoot. Among the growth parameters measured in this study, the relative growth rate of seedling height (RGR-Ht), the root /shoot ratio, and the ratio of needle to whole-plant dry weight seem to be the reliable and simple indicators to discriminate the provenance difference in response to nitrogen</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>759</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">759</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnon, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, L. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Kaingarao Timberlands, P.O. Box 1284, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance affects bark thickness in Douglas-fir</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed source</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume function</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some coastal Californian provenances of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) have bark that is visibly thicker and more deeply furrowed than more northern and inland provenances. From a literature study it was evident that these variations in bark thickness most likely constitute adaptation to spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires within the natural range of Douglas fir. Six provenances from the latitudinal range of Douglas firin the Pacific Northwest of the United States (37Ý-48ÝN) were sampled for bark thickness and compared with a New Zealand landrace (Kaingaroa) seedlot at two New Zealand trial sites (38Ý and 46ÝS). The analyses showed that Californian provenances had significantly thicker bark than both the Kaingaroa (ex Washington) control seedlot and the Oregon and Washington provenances. The most southern provenance (Santa Cruz, California) had the thickest bark. Thus there was a steady reduction in bark thickness with increasing latitude of the seed sources. The bark thickness of the Kaingaroa seedlot was not significantly different from the Washington and Oregon provenances. The provenance variations in bark thickness caused a bias in under-bark volume estimates from volume function &quot;T136&quot;. Errors in volume estimation were greatest for Santa Cruz (+7.1%), Jackson State Forest (+2.8%), and Mad River (+2.0%). It is recommended that volume equation &quot;T136&quot; should be revised to account for differences in bark thickness with provenance</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>674</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">674</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, L. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wedding, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia Kaingaroa Timberlands, P.O. Box 1284, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing stiffness of Douglas-fir trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SilviScan®</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small clears</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sound velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification and selection of superior trees in forest management and breeding programmes provide a means to improve the properties and value of future wood products. Non-destructive stiffness assessment of standing trees enables selection of individuals for their stiffness, and so the accuracy and cost of four methods for assessing stiffness were evaluated: (1) IML hammer, (2) 5-mm outerwood density cores, (3) Pilodyn penetrometer, and (4) SilviScan-2®. Sixty 18-year-old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) trees were assessed for stiffness and the results compared with static modulus of elasticity (MoE) measurements of small clears centred on the tenth annual ring at breast height. Data were analysed using linear models and descriptive statistics, and the effects and costs of selection were modelled. The IML Hammer and outerwood density cores both gave corrected selection differentials of 11-16% with respect to stiffness at a cost of NZ$20-30 per tree selected. The Pilodyn was also quite cheap, but failed to give an informative measure of stiffness. SilviScan-2® provided a more accurate assessment and subsequent higher estimated selection differential of 22% at a cost of around NZ$500 per selected tree. Technology developments currently being implemented may reduce this cost over time. Selection for stem volume growth alone decreased average stiffness by around 10%</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1115</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1115</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uprichard, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benfell, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Res. Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Foundation for Res. Science/Technol., P.O. Box 12240, Wellington, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of lignin in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> neutral sulphite-anthraquinone pulping liquors by ultraviolet absorbance measurement at 280 mm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-117</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neutral sulphite-anthraquinone pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium sulphite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultraviolet absorbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The neutral sulphite-anthraquinone delignification of Pinus radiata D. Don samples is readily followed by determining the variation in absorbance at 280 nm of (diluted) pulping liquor with cooking time. The 280 nm wavelength, despite its low absorption maximum, is preferable to that of the 205 nm wavelength used in a previous study since it is less prone to interference by changes in pH, or liquor oxidation. Excellent correlations between liquor absorbance at 280 nm and the amount of lignin dissolved in liquor were obtained for a number of cooks (and for three digester systems). The results showed that the extent of lignin removal and sodium sulphite concentration (or amount consumed) were linearly correlated, and indicated that absorbance at 280 nm, when combined with other procedures, could be used to examine the kinetics of neutral sulphite-anthraquinone pulping</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>328</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">328</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early selection for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand using a farm-field experimental design</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-138</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare-root seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental design</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farm sites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maternal effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effectiveness of early selection for growth and form traits to maximise gain per annum in Pinus radiata D.Don was examined in a &quot;farm-field&quot; experiment based at two farm sites and one Field site in the North Island of New Zealand. &quot;farm-field&quot; experiments are tests that are established on highly fertile &quot;farm&quot; sites, with intensive site preparation, intensive weed control, and close spacing, paired with tests of the same material on &quot;field&quot; sites. Family mean correlations among growth traits at early ages (1-3 years) on the farm sites were relatively high (0.54-1.0) but correlations between early ages at the farm sites and measurements at age 8 years at the field site were low to moderate (0.29-0.65). Correlations between form traits measured at age 3 and then age 8 years showed similar trends. Early assessments of growth and form did not provide good prediction of later-age performance, although the best prediction was obtained from the age-3 measurement. Selecting the highest-ranked 20 families for diameter at age 3 years gave higher relative efficiency of selection than selection at earlier ages. The use of bare-root seedlings rather than container stock, and persistent nursery effects may have contributed to the low selection efficiencies. Maternal effects were also likely to have affected early-age measurements. However, although including 100-seed weight in the model did lower heritability estimates and some genetic correlations for height growth, genetic correlations were not greatly changed by including this factor and early-age selection efficiency did not improve. The potential for early selection for growth and for form in farm-field experiments with P. radiata in New Zealand appears to be very limited</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>55</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">55</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bandara, G. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mead, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Plant/Ecological Science Div., Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Christchurch, New Zealand Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understorey vegetation and the crown architecture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedling and clonal trees in an agroforestry system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy architecture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competitive effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crown characteristics of 4-year-old Pinus radiata D.Don originating from seedlings and clonal trees propagated by tissue culture, and growing in the presence and absence of an understorey of luceme (Medicago sativa L.), in an agroforestry experiment were investigated to explain differences in foliage efficiency between the treatments. There was no difference in the tree height between selected sample trees for any of the treatments, but the diameter at breast height (1.4 m above ground-level) and the total tree biomass were larger for the clonal trees than for the trees originating from seedlings in the no-understorey treatment. The distribution of biomass within the crown showed marked differences between treatments. Branch basal area and the number of medium-sized branches were greater for the clonal trees than for the seedling trees, and foliage area per unit branch basal area was lower for the clonal trees than the seedling trees. Internode length was longer and the crown shape ratio higher for the clonal trees than the seedling trees. These differences in crown architecture resulted in differences in foliage area distribution within the crown, possibly leading to differences in the fraction of solar radiation intercepted. The allocation of above-ground biomass was changed, resulting in an increase in the stem wood fraction and a decrease in the branch fraction for trees growing with the lucerne understorey, compared with trees with no understorey present. Foliage area per unit branch basal area was lower for trees grown with the lucerne understorey than in the no-understorey treatment and these changes were more pronounced for the seedling than for the clonal trees. These results confirm that the competitive effects of understorey vegetation result in changes in the growth patterns of trees, including the allocation of biomass to above-ground components</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>750</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">750</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic evaluation of implementing improved stem scanning systems on mechanical harvesters/processors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-174</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical harvesters/processors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value recovery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of mechanical harvesting/processing systems intimber harvesting is increasing worldwide, with advantages in terms of increasing productivity and safety. However, despite these systems giving operators access to advanced computer and measuring systems, their ability to extract the maximum value from a tree is, on average, less than motor manual log bucking systems. The productivity, cost, and value recovery of several simulated procedures for scanning and bucking Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) and Pinus ponderosa Lawson &amp; C.Lawson (ponderosa pine) trees were evaluated from a log seller&apos;s perspective. The procedures evaluated were (a) conventional operating where quality changes and bucking decisions were made by the machine operator, (b) an automatic full scan of the stem prior to optimisation and bucking, and (c) partial scanning where a portion of the stem was scanned and then qualities and dimensions were forecast before the optimal bucking took place. After subtracting costs, the net value improvement for the automated scanning procedures over the conventional procedure ranged from -7% to 8%. The best net value improvement for both species was obtained using the procedure that fully scans the stem prior to bucking. Breakeven capital investment costs for new scanning, forecasting, and optimisation equipment ranged between zero and US$2,120,000 depending on tree species, markets, scanning speed, volume scaling rules, and scanning procedure</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>305</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">305</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickson, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joe, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owen, J. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests NSW, P.O. Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Forests NSW, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton, Vic. 3169, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic segregation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> logs for sawmilling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-189</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sorting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine stress-grade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-destructive testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawmilling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The enormous variation in wood stiffness both within and amongst trees, results in the production of low-grade solid wood products from some trees. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to segregate logs to ensure that only those logs with predominantly high stiffness wood are processed into structural timber products. This study examined whether sound flight velocity (km/s) could be used as a measure of wood stiffness to allow such segregation. Butt logs were cross-cut from 316 Pinus radiata D. Don trees and measured with three non-destructive acoustic devices, before and after harvest, to establish whether there was a relationship between stress wave velocity along the wood grain and the machine stress-grades of boards sawn from those logs. The wave velocity along the grain of logs was closely correlated with wood stiffness, whilst tree size and basic density estimated from depth of pin penetration of a Pilodyn were only moderately related. The outcomes of this study indicate that non-destructive acoustics tools offer a means of sorting logs according to wood stiffness prior to milling. A highly significant and positive relationship was found for acoustic resonance measurements made on logs; a weaker, but still significant relationship was obtained for time of flight measurements from standing trees. The challenge now is to develop a non-destructive tool that is able to more accurately measure the wood quality of standing trees to assist with wood quality inventories, yield mapping, and tree selections within breeding programmes</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>803</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">803</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monserud, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parry, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 620 SW Main St., Portland, OR 97205, United States New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery from simulated sawn logs with sweep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsuga heterophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A sawing simulator, AUTOSAW, was used to examine the effect of increasing sweep on lumber recovery. Sample material consisted of 51 logs from 22 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees in western Oregon, United States. All knots on the 4.9-m logs were measured, mapped, and converted into 3-dimensional digital formats. The digital logs were then increasingly bent, in 25.4-mm (1-inch) increments, with the bend occurring at the mid-point for one set of logs and at quarterway from the log small-end for another, and sawn into primarily structural grade dimension lumber. On average, conversion decreased at a rate of 10% for each 100-mm. increase in sweep, equivalent to a decrease of 5-7% for each 0.1 unit increase in sweep-to-diameter (s/d) ratio. Conversion losses were represented by an exponential decay function. There was no significant difference in conversions between the two sets of logs; however, the rate of loss of Select Structural and 1 Common lumber was greater for logs bent at the mid-point when sweep was within 51 to 152 mm. (2 to 6 inches). Whereas the rate of loss of lower grades was represented by linear functions, those for higher grades and lumber value per cubic metre of log volume were described by exponential decay functions. A 5% loss in value was recorded when s/d equaled 0.09 for logs with diameter less than 200 mm, and for larger logs the ratio was 0.07</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">508</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, L. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowles, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, G. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Inst., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residual within-tree variation in stiffness of small clear specimens from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-216</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sample size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small clear specimens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within-tree variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Static bending of small clear specimens is one of the most commonly used methods for assessing the stiffness (modulus of elasticity, MoE) of sawn timber and trees. Small clear specimens have traditionally been cut at breast height from the same growth rings on opposing radii, thus seeking to minimise the radial and longitudinal variation. The remaining (residual) variation between small clear specimens determines the precision of the estimate of the tree mean MoE, but has rarely been analysed in detail because the method originally was not intended for tree-level analyses. To investigate this, axial stiffness measurements previously collected from small clear specimens taken from opposing radii at breast height on New Zealand-grown Pinus radiata D.Don and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) were reanalysed to ascertain the magnitude of the residual variation at breast height. Expressed as coefficient of variance between small clear specimens from the same radial position (growth ring), the variation ranged from 8% to 32% for P. radiata and from 7% to 13% for Douglas fir. Using two small clear specimens, the associated margin of error for estimates of mean stiffness of individual trees ranged from 40% to 140% for P. radiata and 40% to 60% for Douglas fir. It is recommended that at least four small clear specimens are used (margins of error of 10-40%) when estimating the mean MoE of individual trees from small clear specimens extracted at the same height from the same growth ring</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>323</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">323</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ede, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, A. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foote, A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 39 Evelyn Road, Ringwood North, Vic. 3134, Australia 8 Waikuta Rd., Ngongotaha, Rotorua, New Zealand 44 Tumene Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative performance of 18 nitrogen-fixing plant species at three unstable coastal sand dune sites in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-237</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammophila arenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marram grass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen accumulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurse species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant material</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth in unstable coastal sand is limited by nitrogen supply, and the motion of in situ biological nitrogen fixation can reduce the need for fertiliser application where rapid growth of continuous vegetation cover is required after preliminary stabilisation with sand-binding species. Lupinus arboreus Sims (yellow tree lupin) was once used for this purpose, but susceptibility to a blight fungus has necessitated a search for alternative plant species. Eighteen leguminous species raise d in a nursery were transplanted into spaced-plant trials at three, widely separated, North Island west coast, sand dune sites. Trial areas were just behind the current foredune where planted Ammophila arenaria L. (marram grass or Spinifex sericeus R.Br (spinifex) was being used to commence the sand stabilisation process. Survival rates, growth characteristics, and nitrogen-fixing potential were compared over a period of 4.5 years (1993-97). Assessments in the third year after planting gave maen values across all sites of 0-85% for survival, 7-121 cm for plant hieght, and 6-256 cm for plant spread (canopy diameter). Highest estimates of nitrogen accumulation in plant material in the fourth year were 38 kg/ha at Ninety Mile Beach (Lathyrus latifolius L.), 733 kg/ha at Muriwai Beach (Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser.), and 869 kg/ha at Santoft Beach (Medicago arborea L.). Plants of 11 species survived for at least 5 years at all three sites. Six of the species tested (Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser., D. pentaphyllum Scop., D. rectum, Lotus corniculatus L., L. pedunculatus Cav., and L. tenuis Waldst. &amp; Kit. ex Willd.) are recommended for use in the planting succession because they fix nitrogen and also grow at a moderate rate under a wide range of open dune conditions. Other species may be useful althought more site-specific. Reliance on a single leguminous species for a continuous nitrogen supply should be avoided</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>956</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">956</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rygiewicz, P. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabowski, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, M. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, United States College of Forest Resources, University of washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site disturbance effects on a clay soil under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - root biomass, mycorrhizal colonisation, </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">15</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ammonium uptake, and foliar nutrient levels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-254</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizal colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizas</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil compaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber harvesting can result in adverse physical, chemical, and biological alterations to soil. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of site disturbance to determine the extent and duration of possible harvesting impacts on soil chemical and biological properties, including fine roots and mycorrhizas of Pinus radiata D.Don. The disturbance study was located in the North Island of New Zealand and was examined 9 years after organic matter and compaction treatments were installed. Treatments included undisturbed control plots, O horizon removed with no compaction, and O and A horizons removed with heavy compaction. Soil was examined for soil solution nitrogen, extractable nitrogen, fine root biomass, mycorrhizal root tips, and specific mycorrhizal root tip ammonium uptake rates. Results showed that total fine root biomass was reduced with loss of both organic-rich soil horizons and compaction to approximately one-third of that in the control treatment, but that mycorrhizal infection rates were higher (averaging over 60%). With removal of only the O horizon, the largest effect was simply the loss of rooting volume and the roots that would normally occur in this horizon, with little reduction in root biomass or change in mycorrhizal infection rates in the mineral horizons. Specific mycorrhizal root uptake rates of ammonium did not appear to have been changed by the most severe disturbance treatment. However, the unaltered uptake rate may be due to the predominant mycorrhizal morphotype found in the most-severe treatment which was different from the dominant morphotype found in the two less-severe treatments. Reduced fine root biomass of the severe disturbance treatment correlated with reduced tree growth and foliar nitrogen</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>788</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">788</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faulds, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klomp, B. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis Genetics, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation status and genetic improvement effects on growth, form, and wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cuttings up to age 12 years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A field trial was initiated in 1986 to evaluate nursery methods for producing aged cuttings of varying physiological age (PA) from stool-beds. Seedlings and cuttings taken from 5-year-old Pinus radiata D.Don seedlings grown in the field were included as controls. Three seedlots of different genetic improvement levels from unimproved bulk seed (GF3) to control-pollinated seed from a seed orchard (GF21) were used to study differences in growth rate, tree form, and wood properties (density and acoustic velocity) between cuttings of five different physiological ages up to 5 years and seedlings, and any interaction between physiological age and levels of genetic improvement. Results showed no persistent long-term height growth differences, and by 4 years of age, any height differences were no longer significant. GF16 and GF21 plants had significantly larger diameters than GF3 plants at both 4 and 11 years of age. Also, seedlings (PAO), and cuttings from 1-year-old seedlings (PA1), had significantly larger diameters than PA5 cuttings from field-grown trees; the cuttings of other physiological ages were intermediate at both 4 and 11 years of age. Physiologically older cuttings had better butt log straightness and freedom from malformation than seedlings and PA1 cuttings. There was no effect of seedlot or physiological age on wood density, up to a physiological age of 5 years. However, acoustic velocity at breast height (as an indicator of stiffness) increased significantly and consistently with increasing physiological age. Previous research has shown that cuttings with a phy siological age of 1 to 3 years will perform as well as or better than seedlings on both farm and forestry sites, with an optimum physiological age of about 3 years, when there will be improved stem form without any early loss of growth rate. This trial on a fertile ex-farm site has confirmed these trends and also shown improvement in breast-height acoustic velocity of around 6.4% from PA3 cuttings and more than 11% from PA5 field cuttings, compared with seedlings</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>101</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">101</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berrill, J. </style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary growth and yield models for even-aged </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C.lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Difference equation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-linear mixed model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prelimmary stand growth and yield models were constructed for even-aged Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and C macrocarpa Hartw. plantations in New Zealand. Models that predict mean top height, basal area, initial basal area, post-thinning basal area, mortality, and total standing volume per hectare were fitted to permanent sample plot data biased towards younger ages. A wide range of height growth rates were observed, with site index estimates ranging from 15 to 35 m mean top height at age 30. Basal area models predicted greater basal area growth for C macrocarpa. Exponential models predicted different rates of C macrocarpa mortality in the North and the South Islands of New Zealand. All suitable data were used to fit models, preventing separation of independent validation data. The models were tested as a system of equations by comparing total standing volume predictions with data used to fit the models. Volume predictions were relatively imprecise, but unbiased overall across the range of available data</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>273</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">273</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riddell, M. J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density and microfibril angle in 10 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones: Distribution and influence on product performance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-315</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot area ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural lumber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 27-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don clonal trial (with clones propagated from 7 year-old seedlings) was screened to identify clones with a wide range of branch size, internode length, and mature wood density (outer five rings at breast height). Four trees (ramets) from each of 10 such clones were subsequently chosen for use in wood processing/product performance studies, and wood properties were measured on discs taken from each end of 5-m logs up to the merchantable limit (200-mm small-end diameter). Properties assessed included wood density, microfibril angle, spiral grain, and incidence of compression wood. Wood density values di ffered markedly between clones, but within each the overall patterns of density variation were consistent from pith to bark and between stem levels, indicating high heritability. Broad-sense heritability estimates were 0.6 and higher for wood properties, except compression wood (0.43) and knot area ratio (0.38). Over all wood samples, there was strong evidence for heritability of density and spiral grain, good evidence for heritability of microfibril angle, and weak evidence for heritability of compression wood and knot area ratio. In juvenile wood samples there was strong evidence for heritability of density and spiral grain, good evidence for heritability of microfibril angle and knot area ratio, and weak evidence for heritability of compression wood. Values of Silviscan-2 variables were imputed for each piece of lumber on the basis of the actual sawing patterns for each log. Subsequent analyses examined the relationships between fundamental wood properties, predicted performance, and observed performance. Two stems from each cl one were processed into structural lumber and assessed for drying distortion and stiffness. The major effects on board stiffness were, in order of importance: density, board orientation, and knot area ratio. There was no evidence for an effect of microfibril angle. The major factors contributing to twist were spiral grain and density</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>416</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">416</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 5</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">316-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The four fungi described in this paper are either new or have not been fully described from New Zealand. The fungi are: Foliicolous Ascomycota: Calonectria acicola sp. nov. and its anamorph Cylindrocladium acicola sp. nov. on Pinus radiata D.Don. Xylophilous Anamorphic fungi: Hyphomycetes: Sporothrix nothofagi sp. nov. on Nothofagus fusca (Hooker f.) Oersted. Corticolous Ascomycota: Valsaria rubricosa on Pinus radiata. Radicicolous Anamorphic fungi: Hyphomycetes: Leptographium alethinum on Pinus radiata and P. strobus L</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1107</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-benefit analysis of biosecurity and forest health research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-343</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost-benefit analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic forest pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimates of the economic benefit of biosecurity and forest health research to the New Zealand forest-growing industry and urban forest estate were made using cost-benefit analysis. The cost associated with the arrival of exotic forestpests was the sum of costs of eradication and control programmes, reduced harvest value, household expenditures to control the exotic pest, and replacement of affected trees in the urban forest. The expected cost associated with each of these was dependent on the likelihood of pest arrival, detection, eradication, and successful control, and the effect of research on these. Depending on the assumed efficacy of the research, the net present benefit of the $3.5 million annual research cost ranged from $3,519,million to $5,888 million, so there is considerable benefit to the New Zealand forest-growing industry and urban forest estate from biosecurity and forest health research. Sensitivity analysis showed benefits of research to be most sensitive to the estimate of the value of the urban forest estate</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1150</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1150</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marden, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand Landcare Research, P.O. Box 445, Gisborne, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Live root-wood tensile strengths of some common New Zealand indigenous and plantation tree species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344-353</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root-wood tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots with under-bark diameters of between 1 and 4 mm from 11 New Zealand indigenous riparian plant species - lacebark (Hoheria sexstylosa Col,) kowhai (Sophora tetraptera J.S.Mill.), manuka (Leptospennum scoparium J.R. et G.Forst.), fivefinger (Pseudopanax arboreus (Murr.) Philipson), kohuhu (Pittosporum tenuifolium Sol. ex Gaertn.), rewarewa (Knightia excelsa R.Br.), cabbage tree (Cordyline australis (Forst.f.) Endl.), ribbonwood (Plagianthus regius (Poit.) Hochr.), lemonwood (Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn), tutu (Coriaria arborea Lindsay), and karamu (Coprosma robusta Raoul) - were tested to determine their live rootwood tensile strength using a Floor Model 1195 Instron Universal Testing Machine. These results were coupled with those from earlier tests on the native tree species southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata Cav.), red beech (Nothofagus fusca (Hook.f.) Oerst.), hard beech (N. truncata (Colenso) Cockayne), mountain beech (N. solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook.f.) Poole), manuka, kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps.), and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa L.f.), and the exotic plantation species Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) to allow a wider-ranging comparison of live root-wood tensile strengths of those trees and shrubs that can commonly be found growing in potentially unstable slope and/or riparian environments throughout New Zealand. The mean live root-wood tensile strengths of these plant species ranged from 8 to 52 MPa</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>509</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">509</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haque, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langrish, T. A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimising drying schedules for hardwood timber in solar kilns</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-369</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying schedule</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative humidity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solar kiln</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An optimised schedule has been developed using a model predictive control technique for drying 43-mm-thick (green) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sm. boards, based on an original schedule generally recommended for greenhouse solar kilns equipped with good control of temperature and relative humidity. The predicted drying time for this schedule was 14% shorter than the original schedule using the drying model. Experimental tests confirmed this, with drying time in laboratory kiln being 10% shorter for this schedule (die initial moisture content was 10% higher) than the original schedule. The original schedule produced boards with a large number of end splits, a few surface checks, and some distortion, when drying from an initial moisture content of 60% to a final moisture content of 12%. In comparison, the optimised schedule produced boards with less degrade, from an initial moisture content of 70% to a final moisture content of 12%. Overall, the quality was slightly better and the drying time shorter for the optimised schedule than for the original schedule.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnegie, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, R. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waterson, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">History and management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood wasp in pine plantations in New South Wales, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parasitoids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex spread</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trap trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex wood wasp (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)) is one of the most important insect pests of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don in Australia. Forests NSW manages over 195 000 ha of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and is the largest pine grower in Australia. Sirex was first detected in New South Wales in 1980 at Albury, and within 10 years was established in the pine-growing areas of Hume (Tumut), Monaro (Bombala), and Macquarie (Bathurst) regions. It reached northern region (Walcha) in 1997 and spread slowly up to Tenterfield, 25 km south of the Queensland border, by 2002. Although sirex emergence holes were observed in several trees in a plantation near Casino in 2002, no larvae or adults were seen, and no further evidence of sirex was observed, so we do not believe it has established in this area. The northward spread of sirex was assisted by the large pine-growing regions around Tumut, Bathurst, Walcha, and Glen Innes, and smaller private plantations and woodlot and windbreak plantings. Sirex is expected to reach the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in south-eastern Queensland, and the southern-pine plantations in coastal north-eastern New South Wales, by 2008. Sirex management in this State began in 1981, consisting of releases of biological control agents, surveillance, and silvicultural regimes, and continues today. The sirex nematode, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Beddingia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">=Deladenus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">siricidicola </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bedding, provides the most effective control of sirex in New South Wales. Of the six species of parasitoid wasps released in the State since 1980, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ibalia leucospoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hochenwarth and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Megarhyssa nortoni </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Cresson) are the only ones regularly detected in sirex-struck trees.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Ibalia leucospoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">M. nortoni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> have been detected in all pine-growing regions in New South Wales, with</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> I. leucospoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> having the highest level of parasitism. Damaging outbreaks of sirex in New South Wales, where more than 3% of trees in an area are killed, have mainly been confined to localised areas less than 200 ha, in unthinned stands with trees 10-25 years old, where a biological control programme was not conducted for several years, or in snow-damaged areas. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">is the species most susceptible to sirex, although a heavy infestation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. taeda </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linn. observed near Walcha was the first record of this species as a host of sirex in Australia. The annual sirex management programme in Forests NSW, consisting of biological control, forest health surveillance, and silvicultural treatment, has reduced the economic impact of this potentially damaging pest in New South Wales.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carey, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Management Department, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanised </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">versus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">manual log-making in two Chilean </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log-making</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value recovery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The products and value recovered by two log-making systems - mechanised and manual - were compared in two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands located at Santa Margarita and Poninquil in the south of Chile. Manual log-making was undertaken by a man marking the position for saw cuts on each stem. Mechanised log-making was carried out with an Ergo HS 16 harvester fitted with an OPTI computerised measuring and log-making system. &#xD;&#xD;At each site both log-making systems were used on the same set of trees. In the manual system, logs were marked for cutting, but the saw cuts were not made. The marks were then removed and the stems converted to logs by the harvester. Forty-three trees were processed at Santa Margarita and 39 trees at Poninquil. &#xD;&#xD;The manual log-making system recov ered more volume and value (~16%) than the mechanised system at the Santa Margarita site. There was no difference between systems at the Poninquil site.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1035</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1035</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation-grown New Zealand kauri: A preliminary study of wood properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-49</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For a preliminary investigation into the solid wood properties of plantationgrown New Zealand kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D.Don) Lindl.), 20 stems were sampled from a 68-year-old planted stand in New Plymouth in the North Island of New Zealand. The stems sampled represented the largest diameters and therefore fastest growing stems (mean diameter 39.4 cm, mean height 20.5 m). Sapwood comprised 80% of the stem at ground level, increasing to 99% at 10 m above ground. Basic density decreased with increasing stem height from ground level to 10 m (469 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to 435 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). Density was uniform across the width of the stem at the butt, and was consistent across the sapwood zones at higher points on the stem. Tangential and radial shrinkage across the width of the stem averaged 4.1 % and 2.9% respectively. Modulus of elasticity (stiffness) averaged 13.6 GPa and was as high as 15.0 GPa, and was uniform across the width of the logs. This study identified homogeneous wood property traits in plantation-grown kauri logs composed mainly of sapwood. The sapwood properties tested were at least similar to those of logs from natural second-growth stands and some were superior to old-growth heartwood. Kauri sapwood logs from plantations have the potential to be a legitimate and valuable resource.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>707</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">707</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindstr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">m, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reale, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Products and Markets, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7060, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Vic. 3169, Australia Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications of selecting tree clones with high modulus of elasticity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre dimension</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To obtain shorter rotation periods for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don, forestry management has an underlying economic incentive to achieve faster tree growth. However, faster tree growth paired with short rotation time implies that sawmills will increasingly use timber containing high amounts of juvenile wood that results in low stiffness and considerable drying distortion of the sawn lumber. A long-term solution to improve solid wood properties of fast-grown conifer trees would be to select and breed trees in which the juvenile wood has a higher modulus of elasticity and lower wood property gradients in the radial direction. &#xD;&#xD;This study was limited to select clone material thought to represent the approximate boundaries for wood property gradients in the juvenile wood of young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones. A lower microfibril angle and slightly larger tracheid dimensions could be found in the juvenile wood of clones with high modulus of elasticity than in clones with low modulus of elasticity. This suggested that in clones with high modulus of elasticity there is a smaller wood property gradient in the transition from juvenile to mature wood which would make drying distortion, for example, less pronounced in lumber sawn from high modulus of elasticity timber.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>915</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">915</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests NSW, Land Management and Technical Services, PO Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia Forests NSW, Planted Forest Division, PO Box 143, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prior land-use influences wood properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New South Wales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three pairs of sites in the Oberon area of NSW were sampled to determine the effect of prior land-use (pasture or plantation) on a range of wood properties for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don. Paired sites were matched as closely as possible for climate and soil type. Ten trees at each site were sampled at ages 19 or 20, and outerwood basic density, fibre length, fibre coarseness, and wood pH were determined using breast-height cores. In addition, pith-to-bark profiles for air-dry density and microfibril angle were mapped for each sample. &#xD;&#xD;Consistent differences in wood and fibre properties were found between the paired ex-pasture and second-rotation sites. Overall, the ex-pasture sites produced lower-density wood with shorter fibres, lower fibre coarseness, higher pH, and higher microfibril angle leading to a decrease in calculated modulus of elasticity. However, when results were examined across all pairs of sites, large differences were also apparent within forest areas, with some ex-pasture sites producing better-quality wood than some second-rotation sites. &#xD;&#xD;Despite differences in growth patterns with prior land-use, the age of change from juvenile to mature-type wood was the same for the two site types. In the growth rings closest to the pith, wood density was similar for the ex-pasture and second-rotation sites. However, from Ring 6 onwards density was consistently higher for the second-rotation sites. There was little effect of site type on patterns of change for microfibril angle. The major effect of site type would appear to come from an increase in the volume of juvenile corewood on the ex-pasture sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>716</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">716</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, H. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea, L. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Instiute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawn timber and wood properties of 21-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids - Part 1: Sawn timber performance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appearance grades</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis nootkatensis x Cupressus marcocarpa Leyland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawn timber performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural grades</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demonstration plots of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mill., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gordon, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D.Don) Spach x C. macrocarpa (&quot;Leyland&quot;) in Rotorua, aged 21 years, were felled to compare lumber performance for appearance and structural uses. The trees had been planted at 1111 stems/ha, and later pruned in stages to height 5-8 m and thinned to 550 stems/ha. &#xD;&#xD;Twenty trees of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, seven of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. mac rocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and 12 of Leyland were cut into 3-m sawlogs and sawn to 150 × 50-mm and 100 × 50-mm sizes, slowly air-dried, then kiln-dried and dressed. Lumber was graded visually as appearance and structural grades. All boards were tested for long-span bending stiffness using the E-grader, and a sample were tested for characteristic bending stiffness and strength. &#xD;&#xD;Each taxon had some advantages and disadvantages in growth, form, and sawn timber characteristics. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had grown to the same diameter at breast height (dbh) as </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and both had grown much faster than Leyland. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was the tallest but was badly affected by canker. Leyland had straighter stems than the others, and a higher frequency of branching.&#xD;&#xD;Sawn-timber recovery was 50-60% for all log height classes of each species, except for the butt logs of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> where it was approx. 40% owing to fluting and high taper. Leyland yielded more of the best appearance grades, with 46% Dressing, 35 % Merchantable, and only 19% Box. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> averaged 26% Box, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 46%. Checks within knots were the worst defect for appearance grades in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, surface checks in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and pruned branch stub holes in Leyland. Long-span bending tests showed that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> boards were much less stiff than those of the other species/hybrids. Bending stiffness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was 4-6 GPa for both board sizes, and 6-8 GPa for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and Leyland. &#xD;&#xD;Stiffness increased from the inner boards to the outer in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (4.3-7.2 GPa). Characteristic bending strength was lowest for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (21.3 Wa) and values for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (31.4 MPa) and Leyland (28.0 Mpa) were similar to global </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don values.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Mencuccini, M </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Eds) 2004: Forests at the land-atmosphere interface</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berrill, J. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hay, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicative growth and yield models for even-aged </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-138</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Difference equation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARVL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-linear mixed model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield tables</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Deane &amp; Maiden stand growth and yield data were collected from 66 permanent sample plots and 45 temporary plots, sampling even-aged plantations located in six geographic regions between Nelson/Marlborough and Northland, New Zealand. Height and volume growth, and volume yield functions were fitted to the</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> data through non-linear least squares and multiple regression. Site index and volume growth curves that encompass the range of available data were created. Log grade recovery was predicted as a function of average tree size using MARVL (Method of Assessing Recoverable Volume by Log-types) log grade outturn data, and this indicated that recovery of sawlog grades increases markedly with increasing mean tree volume and diameter. Growth data and model predictions show that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth rates vary widely between sites, and that the species is capable of maintaining rapid growth rates to later ages on favourable sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acuna, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal bucking of Douglas-fir taking into consideration external properties and wood density</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-152</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During recent years niche markets have begun to demand forest products with specific characteristics. Traditionally markets required products with particular external log properties such as a specific diameter, length, and knot size. However, today&apos;s log markets are beginning to include new wood properties, such as basic density and stiffness. Although markets have not accompanied these new requirements with price incentives for producers to meet such demands, the new characteristics are nevertheless valued by these markets. An optimal bucking procedure, which included wood density, was developed. Four hypothetical market scenarios, covering a range of density specifications and price incentives, were evaluated, and results showed that in a density-constrained scenario the total revenue could be substantially less than in a scenario which did not specify density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ackerknecht, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bassaber, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chilean Safety Association, Vicun?a Mackenna 152, Santiago, Chile University of La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental certification systems and impacts of their implementation on occupational health and safety in Chilean forest companies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accident rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Average time lost per accident</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Certification of fast-grown forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental management systems</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occupational health and safety</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk prevention</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental management systems developed by Chilean forest companies in fast-grown plantations and implemented for ISO 14001:1996 certification, best forest management practices certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, and occupational health and safety (OHSAS 18001:1999), have been analysed to evaluate their effects on profitability due to the decrease in work accidents. &#xD;&#xD;The study was a st atistical analysis of data on accident rate, risk rate, and average time lost per accident for up to 25 companies over 7 years. A second phase of the study was extended to 10 years with the same companies and dependent variables. Analysis of variance was used to compare the incidence of occupational accidents before and after the environmental systems, best forest management practices, or occupational health and safety were implemented. &#xD;&#xD;Results varied between companies, a ccording to the specific dependent variables analysed. Nevertheless, after the environmental systems or best forest management practices were implemented most companies showed there were improvements in accident rate, risk rate, and average time lost per accident. For most companies implementation of ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council requirements helped to increase competitiveness by improving safety indicators in a statistically significant way.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>815</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">815</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Determining sample size for harvesting cost estimation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-169</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confidence intervals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sample size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time studies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling design for harvesting studies is usually based on estimating mean cycle times within a given level of precision. Researchers and managers are more likely to be interested in estimating harvesting productivity or costs. These require estimates of mean cycle volume as well as cycle time. A simple method for determining sample size for cost estimates has been calculated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">132</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turnblom, E. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bare, B. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Products and Operations Research, Stand Management and Precision Forestry Cooperatives, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States Forest Biometry, Stand Management Cooperative, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States Forest Management and Quantitative Science, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-destructive methods and process capability analysis to assess conformance of Douglas-fir stands to customer quality specifications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-188</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nondestructive testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process capability analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistical quality control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Largest branch diameter in the breast-height region (LLBH) and acoustic velocity on lower bole were measured on trees in a 20-year-old Douglas fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) experiment comparing seven density management/fertiliser regimes. The less dense regimes tended to have larger mean branch diameter at breast height, with fertiliser increasing the mean even further. However, except for the densest regimes, the difference between a density regime and its counterpart with fertiliser was not statistically significant. The densest regime had significantly higher mean acoustic velocity than the other regimes, which were all the same except for one with very low velocity attributed to abnormal wood formed after damage by black bears. Although statistical significance may be lacking with respect to mean properties, subtle differences in their distributions may be important to timber sellers where purchasers often pay premiums for stands with higher percentages of trees that meet their process and customer needs. A statistical quality control procedure, process capability analysis, was used to assess the conformance of each regime to specifications for largest branch diameter at breast height and acoustic velocity. Conformance of largest branch diameter to a 35-mm maximum ranged from 84% to 100%, with fertiliser reducing conformance by 10-15%. Conformance of acoustic velocity to a 3.5 km/sec minimum ranged from 15% to 85%, with negligible difference between a thinned regime and its counterpart with fertiliser. Joint conformance ranged from 10% to 85%, with generally lower conformance associated with fertiliser. There is potential for using statistical quality control techniques to assist with timber marketing, harvest planning, and monitoring stand development.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>951</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">951</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosen, H. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IUFRO division 5 conference</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>507</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">507</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juslin, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Products Marketing, Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States Forest Products Marketing, Department of Forest Economics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marketing of forest products in a changing world</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190-204</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Customer relationship management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest sector</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marketing planning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strategic marketing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply chain management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marketing in the forest sector has evolved, responding to new challenges in the business environment. Marketing philosophies have changed from production oriented to marketing oriented and a new era is beginning: responsible forest industry - responsible marketing. Since the 1950s the customer has been the driving force behind marketing thinking. Recently research and theory development have focused on the resources and capabilities needed to satisfy customers and to manage in a highly competitive environment. New paradigms (e.g., key account management) have emerged to manage customer relationships and to build value propositions. The challenge of forest products marketing is to combine the resource- and capability-based view with the customer relationship and value proposition view. Research work targeted to new business models aims at this combination. Future success demands that companies be capable of &quot;doing the right thing&quot;, &quot;doing things right&quot;, and &quot;identifying and using the best available tools&quot;. By doing the right thing we refer to social and environmental responsibility. Doing things right means choosing the appropriate approach to a problem (e.g., concentrating on customer relationships and/or company resources and capabilities). Using the best tools available means, for example, embracing new technologies for better marketing information and planning systems.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding and managing wood quality for improving product value in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-220</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adoption</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segregation tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don comprises about 90% of New Zealand&apos;s plantation forests. Management practices evolved rapidly during the twentieth century, and are regarded as advanced in terms of the application of sound scientific and economic principles. However, since the 1970s, forest managers in New Zealand have become more aware of the impacts of genetic selection for growth and stem form, and the adoption of more aggressive silvicultural techniques, on the nature of the resource. These trends have resulted in a significant reduction in rotation lengths from more than 40 years to around 25 years. Growing space, tree age, and geographic location create very pronounced patterns of wood property development and, while growth rates can be impressive, some of the resulting wood characteristics are somewhat limiting for demanding end uses. &#xD;&#xD;Scientific studies over the past 20 years or so have defined the important wood characteristics (knot size and distribution, resin pockets, intra-ring checking, density, spiral grain, microfibril angle) that affect product appearance, stiffness, and stability. Two distinct approaches have been adopted to improve the plantation resource: &#xD;&#xD;(1) Identifying and managing variability in the forest &#xD;(2) Breeding to manipulate specific characteristics &#xD;&#xD;Value recovery from harvesting is in rapid change from a system based on volume to one based on quality. There is now a strong emphasis on tools for log and lumber segregation, and reliable methods are available for assessing stiffness at all stages from forest to lumber. For the immediate future, traditional forest inventory methods are being enhanced by the inclusion of wood property information such as wood density and predicted stiffness. Acoustic tools in particular have become common for standing tree and log stiffness assessment and a similar approach is being used for lumber and veneer grading; spectroscopic tools are also under development. Tree breeders are actively selecting material to improve future generations, and fortunately the heritabilities of wood properties are generally high. However, many of these features are costly to evaluate on a routine basis and the search is on for more sophisticated tools to assess performance capability directly. The next challenge is to develop similar cost-effective techniques for predicting product stability. Faster progress will be made when wood processors reward growers for quality wood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">467</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis Forests, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Certification of fast-grown plantation forests: Issues, costs, and benefits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-222</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>203</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">203</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnegie, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawson, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsuki, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Resources Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia West Australian Blue Gum Industry Pest Management Group, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Forest Landscape, Murdoch University, 444 Albany Hwy, Albany, WA 6330, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can we grow certified eucalypt plantations in subtropical Australia? An insect pest management perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest certification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insecticides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subtropical Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the past few years several Australia forestry companies have set in place procedures for certification in sustainable forest management (Forest Stewardship Council and Australian Forestry Standard). Eucalypt plantation forestry in sub-tropical New South Wales and Queensland is substantially different from that in temperate southern Australia, with currently the majority of plantations grown for long-rotation sawlogs, and a range of tree species different from that planted for pulp in southern Australia. Also, the major insect pests in this region are multivoltine and active for much of the year, due to the warmer climate and the short milder winters, compared to shorter periods of activity of larvae of any one species of mostly univoltine insects in temperate Australia. Insect pest management strategies currently used in Australia include tree improvement, improved site-species matching, and chemical control, mostly using an integrated pest management approach. Monitoring is essential for correct timing of insecticide application but, due to limited resources, forestry companies in Australia struggle to monitor effectively for multiple insect pests over extended periods of insect activity. Because of the relative immaturity of the plantation industry in subtropical Australia, and the sensitivity over the use of chemical insecticides by Government forestry organisations (the major growers), little research has been conducted on establishing integrated pest management strategies. In contrast, such strategies, including regular monitoring and chemical control, have been developed in temperate Australia. There are regional issues for cost-effective management of insect pests in relation to certification, including targeted use of slow-release systemic insecticides and future development of insect-active pheromones, kairomones, and synomones. There are many areas that require further research before forest companies in subtropical Australia will be able to sustain forest certification over the long term.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus, J. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tome, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orazio, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INRA, Bordeaux-Aquitaine Centre, France ISA, Lisbon, Portugal IEFC - EFI Project Centre, Cestas, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrated approach and inventory system for the evaluation of sustainable forest management indicators at local scales in western European regions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-265</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Criteria and indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest certification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inventory system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planted forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional scales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the past decade, sustainability of forests has been assessed through monitoring of widely-accepted criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. Evaluation of sustainable forest management indicators has generally been conducted at national levels on the basis of forest inventory data and agreed lists of indicators from inter-governmental processes. In parallel, forest certification schemes and processes have been developed and are generally conducted at smaller scales such as regional or management unit levels. Increasingly, sustainable forest management indicators will need to be evaluated at those local scales to answer public questions and facilitate social dialogue on the basis of scientifically sound and pertinent information. &#xD;&#xD;To undertake this type of evaluation within homogeneous bio-geographic zones and a socio-economic context, an integrated approach is proposed combining (i) use of reference pilot zones, (ii) elaboration of indicators and evaluation of their pertinence through scientific studies for priority domains (carbon sequestration, forest damage, soil disturbance, landscape patterns and biodiversity, global value of products and services), (iii) comparative test of common protocols, and (iv) organisation and sharing of forest information at regional levels with stakeholders and public. Preliminary testing has been carried out on key indicators corresponding to priority issues for planted forests of European Atlantic regions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>283</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">283</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubbage, F. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siry, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abt, R. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, 3120 Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8008, United States Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2152, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast-grown plantations, forest certification, and the U.S. South: Environmental benefits and economic sustainability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-289</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest certification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planted forests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations reports that planted forests comprise 187 million ha, or 5%, of the 3.9 billion ha of forests in the world. We estimate that about 72 million ha of these plantations are fast-grown forests with short-rotation industrial wood production as their primary objective. The U.S. South has the world&apos;s largest area of such fast-grown industrial plantation forests, with about 15.3 million ha of intensively managed pine plantations, comprising about one-fifth of the world fast-grown total. Forest certification schemes have been introduced throughout the world to ensure that natural, and especially plantation, forests achieve sustainable forest management economic, social, and environmental goals. Certified forests now include about 272 million ha of forests, or 7% of the total area. Debates over industrial plantations and forest certification are pervasive in the U.S. South, as in the rest of the world. Fast-grown industrial plantations will continue to increase in area and in the share of industrial wood they provide, based on economic returns and wood fibre needs. Forest certification systems are likely to improve the scientific discourse and the opportunities to practise intensive plantation forestry, but not completely quell public debate</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>862</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">862</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paredes, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Management Institute, Universidad Austral of Chile, P. O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Certification of industrial forest plantations: A view of production forestry in Chile</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290-302</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental standards</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast-growing forest plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry policy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Certification of environmental standards and the sustainable management of industrial plantations have increased rapidly in the last 5 years in Chile. During this period the industry association (CORMA), the Government Forest Research Institute (INFOR), and a technology transfer organisation (Fundacio?n Chile) have led the development of national standards for certifying sustainable forest management, CERTFOR. This process has established in Chile &quot;community accepted&quot; criteria for local natural and plantation forests. With different objectives, the ma in companies have adopted one or more of the standards - ISO 14.001, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and CERTFOR. However, it seems that sustainable forest management certification has been adopted by the already good performers and no price premium has been observed in the market</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1337</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1337</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W. R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Sands, R. 2005: Forestry in a global context</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">303-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1338</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1338</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdsall, H.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Gadgil, P.D. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-306</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>417</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">417</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 6</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus spp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The five fungi described in this paper have been recorded from New Zealand but not fully described. The fungi are: &#xD;&#xD;Corticolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cosmospora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. (aff. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cosmospora purtonii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Greville) Rossman &amp; Samuels) on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myrsine australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (A.Richard) Allan. &#xD;&#xD;Caulicolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colpoma quercinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Persoon) Wallroth on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp.; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hysterographium fraxini</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Persoon) De Notaris on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fraxinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. &#xD;&#xD;Foliicolous Coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pestalotiopsis karstenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Saccardo &amp; P. Sydow) Steyaert on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Banksia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Staninwardia breviuscula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> B. Sutton on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Metrosideros excelsa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Solander ex Gaertner.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>908</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">908</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment of inundative biological control with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chondrostereum purpureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-20</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrostereum purpureum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inundative biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycoherbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The host range and geographic distribution of the basidiomycete fungus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chondrostereum purpureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Pers.) Pouzar in New Zealand were determined through analysis of herbarium records from Landcare Research and the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, as well as published reports. The fungus has been recorded in every geographic region of the North Island, with the exception of Northland and Rangitikei, and from the northern portion of the South Island, as well as Southland, Otago Lakes, south Canterbury, and mid Canterbury, but it is known to be present throughout New Zealand. It has been recorded on 23 angiosperm families and 1 gymnosperm family in New Zealand. Based on the geographic distribution and epidemiological studies of the pathogen that have been conducted elsewhere, it is concluded that the utilisation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. purpureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as an inundative biological control agent would not significantly alter the risk of infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">C. purpureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within New Zealand.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>68</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">68</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrio-Anta, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Di</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guez-Aranda, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castedo-Dorado, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">Ά</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lvarez-Gonz</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">á</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lez, J G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rojo-Alboreca, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departamento de Ingenieri?a Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Polite?cnica Superior, Campus universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain Departamento de Ingenieri?a Agraria, Universidad de Leo?n, Escuela Superior y Te?cnica de Ingenieri?a Agraria, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimicking natural variability in tree height of pine species using a stochastic height-diameter relationship</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height diameter-models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic component</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring the height of a tree takes longer than measuring its diameter at breast height and often the heights of only a subset of trees of known diameter are measured in forest inventories. Accurate height-diameter equations must therefore be used to predict the heights of the remaining trees. Two trees within the same stand and that have the same diameter are not necessarily of the same height; therefore we developed a deterministic equation, using the Schnute function, and then added a stochastic component to it, to mimic the real natural variability in height. The stochastic approach uses the standard error of a new observation in a similar way to the method of obtaining the prediction interval for an individual (new) in a regression model, but rather than using the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">t</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> value corresponding to a fixed limit for all the trees, it uses a pseudo-random number having a normal distribution N(0,1) for each observation. The stochastic approach was evaluated with data from four thinning trials located in single-species, even-aged stands of the most commercially important pines in Galicia (north-western Spain). More realistic height predictions were obtained than with the deterministic model for individual diameter classes, as demonstrated by the results of the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and by visual analysis of box plot graphs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1426</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1426</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to First Joint New Zealand-German Symposium on Plant Cell Walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary and secondary plant cell walls: A comparative overview</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell-wall models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immuno-cytochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignified walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-cellulosic polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light and transmission electron microscopy are used in studying wall morphology and histochemical methods, including immunocytochemistry, can be used to locate specific compounds in walls. All plant cell walls contain a fibrillar phase of cellulose microfibrils and a matrix phase which contains a high proportion of non-cellulosic polysaccharides that vary in their chemical structures, depending on wall type and plant taxon. The non-cellulosic polysaccharide compositions of three common wall types - lignified secondary walls, non-lignified secondary walls, and non-lignified primary walls - exemplify this. The principles used in constructing the most recent models of non-lignified primary walls can be used in modelling lignified secondary walls.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>825</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">825</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naumann, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polle, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-Universita?t Go?ttingen, Bu?sgenweg 2, 37077 Go?ttingen, Germany</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR imaging as a new tool for cell wall analysis of wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier transform infrared imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guaiacyl/syringyl ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging offers the opportunity to analyse the chemical composition of wood spatially resolved. To illustrate the potential of FTIR imaging for wood analysis, the lignin distribution in cross sections of beech and poplar wood was analysed and the spatial resolution compared. Additionally, the ratio of guaiacyl/ syringyl lignin in a poplar wood section was computed. The resolution of the FTIR microscope was sufficient to resolve individual cell walls of poplar wood fibres.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>450</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">450</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gierlinger, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgert, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mu?hlenberg 1, D-14471 Potsdam, Germany</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall polymers studied by confocal Raman microscopy: Spatial distribution, orientation, and molecular deformation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microdeformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microtensile testing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus sp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raman imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confocal Raman microscopy was used for chemical imaging of wood cell wall polymers and to follow molecular changes during tensile deformation. Spectral maps were acquired from cross-sections of poplar wood and images calculated by integrating the intensity of characteristic spectral bands. This enabled direct visualisation of the spatial variation of the lignin content without any chemical treatment or staining of the cell wall. A higher lignin content was visualised in the cell corners, the compound middle lamella, and the secondary cell wall of vessels than in the fibres. The S1 was distinguished from the S2 by integrating over the band at 1097 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, because the intensity of this vibration is sensitive to the orientation of the cellulose molecule. The position of this band was shifted towards shorter wavenumbers during straining of wettangential sections, demonstrating that the cellulose molecule was subjected to a deformation. The band shift was followed during the tensile test and a good trend and correlation with strain and stress were observed. Investigating tissue types with different properties and cell wall assemblies will help to reveal the polymer composition and orientation non-destructively with a high spatial resolution. By investigating structural changes during tensile straining, we aim at understanding the different stress-strain behaviour and the molecular mechanistic phenomena involved.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>967</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">967</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frankenstein, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Wood Biology and Wood Protection, Leuschnerstr. 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall modifications in woody stems induced by mechanical stress</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galactan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus sp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wall thickening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first example of modified wall architecture in woody cells examined was in poplar trees where wounding caused wall thickenings of xylem fibres differentiating at the time of wounding. These fibres close to a wound also displayed slightly higher lignin content and an inhomogeneous lignin distribution as revealed by UV-microspectrophotometry. Additionally, the lignin in the middle lamella and the S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> layer of modified fibres contained more guaiacyl units than fibres of normal wood. These wound response mechanisms are assumed to contribute to an increased resistance. Secondly, in a pine seedling displaying stem bending, extensive compression wood formation was observed. Autofluorescence confirmed that the lignin content in the compression wood tracheids was distinctly higher than in normal tracheids. Immunolabelling of galactan for the first time clearly demonstrated that the bulk of galactan is localised in the outer S2 wall regions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1098</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1098</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torr, K. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving stiffness of lignocellulosics through cell wall modification with chitosan-melamine co-polymers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-98</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chitosan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melamine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veneers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical modification with chitin- and chitosan-hexamethyl methylol melamine (HMMM) co-polymers was investigated for improving the stiffness of lignocellulosic materials. Chitin and chitosan were converted by chemical means to low molecular weight oligosaccharides with molecular weight profiles suitable for penetration of lignocellulosic cell walls. The oligomers were reacted under controlled conditions with hexamethyl methylol melamine (HMMM) to produce aqueous formulations of oligosaccharide bonded to HMMM, the &quot;pre-polymers&quot;. The chitosan oligomers reacted with HMMM to produce, on condensation polymerisation, a water-insoluble polymer in high yield (69%), whereas the chitin oligomer HMMM condensation reaction gave poor co-polymer yields (28-34%). The yield of co-polymer from the condensation polymerisation reaction was critical to the success of the cell wall modification in improving stiffness.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don veneers were treated with chitin and chitosan oligomer HMMM formulations to average dry weight percentage gains of 69% and 57% respectively. No improvement in veneer stiffness was obtained with the chitin oligomer HMMM treatment, whereas the chitosan oligomer HMMM treatment resulted in an average veneer stiffness enhancement of 20%. There was a linear relationship between the level of stiffness improvement and the degree of co-polymerisation of the oligomers with HMMM. A threshold of greater than approx. 30% co-polymer yield was necessary before any improvement in veneer stiffness was observed. Polysaccharides with a </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-(1-&gt;4) configuration, such as chitosan, therefore offer potential for lignocellulosic stiffness property modification.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>140</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">140</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brummell, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Batchelor Road, Palmerston North 5301, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell wall metabolism during fruit ripening</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall disassembly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expansin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruit softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matrix glycans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pectins</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruit softening is an important part of the ripening process, and involves changes to cell turgor and primary cell wall structure. Most of the polysaccharide components of the cell wall are subjected to some degree of controlled degradation, resulting in a loosening and swelling of the wall structure, a weakening of cell wall strength, and reduced intercellular adhesion. Early ripening changes involve the degradation of the galactan/arabinan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I, demethylesterification of homogalacturonan, and depolymerisation of matrix glycans (hemicelluloses). Solubilisation of pectins increases during ripening, but depolymerisation of pectins is usually most pronounced late in ripening. Considerable variation in the extent of pectin depolymerisation and galactan/arabinan loss exists between species. Transgenic studies have shown that expansin may control cell wall loosening, and </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">b</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-galactosidase may be important in increasing cell wall porosity. Suppression of either of these enzymes resulted in a retention of fruit firmness. Suppression of endo-polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase had little effect on fruit firmness during ripening, but influenced fruit shelf life due to alterations in the integrity of the middle lamella, which affected intercellular adhesion. The enzyme(s) responsible for depolymerisation of matrix glycans have not been defined, and the identity of the ripening-related xyloglucanase remains obscure.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>969</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">969</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">der, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atkinson, R.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit cell walls: Towards an understanding of softening?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Actinidia deliciosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softening</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit is an excellent model in which to study events in the cell wall that lead to fruit becoming soft. In kiwifruit, softening can be separated into distinct phases, with the phase associated with the most extensive and rapid loss of firmness being well-separated temporally from that associated with the respiratory climacteric and ethylene production. This contrasts with tomato, avocado, and many other fruit where softening changes, ethylene production, and the climacteric occur concurrently. The changes that occur in the kiwifruit cell wall during the softening process have been extensively characterised by chemical analyses, by histochemical and immunolocalisation techniques, and by monitoring the activity and expression of wall-associated enzymes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Donoghue, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Institute Crop and Food Research, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11 600, Palmerston North, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower petal cell walls: changes associated with flower opening and senescence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-144</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senescence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers are prized as objects of great beauty and diversity, and are commercially valuable (~US$4.5 billion in international trade yearly) and highly perishable. Biologically, flower petals have an important role in the lifecycle of plants, as they protect immature reproductive structures, then provide the attraction and accessibility needed for pollination to occur. Flower petal cell wall construction, maintenance, andbreakdown are important factors in the life of flowering plants as well as being related to the visual quality of commercial cutflowers. The petal is generally a thin structure, with a mesophyll-type cell layer between an ordered upper and lower epidermis. Petal cell walls are constructed in such a way as to be able to accommodate large and quite fast increases in cellular turgor during petal expansion and flower opening. There is some variety in the way the flower lifecycle may end once pollination has occurred, with petal wilting, shattering, abscission, almost complete autolysis of petal tissue, and the development of a papery shell all occurring in different species. The senescence of flower petals can be accompanied by increased activity of cell wall hydrolases, similar to that found during fruit ripening, and degradation of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. For some flowers, however, wall dissolution is restricted to depolymerisation of hemicelluloses and loss of neutral sugars, particularly galactose and arabinose. The few species in which the metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides in flower petals has been studied in depth include carnation, sandersonia, and daylily.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immerzeel, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pauly, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Max Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mu?hlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profiling methods for the analysis of cell wall polysaccharides</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-155</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbohydrate analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are techniques are available for the analysis of plant cell wall structures that are fast and require small amounts of material. Some of these approaches include oligosaccharide mass profiling, carbohydrate gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>802</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">802</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheary element differentiation and secondary cell-wall formation in cell cultures of coniferous gymnosperms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-171</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0048-0134</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheary element differentiation and secondary cell-wall formation have been studied in cell cultures of coniferous gymnosperms. Factors that influence tracheary element differentiation are (i) the sucrose concentration in the media, (ii) the concentration of nutrients in the media, (iii) temperature and light, and (iv) the types and concentrations of phytohormones in the media. There are advantages and disadvantages in using cell cultures for studying tracheary element differentiation and secondary cell-wall formation, but in combination with</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> in planta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">studies the cell culture approach is very useful for advancing our understanding of these processes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">           </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1427</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1427</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to Fifth Workshop of IUFRO Working Party 5.01.04 &quot;Wood Quality Modelling&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-178</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>830</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">830</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nepveu, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Mogu</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dec, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucket, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mothe, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legay, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LERFoB (Laboratoire d&apos;Etude des Ressources Fore?t-Bois, Inra-Engref), Centre de Recherches de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France Centre Technique du Bois et de l&apos;Ameublement, Alle?e de Boutaut, 33028 Bordeaux cedex, France Office National des Fore?ts, De?partement Recherche et De?veloppement, Boulevard de Constance, 77030 Fontainebleau, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimising the chain from the plant to the plank, taking into account considerations related to sustainable management: New results on sessile oak silviculture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-197</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest-wood chain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multicriteria evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvicultural schedule</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the 4th IUFRO WP 5.01.04 Workshop held in Canada in 2002, our research team, the LERFoB, in co-operation with two other French organisations, CTBA and ONF, has made a new advance on a long-term project aiming to optimise the chain from the plant to the plank in sessile oak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Liebl.) taking into account considerations related to sustainable management. The method used in this project is typical of the method in use at the LERFoB - that is, a method based on joint modelling of growth and wood quality as well as simulation software. There are nine elements in our chain of models and software. These are now available to perform detailed simulations of the effect of contrasted silvicultural schedules - in a context of pure and even-aged stands naturally or artificially regenerated - on products delivered, environmental considerations, economical considerations, and employment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>466</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">466</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakelin, S. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Threadgill, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ATLAS Technology, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using measured and modelled wood quality information to optimise harvest scheduling and log allocation decisions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">198-215</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest scheduling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-harvest inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield prediction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During pre-harvest assessment, wood quality information is measured with the software package ATLAS Cruiser. Various modelling methods are applied to this information to predict log yields for different stands, through time and under different cutting strategies. This yield information allows the scheduling component (ATLAS Market Supply) to find an optimal way of meeting the demand for logs of varying qualities from the available stands, given harvesting capabilities and transport distances.&#xD;&#xD;Assuming the issues arising from initial use of the system can be addressed, the indications are that the combined system of pre-harvest forest assessment and optimisation of harvesting and log allocation is able to characterise the resource in terms of wood qualities and provide the best match of logs to customer demands, thereby maximising the returns to both the grower and the processor.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>798</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">798</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moberg, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sondell, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automatic selection, bucking control, and sorting of sawlogs suitable for appearance-grade sawnwood for the furniture industry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">216-231</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cut-to-length harvesters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sorting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation study</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood utilisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model for automatic bucking of sound-knot sawlogs has been implemented in Timberjack and Ponsse cut-to-length harvesters. It is based on a relationship between diameter at breast height (dbh) and the largest small-end diameter (s.e.d.) of logs to produce sound-knot sawnwood in the centre boards. In order to evaluate the possibilities for using this new functionality of harvesters in practical applications, a series of studies were carried out to identify, buck, and sort logs for a commercial appearance-grade of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Scots pine) marketed for furniture industries. In an initial calibration study, the lowest in-grade height-level was determined for taper-sawn logs from seven stands of different ages and growth rates in central Sweden. The mean soundknot quotient (SKQ, calculated as small-end diameter at this threshold limit divided by diameter at breast height) was 0.73 (0.69 for final cutting and 0.78 for thinnings). Using these data, the effects of different parameter settings were simulated to evaluate automatic classification of logs. It was apparent that a restrictive setting (a low sound-knot quotient-level forcing the bucking limit higher up the stem) could lead to a high proportion of correctly classified in-grade logs, but at the cost of missing furniture raw material through incorrect classification of logs as out-of-grade. Three sound-knot quotient-levels (0.64, 0.68, and 0.72) were tested in a practical study to evaluate log sorting in two final cutting stands and for two lumber dimensions (50 × 125 mm and 50 × 150 mm). For each setting and stand, logs with s.e.d. 192-239 mm were automatically selected by the on-board computer, and identified (in-grade, out-of-grade, or butt-log) with the paint-spraying function of the harvester head. The results verified the findings of the simulation study: the proportion of correctly classified logs (success rate) changed considerably with the different settings, and a high success rate also resulted in a substantial number of out-of-grade logs (as classified by the harvester) containing furniture-grade sawnwood. Finally, a large-scale, industrial trial was performed using SKQ 0.70 and a normal production environment involving several harvesters and a large sawmill. In total, of the 1087 logs classified as in-grade by the harvester computer, 86% fulfilled the furniture grade requirements for sawnwood when converted in the sawmill. Correspondingly, of the 622 non-butt logs classified as out-of grade, 63% did not meet the furniture grade requirements.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1094</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1094</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Colff, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis - The Joint Forces of CSIRO and Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand ATLAS Technology, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating rotation age for producing clearwood at specific levels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter over stubs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed source</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber grades</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood conversions were linked to stand growth using a multiple regression approach. Stand growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don was modelled for a range of treatments that spanned extremes in site productivity, stocking levels, pruning practices, resin pocket incidence, and genetic seed sources. At 20 years and thereafter annually until 30 years of age, a pruned butt log was theoretically cut from the mean stem and sawn, and clearwood timber grades were calculated and expressed as a percentage of sawn timber volume. A multiple regression model that linked rotation age to clearwood conversions, site productivity, and treatments was developed for GF22 seedlot. &#xD;&#xD;Application of the model to a site of moderate productivity, planted at 800 stems/ha, thinned to 400 stems/ha, and pruned when diameter over stubs measured 180 mm, indicated that a rotation of at least 33 years would be needed to achieve a clearwood production level of 40%. On extremely low or high productivity sites, rotations of 40 and 25 years respectively were predicted. At a final stocking of 200 stems/ha and under the same practices, rotations of 32, 25, and 17 years were predicted for the low, moderate, and high productivity sites respectively. &#xD;&#xD;Preliminary validation of the model, through comparison of predicted age with that of real logs ranked as &quot;stars&quot; and &quot;super-stars&quot;, according to processing efficiency and profitability, produced close correspondence in rotation age. The regression model predicted rotation ages for stars and super-stars to be 27.5 and 33.0 years respectively while actual ages were 28.1 and 32.0 years respectively.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achim, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leban, J. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daquitaine, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, United Kingdom Laboratoire d&apos;E?tude des Ressources Fore?t-Bois, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Champenoux, Nancy, France Scierie Siat-Braun, Urmatt, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the branching properties of Sitka spruce grown in Great Britain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield tables</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictions of the branching characteristics of Sitka spruce (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bong.) Carr.) were made as part of the development of a timber properties simulation tool. For each annual growth unit, non-linear modelling was used to describe the average number of branches and their associated diameter, insertion angle, and probability of being alive. The parameters for the model were obtained using the branching characteristics of 60 trees collected from a range of locations across Scotland and northern England. The non-linear equations describing the branching properties gave an adequate representation of the mean of each branch property from the top to the base of the tree. Analysis of the residuals around the stem revealed that branches grew bigger on the south side but were more numerous on the north side. The predictions used a total of only six predictor variables that can be obtained from normal mensurational data and from the height growth history of the trees. Yield tables could hence be used to run two simulations of typical Sitka spruce stands managed under a thinning or no-thinning regime. As expected, the effect of thinning was to increase branch diameter, to lower the height at which branches die, and to increase the number of branches without having any effect on their insertion angle. After incorporation of clear-wood properties, the model will be used to predict the properties of sawn battens.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cavaignac, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Mogu</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">édec, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nepveu, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipe de Recherche sur la Qualit‚ des Bois (Wood Quality Research Team), Laboratoire d&apos;Etude des Ressources Fore?t Bois (LERFoB), INRA - Centre de Recherches de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two complementary indicators to rank various oak wood defects according to different users&apos; advice</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-279</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defects ranking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preference analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus robur</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Users&apos; advice</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak is the most important species in French forestry. This wood is purchased by a great variety of firms, with prices that can range on a scale from 1 to 100. The main determinant of wood use is its quality and this depends on the presence or absence of defects in the wood. There is a great diversity of defects, but their importance for estimation of wood quality is not well-known. We have formulated a methodology for measuring the severity of defects in the final use of the wood. The measurement is based on two complementary indicators. The first one evaluated the drop in price caused by the presence of defects on individual logs sold during German sales of felled logs. As prices are linked not only to the severity of defects and as we did not come across a complete range of users or defects during this sale, a second indicator was constructed to complement the first one. This second indicator was based on a survey in which people were asked to sort virtual logs in order of preference. This methodology is useful for an initial approach to the problem but some improvements are needed to provide complete answers.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1122</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1122</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanninen, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ärkö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nen, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enkenberg, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ä</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kel</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ä</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Teacher Education, P.O. Box 86, 57101 Savonlinna, Finland Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PuMe - interactive learning environment employing the PipeQual model for forest growth and wood quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">280-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon balance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PuME</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process-based models have advanced to a level which enables their utilisation for evaluating forest management options, as well as their use in environmental education. To date, such applications are relatively rare, but they could be promoted by means of appropriate interactive and user-oriented interfaces for model simulation. &#xD;&#xD;The PuMe-software has been constructed as an interactive tool for forestry studies at secondary and university levels. The objective was to build an interactive and user-oriented interface for running a forest growth model with either user-designed or pre-determined inputs of forest management options such as stocking densities, thinning practices, site fertilities, and fertiliser application. The PipeQual model was chosen as the growth simulator because of its versatility in predicting traditional forestry characteristics, stem structure (stem shape, knot zones, heartwood, and sapwood), biomass, and carbon balance. &#xD;&#xD;The first version of PuMe is now in test-use in forestry education by universities and secondary schools, and by individual forest owners. However, it is applicable only to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Scots pine) under a limited set of conditions. In an ongoing project, PuMe II, the software will be developed further by adding various new features: simulation of spruce growth, forest damage, fertiliser application, pruning, and more flexible thinning methods. Especially, a new module will be incorporated to allow for a more detailed visualisation of stem properties (growth rings, wood density, fibre properties).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1157</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1157</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiskittel, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monserud, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rose, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turnblom, E. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 620 SW Main, Portland, OR 97205, United States College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive management influence on Douglas-fir stem form, branch characteristics, and simulated product recovery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-312</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crown structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle-cast</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precommercial thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive management may adversely affect lumber yield and quality by increasing knot size and creating a more conical stem form with a greater average rate of taper. This study was initiated to examine the impact of management on simulated lumber yield and quality. Stem diameter and branch size and location of 223 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) stems ranging in age from 5 to 65 years and from a wide variety of stand conditions were intensively measured. Stand conditions included varying levels of vegetation management, precommercial thinning, commercial thinning, fertiliser application, and severity of infection by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeoctyptopus gaeumannii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rohde) Petrak (Swiss needle cast). In addition, 86 virtual logs were created and processed by AUTOSAW. Significant changes in both stem form and branch characteristics were observed among the stand conditions examined, with maximum branch size being the most responsive to silvicultural regime and disease severity. Changes related to fertiliser and thinning were not significant enough to adversely affect simulated lumber quality and yield. Indices of branch size were poor predictors of simulated log grade yield. Although quantification of branch size and location is important for understanding crown structure, growth potential, and the vertical distribution of biomass, factors such as juvenile wood percentage and wood density may exert more control over simulated product quality in the young Douglas fir analysed in this study.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>480</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">480</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sherman, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woo, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aitchison, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis - The Joint Forces of CSIRO and Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 135a Ladies Mile, Ellerslie, Auckland, New Zealand University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability in stem wood properties due to branches</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-324</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre arrangement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A stem and branch growth model, TreeBLOSSIM, has been developed for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don that predicts the location and diameter of branches adjacent to the stem on an annual basis. Research is under way to extend the model to predict wood properties in three dimensions: vertically with increasing tree height, radially with increasing tree age, and circumferentially around a growth ring. &#xD;&#xD;Four studies were carried out to examine the role that branches may have in influencing the 3-dimensional variability of wood properties. These studies illustrated how wood fibres were arranged in the vicinity of abranch, and how the stem cross-sectional shape varied through a cluster of branches; and they indicated that the wood properties in the internode below a branch cluster may be influenced by the diameter of the branches.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ngo Bieng, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginisty, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goreaud, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perot, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unite? de Recherche Ecosyste?mes Forestiers, CEMAGREF, 45290 Nogent sur Vernisson, France Laboratoire d&apos;Inge?nierie des Syste?mes Complexes, CEMAGREF, 24 avenue des Landais, 63172 Aubie?re Cedex 1, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First typology of oak and Scots pine mixed stands in Orl</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ans Forest (France), based on the canopy spatial structure</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-346</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixed forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixed stands</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orle?ans Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripley functions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years there has been growing interest in uneven-aged or mixed forest stands as a result of new demands of society and of changing forestry practices. Unfortunately, due to their complexity, the dynamics of these stands are more difficult to understand than those of pure and even-aged stands. Thus, new research questions have arisen in terms of stand description, stand dynamics, and growth modelling.&#xD;&#xD;The first step toward better management of such mixed or uneven-aged stands is to describe them precisely - this step corresponds to a classical typological approach. As spatial structure plays a key role in the dynamics of such stands, spatial structure analysis can be used to infer certain types of information based on the biological processes involved in the growth and the dynamics of heterogeneous stands, and thus to build a typology. &#xD;&#xD;In order to present a first typology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea (</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matt.) Liebl. (Sessile oak) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus sylvestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Scots pine) mixed stands, we analysed the spatial structure in a mixed stand of oak and Scots pine from the French Centre region. We used the classical Ripley function L(r), and intertype function L</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">12</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(r) to characterise the specific spatial structure of each population, and the structure of the interaction between populations. We then used the results of this analysis to build a typology for these stands, with four main types. These four types may have resulted from ecological processes and historical management, and a typology could be used to simulate realistic virtual stands when real data are unavailable.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>959</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">959</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandberg, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SP Tra?tek - Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Skeria 2, 931 77 Skelleftea?, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling water sorption gradients in spruce wood using CT scanned data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-364</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computed tomography scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquid water sorption</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multivariate analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquid water sorption in the longitudinal direction in wood samples of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) was measured with computed tomography (CT) scanning and image processing and then evaluated using multivariate discriminate analysis. The purpose was to determine if there were any differences in liquid water sorption that could be dependent on the vertical position within the tree (0.8, 5.8, and 9.5 in from the butt cut), the growing site (dry or wet), and the type of tree (suppressed or dominant). Test pieces were CT scanned after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of water sorption in end grain and during desorption at room temperature. The objective was to find wood suited to exterior use that is durable because it takes up water poorly. The conclusion was that heartwood of spruce absorbs less water than sapwood. Heartwood gradients were generally steeper, with a markedly lower moisture content than sapwood. The moisture content gradient profiles differed between the wet and dry sites during sorption and desorption in heartwood and sapwood. Whether or not the trees had been suppressed or dominant had no impact on the moisture content gradients. There was an indication that moisture content gradients in heartwood differed between the first and the second logs, but in sapwood there was no difference.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>818</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">818</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutz, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Br</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ü</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chert, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ETH Zu?rich, Za?hringerstr.24, CH-8092 Zu?rich, Switzerland Institute for Forest Utilisation and Work Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Forest Research Institute Baden-Wu?rttemberg, Wonnhaldestr.4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying timber performance classes using latent class regression</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365-381</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latent class regression</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixture distribution models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood distortion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latent class regression is a statistical method which is not well known in wood science for predicting distortion of sawn timber from structural wood characteristics. The method identifies unknown subgroups in a dataset and allows more accurate regression models to be derived. We identified two separate classes to describe the relationship between bow</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">dry</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, spring</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">dry</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, or twist</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">dry</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and the predictors: initial distortion bow</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">fresh</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, spring</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">fresh</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, or twist</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">fresh</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, wood density, ring width, ring orientation, wood type (juvenile or adult), percentage compression wood measured separately on the four faces, and the contagion index which is a measure for the distribution of compression wood. The latent class regression models developed for the separate classes explained the variation in bow, spring, and twist to a higher degree than a single regression model over the entire dataset. For bow, R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> increased from 0.13 to 0.24 and 0.41 for Class 1 and Class 2, for spring from 0.24 to 0.45 and 0.67, and for twist from 0.15 to 0.38 and 0.33. For individual regression models, the predictors showed a varying effect. In classes with significant compression wood on the faces, the effect of wood type seemed weaker, and vice versa. It was concluded that latent class regression analysis allows a more detailed explanation of the effects of wood structure on sawn timber distortion for heterogeneous datasets.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>382</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">382</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fl</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">æ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">te, P. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haartveit, E. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vadla, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Raveien 9, N-1431 A?s, Norway</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared spectroscopy with multivariate statistical modelling as a tool for differentiation of wood from tree species with similar appearance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">382-392</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminant analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partial least squares</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea x lutzii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood classification</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considerable areas in the northern parts of Norway are afforested with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) H.Karst. (Norway spruce), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea x lutzii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Little (Lutz spruce), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea sitchensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bong.) Carrière (Sitka spruce). The species have different machining and wood properties but are similar in visual appearance. We evaluated whether near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical modelling could be used to identify wood from these three species. In all, 83 wood specimens were available for analyses, 36 of which were used as a test set for model validation. NIR spectra were obtained on the cross-sectional surfaces. &#xD;&#xD;An initial principal component analysis indicated that little information from the first and second components could be used for discrimination, but in score-plots of the third and fourth components the samples from the tree species formed clusters. This showed that the NIR spectra did contain information relevant for tree species identification, and that only a small fraction of the total variance could be used for that purpose. &#xD;&#xD;For classification of the wood specimens, partial least squares discriminant analyses were applied. All 47 specimens in the training set were fitted into the correct group. The test set validated results showed that except for two wood specimens, all specimens were correctly classified. The two misclassified samples were Sitka spruce. This study showed that development of well-performing prediction models for differentiation of wood from Norway spruce, Lutz spruce, and Sitka spruce is possible.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>498</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">498</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haartveit, E. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flæte, P. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Raveien 9, N-1431 A?s, Norway</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid prediction of basic wood properties by near infrared spectroscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">393-407</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of rupture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partial least squares</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small clear specimens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to non-destructively predict density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture for small clear specimens cut from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) trees. NIR spectra were recorded directly on the wood surface of each specimen as close as possible to the fracture developed during the bending test. Models were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The validation method was test set validation by data splitting. The correlation between predicted and measured values was highest for modulus of elasticity (0.86), followed by modulus of rupture (0.84) and density (0.79). The validation of the models showed that the average accuracies of predictions were 20.3 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for density, 1.1 GPa for modulus of elasticity, and 6.1 MPa for modulus of rupture. Results are comparable to what has been found for other tree species, such as </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (radiata pine), </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (loblolly pine), and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Larix decidua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mill. (European larch). &#xD;&#xD;Models for predicting density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture based on NIR spectra outperformed simple regression models using the mean annual ring width as the independent variable. NIR spectroscopy is a rapid tool for characterising organic materials. It requires minimal sample preparation and spectra are collected on solid wood, rapidly and nondestructively. For these reasons the method should be tested in production lines for lumber. In future research we aim for reliable predictions of mechanical properties of industrially manufactured lumber using models based on NIR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical methods.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>856</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">856</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ormarsson, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johansson, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Go?teborg, Sweden School of Technology and Design, Va?xjo? University, S5 351 95 Va?xjo?, Sweden Division of Structural Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Go?teborg, Sweden</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finite element simulation of growth stress formation and related board distortions resulting from sawing and forced drying</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-423</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maturation strain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matching timber quality with end-user requirements is a major research issue and lack of straightness in timber is the most frequent complaint worldwide. The final distortion of timber boards is caused mostly by moisture-related deformations and growth stresses that develop during growth of the tree, but how much the growth rate and growth stresses affect the final shape stability is not fully understood. A finite element analysis in which stress development during tree growth was simulated was performed with the aim of better understanding how growth stresses are generated. The tree growth model was formulated in terms of large strain settings (large changes in volume), whereas the material model for stress development was based on the theory of small strains. An earlier three-dimensional distortion model was developed further for studying the influence of growth stresses on final distortion of the board. The results showed that growth stresses clearly vary during tree growth and they also form a large stress gradient from pith to bark. This itself can result in significant bow and crook deformation when the log is sawed into boards.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1095</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1095</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowell, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis - The Joint Forces of CSIRO and Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 620 SW Main St., Portland, OR 97205, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasing value from pruned logs with partial knowledge of internal defects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-434</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTOSAW</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defect core</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nondestructive evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prune logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned log</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The hypothesis that lumber value increases when the sawpattern embodies partial knowledge of the internal defect structure was tested. Two methods for estimating the internal structure were evaluated: one used annual ringcounts and the other used the definition of defect core. The former method was applied to pruned </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) logs from the United States and the latter to logs from New Zealand that, although with similar diameters to the United States logs, were substantially younger, pruned much earlier, and had smaller defect cores. Digital models of the logs were constructed. External shape representations were based on direct log measurements. Internal defects were computer-generated for the United States logs, whereas actual branch stub measurements were used for the New Zealand logs. The models were sawn in the AUTOSAW sawing simulator, and the resultant lumber was graded and priced. The sum of lumber prices established a value for each log. That value was compared with lower and upper bounds derived from parallel simulations based on volume-optimising and value-optimising sawpatterns, respectively. The lower bound assumed no </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">a priori</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> knowledge of internal defects while the upper assumed full </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">a priori</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> knowledge. &#xD;&#xD;With the annual ring count method there was no significant difference in mean log value when compared to the lower bound; however, potential to increase value, demonstrated by the difference between lower and upper bounds was significant at 3%. With the defect core method a significant increase of 5% was found and potential to increase value was nearly 11%.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>691</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">691</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lecourt, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouvet, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deleuze-Br</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">é</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zins, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AFOCEL, Laboratoire Bois Process, InTechFibres, BP251, F-38000 Grenoble Cedex 9, France AFOCEL Biometrie, F-77370 Nangis, France AFOCEL, Route de Bonnencontre, F-21170 Charrey sur Sao?ne, France</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling TMP fibre morphology and pulp properties from wood and forest data: The example of Norway spruce</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">435-451</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest data</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical pulping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulp properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheid length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variations in paper properties can be due to process conditions but also to variations in wood properties. Better knowledge about the relationships between wood properties and properties of mechanical pulp could lead to a more efficient use of wood resources. AFOCEL has used its thermomechanical pulping (TMP) laboratory pilot refiner to pulp small wood samples and determine the influence wood fibre properties have on pulp fibres. This two-stage laboratory procedure was used within the EU project EuroFiber, which aims at the definition of wood assortments better adapted to the end-product qualities of different European paper mills with TMP plants. &#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Picea abies</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) H. Karst. (Norway spruce) trees were sampled in four European countries (Estonia, France, Norway, and Sweden). Samples were taken at different tree heights and split into juvenile, transition, and mature woods, resulting in a total of 450 samples. Wood samples were mechanically pulped after a two-stage refining procedure. Each pulp was characterised by its physical and optical properties, fibre morphology, and specific energy consumption. Data on forest, wood, and pulp properties were compiled and statistically analysed. &#xD;&#xD;Principal Component Analysis revealed a correlation between pulp properties and fibre properties (light-scattering coefficient, fibre length, fines, freeness, brightness, energy consumption). &#xD;&#xD;Five classes of wood were created based on tracheid length and wood density to identify the influence these parameters may have on pulp production (energy consumption, light-scattering coefficient, and tear index). &#xD;&#xD;Finally, a modelling approach enabled us to detect and quantify wood properties and process effects on measured pulp properties. Some categorical data were also tested: wood age (juvenile, transition, and mature wood), country where the tree was grown, and the previous five classes of wood. Part of variances explained by the models was quite low, but showed a general relationship with the specific energy applied during refining and, to a lesser extent, some tendencies with wood properties. With a process that preserved fibre properties well, this work allowed the identification of some wood properties that may be investigated to produce tailor-made pulp.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1011</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1011</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smale, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beveridge, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landcare Research New Zealand, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand 62B Panapa Drive, St. Johns, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term ecological impacts of selective harvesting on a New Zealand conifer-hardwood forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological impacts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rain forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selective harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maintaining the stability and productivity of residual forest after harvesting is a crucial requirement of sustainable forest management. We assessed the long-term (43-year) impact of group selective harvesting using ground extraction of one-third of merchantable volume on 30 ha of mixed conifer/hardwood forest at Pureora, North Island, New Zealand. Selective harvesting did not substantially alter canopy composition or the population structure of conifers in the two 15-ha harvested blocks. It did not adversely affect the stability of the residual forest, with similar mortality rates in merchantable conifer trees in the 15-ha control (0.7%/year) and residual conifers in the two harvested blocks (0.6%/year, 0.8%/year). Tree mortality in harvested blocks was not related to harvesting disturbance. Productivity was somewhat reduced by selective harvesting (0.3,0.2 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year in harvested blocks; 0.4 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year in the control) because of reduced tree densities. Net merchantable volume increment was negative in conifer species in all blocks, ranging from -0.4 to -0.6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha/year. Although regeneration of major canopy species had largely recovered within a decade of harvesting much more time will be needed for the forest as a whole to recover fully.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: HAMISH COCHRANE, hamish.cochrane@canterbury.ac.nz&#xD;Y: LEN GELLMAN, len.gillman@aut.ac.nz&#xD;N: david.norton@canterbury.ac.nz</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>447</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">447</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea, L. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wynyard, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis - The Joint Forces of CSIRO and Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parental reconstruction for breeding, deployment, and seed-orchard management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forwards selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parental reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new open-pollinated breeding strategy for</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden in New Zealand was explored using microsatellite markers to reveal the parental identity of forwards selections. Microsatellites are the preferred markers to reveal genetic relationships between individuals, largely owing to their co-dominant inheritance. &#xD;&#xD;Forwards selection of individuals for the breeding population and future deployment was simulated using 10 open-pollinated seedling offspring from each of 10 clones in a clonal seed orchard. A set of 15 microsatellite markers was chosen from the 41 initially tested. Ninety of the 100 progeny sampled matched consistently to a single mother and father and 13 of these were evidently selfs. Eight had a maternal match only; this would indicate that either there was contamination by pollen from outside the orchard or there was an occasional failure by the marker set to identify the orchard pollen. One seedling had no maternal match and it was not possible to discriminate between two fathers in another. &#xD;&#xD;There was a broad level of outcrossing at the individual and provenance levels, and there appears to be little indication that individual clones favour specific pollens. Estimates of the coefficient of inbreeding and coefficient of co-ancestry were derived for the seed orchard and forward selections.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berrill, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicholas, I. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifford, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis - The Joint Forces of CSIRO and Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary growth and yield models for even-aged </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-56</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Difference equation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and yield model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mean top height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear mixed model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary stand growth and yield models were constructed for even-aged </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. Br. plantations in New Zealand. Models that predict mean top height and basal area growth, initial basal area, post-thinning basal area, mortality, and total standing volume per hectare were fitted to permanent sample plot data biased towards younger ages. The data consisted of 1722 plot measurements from 229 sample plots. Site index estimates predicted using a polymorphic Chapman-Richards difference equation fitted as a nonlinear mixed model ranged from 11.2 m to 35.5 in mean top height at age 30. The average site index was 24 m. All suitable data were used to fit models, preventing separation of independent validation data. The models were tested as a system of equations by comparing total standing volume predictions with data used to fit the models. Volume predictions were imprecise but unbiased on average. Predictions of standing volume and tree size development demonstrated the influence of site quality and stocking on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. melanoxylon</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> growth and yield. Stands located on average sites, thinned to 200 stems/ha at age 10, were predicted to have 290 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha total standing volume and 49 cm average diameter at breast heighnt at age 35 years, giving a mean annual volume increment of 8.3 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Old system: reviewers were Bob Shula, Ian Brown and Euan Mason, Evaluator was Leith Knowles</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>996</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">996</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, N. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coops, N. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Science and Research, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia Department of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the health of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations using remote sensing data and decision tree analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-80</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discoloration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essigella California</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health monitoring is essential to sustainable management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don plantations. Conventional survey techniques such as aerial sketch mapping are qualitative and subjective, their effectiveness depending on the skill of the surveyor. In contrast, digital remote sensing has the potential to provide quantitative and objective data on the location, extent, and severity of crown damage at a range of spatial scales. Decision tree analysis can incorporate both categorical and continuous data and is inherently non-parametric. Decision trees were used to model the crown condition of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in southern New South Wales in three situations involving discoloured leaves, stunted crowns, and transparent crowns associated respectively with the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Desm.) Kickx fungus, nitrogen deficiency, and the pine aphid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Essigella californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Essig. Spectral indices and fraction images derived from linear spectral mixture analyses of remote sensing scenes were used to classify crowns into either two or three condition classes. The best performing model was obtained for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">D. pinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with a two-class classification of crown discoloration (overall accuracy [OA] 92%; Kappa 83%). The three-class model of crown transparency from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> defoliation was moderately accurate (OA 68%, Kappa 28%), while the weakest model was a two-class model of crown volumes affected by soil nitrogen levels (OA = 58%, Kappa = 21%). Correlation between modelled outputs and environmental spatial variables revealed a high correlation between net solar radiation levels and crown transparency classes due to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> defoliation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; &#xD;Y:  ohn Coulston,  coulston@fs.fed.us&#xD;Y:  im Ellenwood,  ellenwood@fs.fed.us&#xD;Y: Ken Brewer, kbrewer@fs.fed.us</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>917</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">917</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joe, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests NSW, P.O. Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Forests NSW, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of basic density variation for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> grown in south-west slopes region of New South Wales, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of change from pith to bark and the distribution of variability in density across forest areas, sites, and trees were determined using data from breast-height cores taken from harvest-age </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don (ages 28 to 37 years) as part of a resource survey of four forest areas in the south-west slopes area of New South Wales. Seventeen of the sample sites had been thinned, one site was a thinning trial, and the other two sites were unthinned but matched to two of the thinned sites to determine the effects of thinning. Pith to bark cores were cut into five-ring segments and extracted basic density was determined for each segment. &#xD;&#xD;Little difference in average basic density was found between the forest areas, particularly for the first 10 rings adjacent to the pith. The major source of variability was between trees within each site - this accounted for 77-92% of the total variation at each age. Thinning had no discernible significant effect on density at any age. Density in the outermost five-ring segment (corresponding to ages 23-28 to 32-37 years) was poorly predicted by juvenile core density (inner 10 rings), indicating little opportunity for forward or backward prediction of density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; &#xD;Y: KEVING HARDING, kevin.harding@dpi.qld.gov.au&#xD;Y: DAVE COWN&#xD;N: ROD BALL&#xD;N: tony.zhang@qc.forintek.ca</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1099</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1099</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toulmin, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Forestry SA, P.O. Box 162, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia Forests NSW, PO Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing a sampling strategy for measuring acoustic velocity in standing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> using the TreeTap time of flight tool</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity, measured using time of flight tools, provides a non-destructive measure of wood stiffness in standing trees. In order to assess how best to assess a stand of trees to a given level of precision, acoustic velocity was measured across three sites in New South Wales, Australia. All sites had similar climatic conditions and had had the same silviculture but different establishment dates. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to determine the components of variation and relationships between acoustic velocity, diameter at breast height, and age.&#xD;&#xD;The variation within a stand was greatest between trees, followed by that between sides within trees, between plots, and within each side of a tree. There was a significant positive relationship between acoustic velocity squared and age, but little relationship between acoustic velocity squared and diameter at breast height. An optimal sampling strategy was developed that involved sampling four plots per stand, each plot containing 12 trees, and acoustic velocity measurements being taken four times on each of the two sides of the trees being sampled. With this strategy the mean acoustic velocity squared of a stand can be estimated to within at least </style><style face="underline" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">+</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10% of the mean.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Gilles Le Moguedec, moguedec@nacy.inra.fr&#xD;Y: Colin Matheson, colin.matheson@ensis v.com&#xD;Y: Kevin Harding, kevin.harding@dpi.qld.gov.au&#xD;N: Preben Hoffmeyer, ph@byg.dtu.dk&#xD;EBM: Nepveu</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>961</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">961</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sands, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haramburu, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand Ecole Nationale d&apos;Inge?nieurs des Travaux Agricoles de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du General de Gaulle, 33175 Gradigan cedex, France Forestry Tasmania, Division of Forest Research and Development, 79 Melville Street, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting traffic and ripping affect growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil compaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil penetration resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don was examined after a harvesting and tillage trial at Taringatura in the South Island of New Zealand; in that experiment forest soils had been subjected to various intensities of traffic by a range of harvesting machinery, followed by ripping of the soil. Harvesting traffic disturbed but did not compact the soil. Soil penetration resistance was markedly decreased by ripping but not significantly affected by traffic intensity. Ripping increased and traffic reduced the stem volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. &#xD;&#xD;Most notably, there was an interaction between ripping and traffic: stem volume increased with the number of passes of harvesting machines on ripped soils but decreased with the number of passes on non-ripped soils. This was explained by traffic reducing the competitive weeds in the ripped treatments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: GLEN MURPHY&#xD;Y: IWAN WASTERLAND, iwan.wasterland@resgeom.slu.se&#xD;N: PAUL ADAMS, paul.adams@oregonstate.edu&#xD;N: GRAEME BUCHAN, buchan@lincoln.ac.nz</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1164</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1164</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weston, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Research Ltd., P.O. Box 31310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of turpentine from the production of medium-density fibreboard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medium-density fibreboard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Presteamer plug screw feeder effluent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turpentine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood chips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rate of production of oil and turpentine in the effluent from the plug screw feeder at the exit from the presteamer of a fibreboard pilot plant was determined after a steady state of operation had been reached. From these data, the recovery of turpentine from the plug screw feeder effluent, as a proportion of that available in the wood chips, was shown to be 27%. Turpentine levels in wood of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don were determined and compared with previous data, along with causes of variations in these data. The presteamer plug screw feeder effluent from a medium-density fibreboard production line appears to be a useful source of turpentine.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y:  eremy Warns SCION&#xD;Y:  ohn Lloyd, Scion&#xD;Y: Adrian Wallis, Ensis</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kriticos, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogler, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geils, B. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Ensis, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia USDA, Forest Service, Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, CA, United States USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western gall rust - a threat to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand. See Addendum, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">37</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (3), 437-438</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-152</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peridermium (Endocronartium) harknessii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western gall rust (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Peridermium harknessii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J. P. Moore (syn. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Endocronartium harknessii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) is potentially a serious threat to exotic </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don plantations of New Zealand although the pathogen has not been recorded here. Mechanisms that may have prevented invasion of the pathogen include geographic isolation, biological characteristics of the fungus, stand management, and regulatory mechanisms affecting transport and establishment. Major factors may include a low probability of importation of infected seedlings, unlikely spore transport in the atmosphere across the tropics, and asynchrony of rust sporulation and pine susceptibility in North America and New Zealand. The outbreak or &quot;wave year&quot; phenomenon in the native range of western gall rust demonstrates that both biological and microclimatic conditions must be suitable for establishment to occur. We conclude that the probability of invasion of New Zealand by western gall rust is very low; however, if the pathogen were to become established in New Zealand, the long-term effects may be large.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>139</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">139</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownlie, R. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carson, W. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Firth, J. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulding, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Carto Instruments Inc., 21200 Westside Hwy. SW, Vashon, WA 98070, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-based dendrometry system for standing trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-168</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dendrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest mensuration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photogrammetry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TreeD</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new photogrammetric image-based dendrometry system called TreeD is particularly suited for measuring stem features on individual standing trees. There are two phases in the application of the system. In phase one, stereo digital images are taken of the sample trees and seven field parameters associated with that particular image/object environment are measured. In phase two, the parameters are used to register the images in a computer where they can be viewed stereoscopically. The dimensions of any feature visible on the tree stem can then be measured, and the position of the feature located in three-dimensional space. &#xD;&#xD;Validation of the system was carried out using images of a radio mast of known dimensions; results showed that for heights less than 20 m, characteristics such as stem diameters, branch diameters, internodal distances, and (implicitly) stem sweep can be measured to an accuracy of </style><style face="normal" font="Symbol" charset="2" size="100%">±</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 cm. Absolute height measurements were measured to an accuracy of better than 10 cm. &#xD;&#xD;The system can provide essential information for ste m and log characterisation in pre-harvest assessment. It also provides a useful image archive of all sample trees and data capture points and is routinely being used in research trials to improve understanding of stem quality.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Hamish Marshall (scion)&#xD;Y: Adrian Hapca, a.hapca@napier.ac.uk&#xD;Y: Petri R”nmholm (no email address in folder)</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>894</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">894</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownlie, R. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc image-processing software for three-dimensional mapping of stem ring width and compression wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-processing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem sinuosity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New tools have been developed to map the three-dimensional variation of wood properties within tree stems in order to support research into modelling tree growth and stem wood properties. Digital imaging, image processing, and data visualisation techniques have been integrated into software tools (G2Ring and G2View) that allow cost-effective three-dimensional stem analysis. &#xD;&#xD;Specialised image-processing algorithms have been developed to accurately delineate annual ring boundaries and sectors of compression wood on images of cross-cut discs. Discs are cut by chainsaw, wetted to improve contrast, and imaged in the field. The image-processing algorithms handle the significant image &quot;noise&quot; resulting from the surface roughness of the discs. Annual ring detection is sufficiently robust that localised surface markings or defects (such as knots and cracks) do not substantially affect accuracy and the algorithm for detection of compression wood addresses the problem of false classification of latewood. The software, developed on images of discs from</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, uses an efficient combination of automatic detection with operator guidance and override to maximise accuracy and efficiency. &#xD;&#xD;The software incorporates a facility to reconstruct three-dimensional stem models by assembling data from multiple spatially registered discs. Optional information on three-dimensional stem shape, obtained from the existing image-based PhotoMARVL system, allows inclusion of stem sinuosity in the three-dimensional stem model. Custom visualisation software (G2View) has been developed to examine the three-dimensional distribution of measured data, such as ring width and compression wood, within the stem. Visualisation of the stem analysis data is a useful analytical precursor to modelling stem structure. &#xD;&#xD;PhotoMARVL, G2Ring, a nd G2View thus provide a set of tools, able to be used individually and in combination, to collect data useful for analysis and modelling of stem shape and internal structure.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Michael Grabner, michael.grabner@boku.ac.at&#xD;Y: Stefan MAyr, stefan.mayr@uibk.ac.at&#xD;?: Paul Sheppard, sheppard@ltrr.arizona.edu&#xD;N: Barbara Lachenbruch, barb.lachenbruch@oregonstate.edu (other name Barb Gartner?)&#xD;EBM: Downes</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>916</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">916</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joe, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickson, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests NSW, P.O. Box 46, Tumut, NSW 2720, Australia Forests NSW, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia Ensis, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationship between timber grade, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, and SilviScan properties for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New South Wales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-196</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine stress-grade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machine stress-grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SilviScan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness, or modulus of elasticity, can be measured or predicted using a variety of methods including standard bending tests, machine stress-grading, stress wave methods, or analysis of X-ray diffraction data from SilviScan. Each of these methods was applied to the same wood samples and the inter-relationships were determined. &#xD;&#xD;Dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) values from stress wave and SilviScan methods produced very similar results but both these methods produced higher values than the static modulus of elasticity from the traditional bending test. Results from all methods were highly correlated and simple regression equations were developed for converting results between methods. Machine stress-grade was more strongly related to SilviScan modulus of elasticity than to either density or microfibril angle.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Mohammad.mohammad@qc.forintek.ca&#xD;Y: Cecilia Bustos µvila (U del Bio Bio, Chile?)&#xD;Y:  ean-Micheal Leban (INFRA-France)&#xD;EBM: Robert Beauregard, robert.beauregard@sbf.ulaval.ca</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>649</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">649</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Killerby, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maplesden, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jack, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolland, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P.O. Box 47-063, Upper Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand Trade and Economic Development Group, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Sustainable Consumer Products, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Business Ethics, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92 025, Auckland, New Zealand School of Communications, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92 025, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical modification of timber decking: Looking to the future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-223</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceptability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To help avoid conflict and even market rejection, the design and introduction of new technologies can be aided by consideration of the potential concerns of different stakeholder groups. An assessment of their desired goals for technological change may be useful for pre-empting changes in the parameters of acceptability for technologies. As part of a research programme evaluating the parameters of acceptability for bio-based technologies using life cycle assessment of products and an analysis of the perceptual frameworks of stakeholders, respondents from four stakeholder groups in New Zealand were interviewed about the desirable and undesirable trajectories for chemical modification technologies. Three examples of pine decking products derived using different amounts and types of chemical modification served to help explore the contemporary criteria and rationale for acceptability. The responses of the 70 respondents in those four groups indicated that new technologies need to be able to prove their worth with regard to both tangible and intangible qualities if they are to be accepted into the market in the place of either the existing product or an inorganic competitor</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;?: Bob Smith, rsmith @vt.edu&#xD;Y: David Fell, fell@van.forintek.ca&#xD;Y: Robert Kozak, rob.kozak@ubc.ca&#xD;Y: Sil a Korhonen&#xD;EBM: Hanson</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>74</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">74</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feature section: New Zealand&apos;s plantation forest carbon inventory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-226</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">441</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrett, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition of coarse woody debris, and methods for determining decay rates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronosequence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coarse woody debris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root decay</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time series</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding decay rates of above- and below-ground coarse woody debris pools is necessary for quantifying forest ecosystem carbon storage and cycling processes. Decay rates were determined from both time series and chronosequence studies. Time series studies, using measurements of wood samples of known initial mass and volume over time, provide more reliable data than chronosequence studies. However, the latter allow more rapid determination of decay rates which is an important factor since the decay of coarse woody debris is a slow process. Most studies indicate that, for both above- and below-ground material, between 30 and 200 years are required to achieve 95% decay. Roots generally take a longer time to decay than above-ground coarse woody debris of similar dimension. Factors controlling decay rate include temperature, precipitation, species, substrate quality and composition, moisture content and dimension of the material, whether the material is suspended or in contact with the soil, and characteristics of the decomposer community. Studies of above-ground coarse woody debris decay rates for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don, New Zealand&apos;s dominant plantation species, have been limited to relatively low rainfall locations in New Zealand and Australia. No data are available on this species for below-ground coarse woody root decay rates.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; &#xD;Y: Marty  urgensen, mf urgen@mtu.edu&#xD;Y: Murthy Girisha Gan egunte Keshave, girisha@uwyo.edu&#xD;?: Greg Stewart, stewartg@lincoln.ac.nz&#xD;N: Stephen Schoenholtz, stephen.schoenholtz@oregonstate.edu&#xD;EBM: Sands</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinley, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting wood density of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> annual growth increments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kyoto Protocol</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mean density of stem wood growth sheaths laid down annually in</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don stands was modelled as a function of site mean annual temperature, soil nitrogen fertility, ring age, and stocking. The model was based on measurements of mean outerwood basic density at breast height of 30 trees per stand from a single seedlot established at 17 sites located throughout New Zealand. Soil and climate data were obtained from each site, and stem wood disks were sampled at 5-m intervals along the stem from 10 trees per stand from 15 of these sites. Previously reported breast-height basic density data from a comprehensive national survey were used to examine ring age trends from pith to bark, supplemented with data from four trials to determine the influence of tree stocking on outerwood density. The model was tested using data from an independent study of mean outerwood basic density at breast height (30-120 trees per stand) undertaken at 21 stands selected to cover a wide range in site fertility, temperature, tree stocking, and stand age. &#xD;&#xD;Site mean breast-height outerwood basic density ranged betwe en 356 and 494 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the model development dataset, and 316 and 482 kg/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the validation dataset, and increased significantly with site mean annual temperature (T), mineral soil adjusted carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and stocking. Breast-height density of annual growth rings from pith to bark increased with ring age, and this pattern was consistent at all heights within the stem. The ratio of sheath density to breast-height ring density varied with ring age and increased with increasing nitrogen fertility. To predict the density of annual stem wood growth sheaths, the model firstly estimates the effects of site mean annual temperature, soil nitrogen fertility, and stocking on mean outerwood density at breast height. Secondly, the effect of ring age on annual ring density at breast height from pith to bark is taken into account. Finally, the ratio of sheath density to breast-height ring density for each ring is estimated as a function of stand age and outerwood density.&#xD;&#xD;The national wood density model explained 93% of the variation in outerwood density at breast height for the model development dataset, with model predictions within 0.2% of the measured values. The model explained 86% of the variation in breast-height ring density in the model validation dataset, with predictions from the model averaging 3.2% higher than the measured values. Seedlot differences in breast-height outerwood density contributed in part to the greater variability evident in the validation dataset. The modelled ratios used to predict the density of annual growth increments were not directly tested. However, analogous ratios of whole stem wood density/breast-height outerwood density were derived by site density class for stands across a range of age classes using an independent national dataset, and these were consistent with those predicted using the model. Areas for further model testing and development were identified.&#xD;&#xD;The model can be applied to predict stem biomass and carbon sequestration in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands from the increment in stem wood volume. The wood density model has been incorporated in a carbon modelling system (C_Change) to facilitate the prediction of carbon stocks and changes in New Zealand&apos;s exotic plantation forest estate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; &#xD;Y: Tommy Morling, tommy.morling@ssko.slu.se&#xD;Y: Alex Shashkin, shashkin@akadem.ru&#xD;?: Rupert Wimmer, rupert.wimmer@boku.ac.at&#xD;EBM: Downes</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>86</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">86</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pearce, S. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinton, P. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root/shoot ratios for deriving below-ground biomass of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass expansion factors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root/shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biomass of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D. Don) root and shoot systems was measured in a number of studies to determine the effect of stand age and environmental factors on the root/shoot ratio. These and other published studies were carefully assessed to determine firstly those which provide unbiased data for estimating below-ground biomass from shoot data and, secondly, the precision of the root/shoot ratios. Because previous studies were designed for a number of different purposes they were assessed in relation to the methodological requirements that we considered had to be met in order to provide accurate root/shoot biomass information. &#xD;&#xD;New data from an effluent irrigation trial at Whakarewarew a Forest near Rotorua, designed to assess the impact of water and nutrient additions on tree growth at stand age 5 years, showed that both the above- and below-ground biomass approximately doubled relative to untreated controls. Consequently, the root/shoot ratio was not significantly affected by effluent type or irrigation rate, and averaged 0.17 across all treatments. At Rangiora near Christchurch, similar results were obtained at an agroforestry trial to assess the impact of moisture and nitrogen supply on tree growth at stand age 5 years, where the mean root/ shoot ratio averaged 0.21. These values were similar to the mean ratio (0.20) in a 42-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stand at Woodhill Forest. Studies of nursery seedlings ready for planting gave lower root/shoot ratios of approximately 0.15, though the root systems had been trimmed in the nursery. &#xD;&#xD;Analysis of published data suggested a wide range in root/shoot ratios in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, ranging between 0.12 and 0.58 across all studies. However, we observed a number of limitations in some studies which we believe precluded their use for root biomass estimation and prediction purposes. The root/shoot ratio in studies that met the accuracy requirements necessary for our purpose ranged between 0.13 and 0.24, and in typical </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands the root/shoot ratio averaged 0.19 (95% CI = 0.023) over all ages and sites. The majority of the root system of trees, other than seedlings, was composed of coarse roots and the root stock, and these were largely extracted in studies we considered as suitable. Root biomass procedures generally resulted in the loss of fine roots in most studies, and a slightly increased root/shoot ratio of 0.2 is therefore recommended for carbon estimation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands across all stand ages and sites. This value is consistent with findings reported for various other coniferous species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; &#xD;old system: eval/ref- murray davis; Keryn paul; Alex watson</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>782</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">782</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meder, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Locked Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multivariate analysis of IR, NIR, and NMR spectra of soil samples from different land use conversions: native forest, pasture, and plantation forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multivariate analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear magnetic resonance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture land</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarp/hardwood forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mid infrared (IR), near infrared (NIR), and </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">13</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on solid soil samples from three neighbouring sites with similar history but different current land use - namely, native podocarp forest, pasture land cleared from native forest, and exotic softwood plantation converted from improved pasture. Principal component analysis and projection to latent structures regression of the spectra showed changes in carbohydrate and phenolic fractions reflected the current land use, with the introduction of pasture and plantation forest decreasing the aliphatic and increasing the aromatic fractions of the soils. Fractional areas for NMR spectra ranged between 0.16 and 0.34 for aliphatic, 0.33 and 0.50 for carbohydrate, 0.12 and 0.40 for aromatic, 0.04 and 0.11 for phenolic, and 0.01 and 0.17 for carbonyl carbon. High carbon concentrations in native forest micro-sites exhibiting low pH occurred predominantly as aliphatic and carbohydrate fractions, even at depths down to 0.5 m. Soil carbon protection following land use diversification was evident for at least 80 years.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Roger Newman&#xD;Y: Caroline Preston, cpreston@pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca&#xD;EBM: none</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>84</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">84</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water use by managed stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, indigenous podocarp/hardwood forest, and improved pasture in the central North Island of New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evapotranspiration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf area index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Podocarp/hardwood forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamflow data from a catchment study located in the central North Island of New Zealand were analysed to determine the effect of land-use and forest management on water yield. Land-uses compared included pasture, pasture converted to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don, and evergreen indigenous forest. The catchments ranged in area from 6 to 37 ha. Rainfall and streamflow were monitored from 1969 to 2000. Leaf area index of three pine stands with different silvicultural management regimes was measured from 1975 to 1985.&#xD;&#xD;Annual flows from pine catchmen ts were lower than from pasture, with an average maximum difference of approximately 400 mm after canopy closure. Thinning of the pine stands reduced the difference and harvesting reversed this trend, with the flow from pine catchments exceeding flows from pasture for the 3 years after harvesting of the pines. Annual flows varied over time, depending on tree age, the silvicultural regime, and variations in annual rainfall (approximately 1200-2100 mm/year). &#xD;&#xD;Evapotranspiration and interception losses increased linearly with the increase in canopy leaf area index of the pine stands, but transpiration was not significantly related to leaf area index or rainfall. Annual variation in rainfall accounted for approximately 60% of the variation in flow across all land-uses. A simple model incorporating pine leaf area index in addition to rainfall accounted for 91% of the variation in streamflow in pasture and pasture/pine catchments. &#xD;&#xD;Water yield averaged approximately 160-260 mm/year, less from pine than pasture, depending on the silvicultural regime. Water yield from the pine forest averaged around 100 mm/year less than from indigenous forest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;old system: peter clinton; murray davis; barry fahey (landcare)</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">418</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 7</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-335</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus robur</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The coelomycetous fungi described in this paper have been recorded from New Zealand but not fully described. The fungi are:&#xD;&#xD;Corticolous coelomy cetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Coryneum umbonatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Nees on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Castanea sativa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Miller and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus robur</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Linnaeus; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stegonsporium pyriforme</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hoffmann) Corda on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acer pseudoplatanus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Linnaeus.&#xD;&#xD;Foliicolous coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phyllosticta abietis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Bissett &amp; M.E. Palm on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cedrus atlantica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Endlicher) Manetti ex Carriere; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phyllosticta </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pittosporum ralphii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirk.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1236</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1236</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zabowski, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient release by weathering: Implications for sustainable harvesting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">336-354</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mineralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient removal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable timber harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weathering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustaining site productivity over multiple timber harvesting rotations requires an understanding of changes in the soil nutrient supply to the forest. To maintain soil fertility the amount of available limiting nutrients removed in each cropping cycle should be matched by inputs to the site. Weathering is one key source of nutrient inputs that has not been well quantified. Mineral weathering at six sites in New Zealand was examined where multiple-rotation forests were being studied to relate nutrient supply to nutrient removal with harvesting. Three sites were located in the North Island of New Zealand at Woodhill, Tarawera, and Kinleith Forests, and three were in the South Island at Golden Downs, Burnham, and Berwick Forests. Growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don was used to estimate annual nutrient uptake rates. Weathering rates were determined using two methods: the PROFILE model with appropriate site data for all six sites, and leaching of soil columns from two sites. Annual weathering rates for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus were 3-24, 3-10, 3-31, and 0.2-2.5 kg/ha respectively. Column-leaching estimates of weathering resulted in comparable weathering rates to that of PROFILE when used with a soil that had a consistent texture throughout the soil profile, as occurred at the Kinleith site. The Burnham soil had a fine texture over coarse and data did not compare well with the PROFILE estimates, probably due to irregular water flow in the soil column. PROFILE weathering rates appeared reasonable for all sites, indicating its usefulness for predicting nutrient supply by weathering over multiple rotations if sufficient soil and site data are available. Weathering rates calculated using PROFILE and leaching of nutrients from the O horizon suggest that both weathering and O horizon mineralisation are critical to sustainable production over multiple rotations. Without addition of fertiliser some nutrients may be depleted at current rotation lengths.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>655</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">655</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National volume function for estimating total stem volume of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-371</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clearfelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal sand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form factor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume function</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume data from young trees were combined with predictions from existing individual-tree functions in older stands and used to develop new individual-tree and stand-level volume functions for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Don in New Zealand. As part of this process, several new individual-tree volume datasets were compiled to examine variation in stem form factor after accounting for tree height. Analysis of data from a national trial series which included nitrogen fertiliser treatments and controls without fertiliser found no treatment-related differences in form factor at stand age 5 years, except at a nitrogen-deficient sand site located in Woodhill Forest. Analysis of a seedlot comparison experiment, which included unimproved through to highly improved genetic stock, found no differences in form factor at stand age 3 years. Analysis of a stocking rates experiment found no significant differences in form factor when age was taken into account. However, across the combined datasets, form factor decreased strongly with increasing tree height. This relationship between form factor and height was incorporated into new volume functions enabling them to perform well for trees ranging from establishment to clearfelling age, across a range of stocking rates and site types, excluding coastal sand sites.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>816</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">816</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordon, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, H. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States Atlas Technology, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Ensis Forests, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive control of bucking in a Douglas-fir stand: Adjustment frequency effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">372-382</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apportionment degree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market constraints</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal bucking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prices</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive control, in conjunction with dynamic programming, has been shown in earlier research to provide superior results from stem and stand log bucking when the stand is subject to order book constraints. Adaptive control can be achieved by adjusting relative prices and small-end diameter specifications as the harvesting operation moves through the stand. We examined the effects on market fulfilment of varying the frequency with which adjustments are made. Apportionment degree was used as the metric for market fulfilment. We found that there was a significant positive relationship between adjustment frequency and apportionment degree; apportionment degree increased as the size of the harvest area between adjustments decreased from 1.2 to 0.2 ha</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Veli-Pekka Kivinen, veli.kivinen@helsinki.fi&#xD;Y: Mauricio Acuna, mauricio.acuna@utas.edu.au&#xD;Y: Robert Kozak, rob.kozak@ubc.ca</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buongiorno, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prestemon, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States Southern Research Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the impact of the exotic forest pest </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nectria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on the New Zealand forest sector and its major trading partners</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383-411</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic forest pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest sector</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest sector model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytosanitary regulations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The possible impact of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nectria fuckeliana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Booth on the forests and forest industries of New Zealand, a significant exporter of industrial roundwood, was estimated for different scenarios of the spread of the fungal pest and trade measure responses in export markets. An economic model was used to assess the direct effect of the pest and the potential impact of trade bans and phytosanitary regulations to prevent pest arrival in New Zealand&apos;s major export markets - China, Japan, and South Korea. Depending on the assumed area affected by N. fuckeliana, the net present value of New Zealand&apos;s forest sector gross revenue was US$34 million to US$612 million lower, due to reduced harvest and log exports, even without foreign trade measures. A possible measure, requiring the debarking of New Zealand log exports, would reduce the present value of New Zealand growers&apos; revenues by US$ 1,200 million, even if </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. fuckeliana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were confined to the already affected area. If China, Japan, and South Korea banned imports of New Zealand logs altogether, and the pest continued to spread at historical rates, the present value of New Zealand growers&apos; revenues would decrease by US$8,200 million. Estimated losses to growers could be, to varying extents, offset by increased domestic production of processed wood products, under both trade measures. The debarking and import ban policies would increase gross revenues for producers in China and South Korea, but also increase the cost to consumers of wood products.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>650</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">650</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Killerby, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maplesden, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jack, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolland, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. O. Box 47-063, Trentham, Upper Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92 025, Auckland, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical modification of timber decking: Assessing the parameters of acceptability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">412-434</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceptability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply chain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The criteria for accepting or rejecting a technology extend beyond the intrinsic properties of the finished product such as physical performance. There are also extrinsic factors such as the history of the product and trust in the manufacturers and suppliers, as well as the perceptions and risk management strategies of various stakeholder groups. A methodology was trialled to take into account the extended supply chain of the product, while simultaneously engaging stakeholders to determine and to understand their perceptual frameworks. Three pine decking products manufactured using different amounts and types of chemical modification were compared using life cycle assessment and the comments of 114 respondents from six stakeholder groups in New Zealand. The results of the perceptual research include a quadrant diagram which allows a visual comparison of the responses of different stakeholders to actual or hypothetical products, aiding the identification of when and why certain technologies may be disqualified from acceptability or become the topic of public debate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; &#xD;Y: Steven Shook, shook@uidaho.edu&#xD;Y: Bob Smith, rsmith @vt.edu&#xD;?: Chris Gaston, gaston@van.forintek.ca&#xD;EBM: Hanson</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1339</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1339</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Burdon, R.D. &amp; Libby, W.J. 2006: Genetically modified forests - from Stone Age to modern biotechnology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">435-436</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kriticos, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogler, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geils, B. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensis, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Ensis, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, CA, United States USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Addendum: Western gall rust - a threat to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand (New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 37 (2),143-152</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">437-438</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harwood, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forest Biosciences, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special issue - &quot;Breeding for wood quality&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1124</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1124</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verryn, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding for wood quality - a perspective for the future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-trait selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A challenge for tree breeders and wood quality researchers of today is to respond appropriately to a complex environment demanding more productivity, higher quality, and a quicker adaptation of their crops to rapid changes. This is mirrored in the typical modern commodity trends of the need for increasing quality, decreasing costs, and of increasing rate of change of the markets, surrounding technologies, and the environment. The result of such demands is that tree breeders are faced with a growing &quot;shopping list&quot; of traits for which to breed, and in a shorter time period. This is a perilous situation, because, as the list of selection criteria increases, so too does the size of the breeding effort increase, or alternatively, the breeder may have to reduce the level of improvement in the traits. This problem is accentuated in the clonal situation, where the market expects all criteria to be met in a single genotype. In a recent study, with the selection target of only four traits, one tree met all criteria in a trial of 475. In another exercise, zero trees were found to be in the top 20% for all four selection traits in 773 trees. Further to these traits, there was a need to select for rooting ability and resistance to various diseases. This highlights the need to model and understand the impact of multi-trait selection on clonal breeding strategies. Future breeding developments are likely to: (1) limit selection traits to those anticipated to be required regardless of changing needs, and weight them in consideration of the associated risks of changing needs; (2) design strategies and adopt technologies which will enable more effective selection of multiple traits; and (3) adopt strategies which will allow effective response to the rapidly changing market, technological, and natural environments. Challenges for wood specialists in response to the above scenarios may be to: (1) identify a few &quot;generic&quot; traits, likely to robustly address a spectrum of possible needs of the future; (2) provide cost-effective early screening techniques (biotechnology may compete here); and (3) develop technologies which will enable effective deployment (e.g., matching the predicted phenotype to the site). The objective is to match the realised phenotype (as a result of genetic and environmental influences) to the processing needs</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>966</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">966</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schimleck, L. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA 30602-2152, United States</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared spectroscopy: A rapid non-destructive method for measuring wood properties and its application to tree breeding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus taeda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid, non-destructive method for the routine estimation of wood properties. NIR spectroscopy is increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of wood property assessment, and it provides a wealth of information to tree growers, tree breeders, and manufacturers of forest products. The technology is particularly well-suited to tree improvement programmes where large numbers of samples must be analysed, but it can be utilised in any forestry application where the rapid provision of wood property data is required. The application of NIR spectroscopy to samples ranging in size from milled chips representing whole trees, to sections of wooden strips cut from increment cores, and, at the smallest scale, to wafers cut from the tangential face of cores was examined, along with studies that have utilised NIR spectroscopy for tree breeding purposes. The technology has some limitations and there are also obstacles to wider acceptance</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1024</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1024</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorensson, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ArborGen Australasia Ltd., State Highway 30, RD2, Whakatane 3192, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving the relevancy of breeding for wood quality in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving wood quality of softwoods using selective breeding (&quot;Family&quot; or &quot;Varietal Forestry&quot;) will improve the efficiency of plantation pine forests at meeting future society&apos;s fibre needs, providing improved material is deployed into forests on a sufficient scale. Only by such deployment does wood quality breeding become practically relevant. Although breeding for wood quality is not without its challenges, there are many reasons to attempt it, and some genetically improved material already exists. Unfortunately some foresters hesitate to pay price premiums for such improved planting stock. One issue is that wood qualities such as log velocity may not benefit growers if they are used only to audit whether a log may remain in a visual structural grade or be downgraded. Some processors already have mechanisms for sharing added value of high log velocity with growers, and such mechanisms should gain widespread acceptance over time. Breeders can help by providing clear examples to growers and processors of the wood quality improvements possible from genetic selection through to crop maturity, and of the resulting value impacts on stumpage and through processing. A new series of proposed demonstration forests, Forest+, would also help by showcasing to investors and policy makers the very best plantation forest practices. These plantings would naturally utilise the best silviculture and genetics, and present financial returns couldbe assessed regularly. Greater net incomes possible through the use of elite &apos;2Q&apos; (quantity &amp; quality) genetics will help forestry compete with intensive animal production systems such as dairy that drive current deforestation trends in New Zealand</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1218</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1218</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, H. X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivkovi</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="238" size="11">ć</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gapare, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baltunis, B. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McRae, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Forest Biosciences, P O Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Southern Tree Breeding Association Inc., P O Box 1811, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding for wood quality and profit in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: a review of genetic parameter estimates and implications for breeding and deployment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-87</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype by environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We surveyed 55 genetic studies published from 1960 to 2007 involving 11 growth-, form-, and wood-quality traits in Pinus radiata D. Don, including seedling and clonal trials. Estimated genetic parameters evidently varied according to populations, environments, and ages. Overall, estimated heritability for wood-quality traits (except shrinkage) was always higher than for growth and form traits. Wood density had the highest grand-mean of estimated heritability (0.63) among the six wood-quality traits, followed by microfibril angle (0.61), spiral grain (0.55), fibre (tracheid) length (0.54), stiffness (0.50), and shrinkage (0.20). Selective breeding for these wood-quality traits (except shrinkage) would be very effective. Among the five growth and form traits, branch cluster frequency had the highest heritability (0.35), followed by branch size (0.27), branch angle (0.25), diameter at breast height (0.23), and stem straightness (0.23). Broad-sense heritability estimates were higher than narrow-sense heritability, particularly for diameter at breast height (average 0.39 versus 0.21). This indicates there is considerable non-additive genetic variance that should be exploited in breeding and deployment programmes for P. radiata. There was a higher and more complex genotype by environment interaction (G x E) for diameter at breast height in Australian sites than in New Zealand sites. Growth rate (dbh) was adversely correlated with all wood-quality traits (for both density and mean stiffness rg = -0.48). Breeding for overcoming or at least coping with adverse genetic correlations and effective utilisation of non-additive genetic variation are two of the most challenging issues in the advanced generations of P. radiata tree improvement and deployment programmes</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>680</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">680</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stovold, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties and stem diameter of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand: Genetic parameter estimates of clonal and seedling material</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth variables</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two genetic trials were sampled in order to study variation and inheritance of wood properties and diameter at breast height in Pinus radiata D. Don. The study involved: (1) Five female testers with 56 pollen parents, c. five individuals per full-sib family, at ages 8 and 13 years; and (2) 33 pair-crosses (from 33 parents) ž 10 clones /cross ž six ramets/clone, at age 8-9 years. Sampling was at one site for each trial. Wood properties studied, directly or indirectly, were density, acoustic velocity, longitudinal shrinkage, collapse on drying, and resin pockets (as resin bleeding). Coefficients of variation for density, velocity. and diameter at breast height were 7%, 11%, and 13%, respectively (rounded to nearest whole number). Estimated broad-sense heritabilities (H2) around age 8 were ?0.6 for all wood properties except resin bleeding, but narrow-sense (h2) estimates were much lower for all traits except density. For diameter at breast height estimated h2 and H2 were ?0.25 and ?0.3 respectively. Diameter at breast height showed generally adverse genetic correlations with wood properties. Notable genetic correlations between wood properties involved density and collapse (rg -0.3 to -0.6). Even allowing for indirect measures of traits, and generally adverse genetic correlations with diameter at breast height, the prospects for genetic improvement of the wood properties are encouraging</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potts, B. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> genetic parameters</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive genetic coefficient of variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Standard genetic parameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree architecture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden is a significant plantation species in temperate regions of the world, with breeding occurring in Australia, Chile, South Africa, and New Zealand. We reviewed published genetic parameters from over 100 field trials and calculated average values for key growth, wood property, tree architecture, and fitness traits. Parameter estimates from control-pollinated progeny trials were rare. However, numerous parameter estimates were available from open-pollinated progeny trials for several traits, such as diameter and wood basic density, suggesting that for this mating type our average parameter estimates are likely to be robust. In open-pollinated trials, average heritabilities for growth traits (e.g., h?2op = 0.26 for diameter) were generally lower than those for wood property traits (e.g., h?2op = 0.51 for basic density). However, this trend was reversed in average additive genetic coefficients of variation (e.g., CVa=13.3% for diameter and 4.5% for basic density). Inter- age genetic correlations for stem diameter ranged from 0. 68 to 1.00 butwere not available for important wood property traits (e.g., cellulose content and pulp yield). For most traits, inter-site genetic correlations were, on average, positive and strong (e.g., r?g =0.70 for diameter) but some weak individual estimates were observed. The average genetic correlation between diameter and basic density was -0.27. Few estimates of genetic correlations for pulp yield (or cellulose content) with diameter and basic density were available. Estimates of genetic parameters for solidwood traits were also uncommon in the literature</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>510</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">510</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harding, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copley, T. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, R. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieters, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nester, M. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keys, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toon, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innovative Forest Products Horticulture and Forestry Science, Dept. of Primary Industries and Fisheries, P.O. Box 1085, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia Innovative Forest Products Horticulture and Forestry Science, Dept. of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia Forestry Plantations Queensland, P.O.Box 1339, Gympie, QLD 4570, Australia School of Land and Food Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selecting hybrid pine clones for deployment - the pointy end of wood quality improvement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-131</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal tests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest products</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibril angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of rupture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-destructive sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SilviScan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slash</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood stiffness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A clonal forestry research programme on Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) x P. caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barrett &amp; Golfari (Caribbean pine) hybrids commenced in Queensland in 1986. Each cycle of clonal tests covered about 5 calendar years from field planting, and studies of wood quality variation have so far been used in selecting superior clones from the first three series of tests for commercial plantation deployment. Experience from the Series III clonal selection round is used to highlight the difficulties of ranking elite clones given a large number of growth, form, and wood property traits. Three to six ramets were felled from the best 32 clones in the Series III trials at age 6.8 years and a 3-m butt log from each was sawn into 70 ž 35-mm structural boards. The clones sawn were ranked for routine deployment using data on growth, form, and wood traits. All recovered boards were assessed for distortion and tested for modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Various non-destructive wood evaluation methods were used to estimate modulus of elasticity (wood stiffness) in these trees. Standing tree acoustic velocity assessed with an ST300 tool was slightly less strongly correlated phenotypically with the average modulus of elasticity of the recovered boards (r = 0.88**) than with predictions of modulus of elasticity from resonance vibration test samples and SilviScan estimates (both r = 0.89**). Moderate phenotypic relationships were found for individual tree means between average twist of the sawn boards and the average spiral grain angle of growth rings 2, 3, and 4 (r = 0.70**) assessed using a breast-height 12-mm increment core, and between average bow in the boards and average microfibril angle (r = 0.64**) from SilviScan assessments of core samples</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>308</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">308</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ding, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tier, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, H. X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McRae, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada CSIRO Forest Biosciences, P O Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Southern Tree Breeding Association Inc., P O Box 1811, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of GGE biplot analysis to evaluate genotype (G), environment (E) and GxE interaction on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: A case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-142</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GGE biplot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GxE interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics, genetics x environment (GGE) biplot analysis is an effective method, based on principal component analysis, to fully explore multi-environment trial data. It allows visual examination of the relationships among the test environments, genotypes, andthegenotype x environment (GxE) interactions. Data from multi-environment trials of P. radiata D. Don containing 165 to 216 families in five environments were used to demonstrate the results and application of GGE biplot analysis. There were non-overlapping clusters of two and three sites, which indicated two distinct environments. The best family for both of the distinct environments was also identified. Genetic correlations among sites ranged from 0.98 to -0.50, indicating that there were large GxE interactions among the test environments</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>309</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">309</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ding, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tier, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutkowski, G. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, H. X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McRae, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Forestry, School of Plant Sciences, University of Tasmania, G.P.O. Box 252-55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia CSIRO Forest Biosciences, P O Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Southern Tree Breeding Association Inc., P O Box 1811, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-environment trial analysis for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GxE interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log-likelihood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variance components</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A stem-diameter data set of five combined trials of Pinus radiata D. Don was used to identify and determine the nature of genetics by environment (GxE) interaction. The restricted maximum likelihood approach was applied to handle the main issues of the multi-environment trial analysis: (1) Testing sources of heterogeneity of variance and lack of between-sites genetic correlation; (2) Modelling the heterogeneity of error variance among trials and micro-environmental variation within each trial; and (3) Selecting the best model for prediction of breeding values. Model comparison was based on the criterion of log-likelihood. The significance of variance components was tested by the likelihood ratio test which showed that all sources of GxE interactions were highly significant, indicating that GxE interactions occurred in these five trials due to both the heterogeneity of variances and the lack of correlation. Estimates of Type B genetic correlations were increased slightly by correcting for the heterogeneity of variances. The full model, which accommodated heterogeneity of error variances between trials, spatial variation within trials, and fitting a separate GxE interaction variance for each trial, was superior to other models for this multi-environment trial</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>646</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">646</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kien, N. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jansson, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harwood, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almqvist, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinh, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Dong Ngac, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala Science Park, SE- 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden CSIRO Forest Biosciences, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic variation in wood basic density and pilodyn penetration and their relationships with growth, stem straightness, and branch size for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus urophylla</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in northern Vietnam</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus urophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype by environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn penetration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters r wood basic density and pilodyn penetration and their relationships with diameter, height, stem straightness, and branch size were estimated in two thinned open-pollinated progeny trials of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake in northern Vietnam at the ages of 8 and 9 years. There were 127 families in one trial and 144 in the other trial; all families were from nine natural provenances, and 120 of them were common to both sites. At the time of assessment, each family was represented by four to eight trees in each trial. Wood basic density, estimated from 5-mm increment cores taken at breast height, averaged 0.51 g/cm3 across the two trials. Estimated narrow-sense individual tree heritability (h?2) for wood basic density was 0.60, and that for pilodyn penetration it was 0.42. The estimated coefficient of additive genetic variation (CVA) for wood basic density was 6.3%. There were no significant differences between provenances for these two traits. The estimated genetic correlation between pilodyn penetration and wood density was -0.86, indicating that pilodyn could be used reliably as an indirect measurement of wood basic density. The estimated genetic correlations among wood basic density and diameter at breast height, height, stem straightness, and branch size at each site were weak. The strong estimated genetic correlation between inner wood density and total core density indicated that reliable selection for wood density could be carried out at age 3 years. Estimated genetic correlations between sites for both wood basic density and pilodyn penetration were strong, indicating little genotype-by-environment interaction for these traits across these two similar environments</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">             </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hai, P. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jansson, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harwood, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hannrup, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinh, H. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinyopusarerk, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Dong Ngac, Tu Liem, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 83, Sweden CSIRO Forest Biosciences, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia CSIRO Forest Biosciences, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic variation in wood basic density and knot index, and their relationship with growth traits for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia auriculiformis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in northern Vietnam</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia auriculiformis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age-age correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark thickness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilodyn penetration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trait-trait correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree volume</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One hundred and forty families from 13 provenances of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. were tested in a progeny trial on a typical hill site in northern Vietnam. Two selective thinnings were done to retain the single best tree, in terms of vigour and straightness, in each four-tree family plot. All remaining trees were measured to obtain estimates of individual-tree narrow-sense heritabilities (h? 2) and additive genetic correlations (r? A) for growth traits (height, diameter, tree volume), stem quality traits (bark thickness, straightness, forking, and knot index), pilodyn penetration, and wood basic density. The h? 2 for growth traits and straightness increased over time from age 3 to ages 5 and 9. Similarly, h?2 for density also increased from corewood to outerwood. For growth traits at age 9, h?2 ranged from 0.36 to 0.39. The observed heritabilities of density and pilodyn penetration h?2 = 0.61 and 0.47, respectively) were consistently higher than for growth traits. However, the values for stem quality traits (h?2 0.12 to 0.31) were lower than for growth traits, with the exception of BRK (0.39). Estimated coefficients of additive genetic variation (CVA) were high for growth traits at all ages (4.5 % to 26.2%) and were very high for stem quality traits (14.7 to 26.2%) at age 9. The value of CVA for density was around 8% at different ages. Age-age correlations for all growth traits, straightness, and density were high. The r?A between growth traits and density were not significantly different from zero. The r? A between growth traits and stem quality traits, except straightness, were low to moderate (r?A -0.45 to 0.65), while strong positive genetic correlations (r?A 0.79 to 0.96) were found between growth traits and straightness. Strong negative genetic correlation between pilodyn penetration and density r? A = -0.88) indicated that pilodyn would reliably rank trees for basic density</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>884</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">884</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pelletier, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyton, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanclay, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Forestry Program, Southern Cross University, P. O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Hurfords Hardwood, P.O. Box 393, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Forests NSW, P.O. Box J19, Coffs Harbour Jetty, NSW 2450, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic variation on shrinkage properties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> assessed using increment cores and test blocks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessments of genetic variation in wood properties are difficult and expensive to carry out. As a consequence, the inclusion of wood quality traits in eucalypt breeding programmes has to date been limited. This study was part of a large investigation into the use of non-destructive methods of assessing wood properties by comparing the results with those from traditional destructive methods. This component of the study investigated the genetic variation in linear shrinkage of 152 open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus pilularis (Smith) at 17% m.c., 12% m.c., and 5% m.c. Increment cores and test blocks were used to assess radial and tangential shrinkage as well as their ratio. Heritability estimates were moderate for tangential shrinkage but not significant for radial shrinkage or the ratios of the two. The genetic correlation between shrinkage measured on cores and on blocks at this stage was not sufficient to justify the use of increment cores alone in genetic assessments. Basic density had a moderate and negative correlation with tangential shrinkage, suggesting that selecting for higher basic density may help reduce tangential shrinkage. The increment core method was not successful at measuring radial shrinkage due to core distortion. Measurements from scans and blocks showed that radial shrinkage was not heritable</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>192</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">192</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callister, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bush, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ITC Forestry, PO Box 1421, Albany, WA 6331, Australia CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospects for genetic improvement of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus cladocalyx</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Western Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-226</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branch size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus cladocalyx</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype x site interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype-environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth and form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variance components</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell.) plantations can produce high-value timber over a medium-length rotation in the 400- to 600-mm rainfall zone of southern Australia. We evaluated growth and tree form in sugar gum family trials on three sites in Western Australia. The trials contained 42 open-pollinated families originating from wild collections in the southern Flinders Ranges and Kangaroo Island (wild families) and four planted stands. Height and stem diameter were assessed at 3.5 and 5.5 years and stem volume was calculated. Branch size and stem straightness were scored at 3.5 years and axis persistence was assessed at 5.5 years. Mixed model equations were fitted to estimate heritability (h?2) for all traits, genetic correlations between traits (Type A), and between sites (Type B), and age-age correlations for growth parameters. Progeny from planted stands outperformed those from the wild for stem volume and straightness. Those of Kangaroo Island displayed the largest branches and poorest axis persistence. Estimates of narrow-sense within provenance heritability for stem volume at the three sites ranged from 0.40 to 0.47 and were similar at 3.5 and 5.5 years. The mean h? 2 estimate was 0.11 for branch size, 0.29 for stem straightness, and 0.21 for axis persistence. Genetic correlations for growth traits between ages 3.5 and 5.5 were extremely high, the weakest being 0.96. Genetic correlations between growth and form traits were generally positive (i.e., favourable) but not statistically significant. Genetic correlations between sites for growth and stem straightness were not significantly different from unity. Our results suggest that selection and breeding of superior individuals from high-ranking families could yield significant gains in growth and modest gains in stem straightness. A single breeding population may suit a wide range of sites in Western Australia given the lack of genotype x site interaction</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">539</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, H. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyton, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests NSW, P.O. Box J19, Coffs Harbour Jetty, NSW 2450, Australia</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus longirostrata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: A potential species for Australia&apos;s tougher sites?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-238</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus longirostrata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype by environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marginal sites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New South Wales</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trial</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progeny trials</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straightness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2004 and 2005, Forests NSW established six progeny trials of Eucalyptus longirostrata (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson &amp; K.D.Hill (grey gum), in the Hunter Valley and northern New South Wales, Australia, with a total of 79 families in the two trial series. A third series of trials, with 74 families, was planted on four sites during 2007. The three trial series eventually contained a total of 121 families from eight provenances. The 2004 series of trials located near Casino and Grafton (northern NSW) and Singleton (Hunter Valley) were assessed at age 31 months for growth and stem straightness. Survival was high on all three sites, ranging from 89% (Grafton) to 95% (Singleton). Height growth was greatest at Grafton (trial mean 8.6 m) with the poorest growth recorded at Singleton (trial mean 2.4 m) reflecting the severe drought conditions at this site. Height was under moderate to high genetic control with individual-tree, narrow-sense heritabilities (h?2) for height at 31 months estimated to be 0.34, 0.49, and 0.33 at the Casino, Grafton, and Singleton trials, respectively, assuming a coefficient of relationship within open-pollinated families of 0.25. The across-site correlations for all traits measured were high, suggesting that at age 31 months there was little genetic x environment interaction across the range of site types represented by the three trial series</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">            &#xD; </style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">              </style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1340</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1340</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - White, T.L. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">et al. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007: Forest genetics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-241</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>817</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">817</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amishev, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of bark removal on acoustic velocity of Douglas-fir logs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-252</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The acoustic velocities of 81 Douglas-fir logs were measured before and after debarking in a log yard. Bark removal led to an average increase in acoustic velocity of 3.6%. A regression model for determining the effect of bark removal on the change in acoustic velocity was developed. This model predicted an increase of 4.6% if 100% of bark was removed. This is similar to increases in velocity found by other researchers for radiata pine logs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1136</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1136</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardlaw, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bashford, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wotherspoon, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wylie, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliot, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effectiveness of routine forest health surveillance in detecting pest and disease damage in eucalypt plantations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-269</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypt plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Routine health surveillance of forestry plantations in Australia typically involves inspections from the air, roadside and ground to detect, identify and map health problems caused by pests and diseases. An often-cited objective of routine health surveillance is the early detection of new incursions of exotic pests and diseases. To be effective, this requires the incursion be detected when damage is often cryptic either because of low incidence or low severity. However, the reliability of routine surveillance in detecting damage when symptoms are still cryptic has not been tested. We measured the efficiency of aerial, roadside and ground inspections to detect nine different types of damage symptom ranging from very obvious (mortality and dead tops) to very cryptic (stem cankers and stem borers), each occurring at a range of incidences among five 3-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globules</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Labill. plantations. Cryptic damage symptoms (stem borers, stem cankers and kino exudation) could not be reliably detected using any of the inspection platforms even when their incidence, within small patches, was as high as 2%. Conversely, dead tops were detected most efficiently by aerial inspection, at incidences as low as 0.1%. The crown symptoms produced by moderately severe insect defoliation or necrotic leaf lesions due to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mycosphaerella</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infection could be detected with equal efficiency from roadside and ground inspections but could not be reliably detected from aerial inspection. We conclude that the combination of aerial and roadside inspection provide sufficient resolution to detect operationally relevant damage, i.e. damage of sufficient severity to consider remedial treatment. The inclusion of ground surveys does little to enhance the capacity of routine health surveillance to detect the more cryptic damage symptoms that characterise the early stages of outbreaks by stem and branch-attacking pests and pathogens. Routine ground surveillance of plantations is unlikely to detect damage by new incursions at a sufficiently early stage when eradication may be feasible.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>624</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">624</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kear, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kell, N. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of resistance-based moisture meters as a function of timber preservative treatment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three commercial resistance-based moisture meters have been used to measure the moisture content of ten classes of solid timber product specified for use in Australasia.  All of the timbers were based on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don (Radiata Pine).  With the exception of a single untreated classification, the timber specimens were treated with waterborne or light organic solvent-based commercial preservatives.  Moisture content data was measured and is presented as a function of relative humidity at 21±2°C.  Verification of timber moisture content was provided by the standard oven-dry method specified by Australian Standards/Standards New Zealand 1080.1.  The results presented in this report indicate that standardisation of meter design and electrode geometry beyond that already specified within publications such as Australian Standards/Standards New Zealand 1080.1 may be required.  When the individual moisture meter correction values (as supplied with each meter type) were applied to the directly measured timber resistance derived data, all of the meters were able to accurately determine the moisture content of untreated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to within ±1 moisture meter units (% wt./wt.).  In many instances, however, the introduction of preservative treatments significantly lowered the accuracy of the meters to a degree which was dependent on the timber preservative type and the mode of meter operation.  Of particular concern was the inability of some meters to accurately determine the moisture content of typical framing timbers containing light organic solvent preservatives or certain waterborne preservatives (equilibrated at 65% and 75% relative humidity) within at least ±2 moisture meter percentage units.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1109</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buongiorno, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maplesden, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of non-tariff barriers on secondary processed wood product trade: New Zealand exports to the United States, China and Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-321</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary processed wood products – builder’s carpentry and joinery, mouldings and millwork, wooden furniture, and prefabricated buildings – have grown significantly in importance in the global trade of wood products. At the same time there has been increased use of non-tariff barriers to restrict their trade. These barriers could have an important impact on the trade of secondary processed products, as well as the production, consumption and trade of wood products used in their manufacture. This paper describes the development of an economic model of the international trade of secondary processed wood products within the structure of the spatial equilibrium Global Forest Products Model. The model was used to assess the effect of removing non-tariff barriers to New Zealand exports of prefabricated housing, and builder’s carpentry and joinery to three key trading partners, the United States, China and Japan.  New Zealand exporters would benefit the most from removal of non-tariff barriers that account for the greatest proportion of production costs, i.e., higher design values and engineering certificates for prefabricated houses exported to Japan. The calculated increase in trade value from improved market access is, however, a modest 0 to 9.2% of New Zealand’s total wood products trade by 2030.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woollons, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manley, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors influencing the formation of resin pockets in pruned radiata pine butt logs from New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-333</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin pocket incidence is an important variable when assessing the potential appearance-grade quality of wood from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don in New Zealand. High levels diminish value. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of resin pockets; in New Zealand researchers have considered silviculture to be an important factor. A comprehensive database derived from stand sampling and sawing studies has been used to explore the relationship between butt log resin pocket incidence and twenty nine climatic, physical, soil and silvicultural variables. A total of 1055 sites, distributed over 281 stands in four distinct regions, were analysed. The incidence of butt log resin pockets ranged from 0 to 7.65 RP/m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Multiple linear regression methods were utilised to build a prediction model. Initially, four significant predictors were isolated, vapour pressure deficit, solar radiation, a measure of wind damage and readily available water. Further analysis showed a fifth variable (tree diameter breast height/size of the defect core), also contributed to the model. The R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> value of the equation was 0.50 and residual analysis showed the model to be generally unbiased over four locations.  Average daily October vapour pressure deficit made the biggest (58 %) contribution to the regression and the coefficients were all positive except water availability which was negative, as expected. We interpreted these results to infer that stress (associated with moisture and exposure related issues) in conjunction with other factors, including accelerated growth, is a major cause of resin pocket incidence.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>838</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">838</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niquidet, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manley, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional log market integration in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper the integration of log prices across four regions in New Zealand was assessed. A series of monthly prices from January 1995 to December 2006 for five radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D. Don) log grades in each of the regions were tested for co-integration using Johansen’s method and Engle-Granger pair wise tests. Prices for export grades displayed significant integration across regions and generally followed the law of one price. However, markets for domestic grades tended to be regionally segregated. These results are most likely due to the high costs of transporting logs between regions. Future modelling will need to incorporate such transportation costs in order to adequately characterise log markets in the country.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>350</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">350</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falshaw, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-3</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bakewell, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raman, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkins, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicol, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suitability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia longifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">sophorae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mimosaceae) in sand-dune restoration in the central coast of New South Wales, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia longifolia var.sophorae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimosaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-stem planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sand dunes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persistent and strong wind, low nutrient and moisture levels in the soil, and mobile sands debilitate efforts to establish vegetation in coastal ecosystems. These difficulties can be overcome in some situations where either built structures (either dune-forming fences or individual protective shields) can be constructed in fore-dune locations or irrigation (either fixed or by hand) can be applied to protect and sustain new plantings. Because many restoration projects do not have adequate monetary resources to manage expenditure relative to built structures and/or irrigation, these efforts can experience up to 50% loss in the seedlings planted. Keeping these limitations in view, a field trial was conducted at Patonga Beach in (New South Wales, Australia) to test the suitability of the long-stem planting technique in restoring coastal sand dunes. Long-stem planting is a technique that utilizes plants grown in forestry tube-sized pots; plants of such stock can have vertical woody stems up to 1 m depending upon the application and an additional 10 cm of foliage. Plants suitable for this method of installation develop adventitious roots on the buried portion of woody stem, and mature in a manner consistent with seedlings without long stems. Placing of the nursery-grown root mass at a greater depth than non-long-stem plants at the time of planting is one of the advantages of this method of planting. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia longifolia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">sophorae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Labill.) F. Muell. is a native legume of Australia that occurs naturally in coastal ecosystems in New South Wales and Victoria and is a species recommended for use in stabilizing sand on the fore- and crest-dunes of beaches, due to its ability to withstand the poor soil and aggressive wind conditions. The trial reported in this paper, using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. longifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">sophorae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, was undertaken to compare the survival rate and above-ground vigour between long-stem (LS) and non-long-stem (NLS) plants in the absence of either built structures offering protection or post-planting irrigation. Several LS plants of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. longifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">sophorae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">were installed concurrently in large containers (custom-made using PVC pipes) under similar climatic conditions at a nursery in Erina (New South Wales, Australia) to observe the development of adventitious roots on the buried stems of LS plants. Results from this trial have shown plentiful and healthy new roots, which are further supported by datasets demonstrating that 52% of root growth from LS plants was adventitious. A survival rate of 79% for LS plants compared with 53% for NLS plants during the field trial and the development of adventitious roots in the container-grown plants support the view that long-stem planting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. longifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">sophorae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is an effective and reliable method for use in the restoration of coastal sand dunes, overcoming the need for either built structures or post-planting irrigation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>973</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">973</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self, N. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Market access for New Zealand forest products: An economic and environmental case for development of alternative phytosanitary treatments  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-27</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methyl bromide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary regulations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">market access</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial equilibrium model.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytosanitary treatment of export forest products relies almost entirely on fumigation with methyl bromide, emissions of which are controlled under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Adoption of cheaper, less environmentally harmful, alternative fumigants has been limited due to insufficient data on their efficacy and appropriate application technologies. The significant economic benefit of alternative fumigants provides justification for research investment. The Global Forest Products Model, a dynamic market equilibrium model that integrates wood supply, processing industries, product demand and trade, was used to calculate the direct economic benefits to New Zealand forest product exporters of gaining acceptance of phosphine fumigation for log exports to Japan, South Korea, India and China. The availability to New Zealand log exporters of a single alternative fumigant (phosphine) with associated application technologies increases log exporters present value (at 8% over 28 years) of gross annual revenue by US$318.5 million. Details of the impact of acceptance of phosphine fumigation to individual markets were also modelled. An additional risk management scenario modelled was a one-year log import ban by New Zealand&apos;s trading partners due to the presence of a quarantine pest in export logs and the lack of an alternative treatment. The economic impact of this last scenario was a decrease in the present value of forest owner gross revenue by US$369 million to US$3,007 million depending on the likelihood of a ban occurring. The value of the environmental, social and health benefits of a 70% reduction in methyl bromide emitted during forestry phytosanitary treatment (achievable using alternative fumigants for in-hold log cargo) was calculated at US$199,000/annum, a present value of US$2.2 million.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1068</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1068</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temple, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernier, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hintz, W. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterisation of the polygalacturonase gene of the Dutch Elm disease pathogen </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ophiostoma novo-ulmi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-37</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall degrading enzymes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutch elm disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasitic fitness factor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pectinase</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytopathogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polygalacturonase</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virulence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fungal pathogens </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ophiostoma ulmi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Buisman) Nannf. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. novo-ulmi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Brasier, the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, are responsible for decimation of elms in the Northern Hemisphere during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Pectinolytic enzymes, including polygalacturonase, have been implicated as virulence factors in the life history of many fungi. To determine the role of polygalacturonase in Dutch elm disease, we cloned and characterised the polygalacturonase gene from the highly aggressive </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. novo-ulmi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. This gene was similar to polygalacturonase genes of other fungi, and was present as a single copy in the genome. Genetic disruption of the gene was not lethal to the pathogen but led to a reduction of pectinolytic activity  in vitro . It appears, therefore, that polygalacturonase has a limited role in fungal virulence and parasitic fitness in the life history of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. novo-ulmi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1145</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1145</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washusen, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harwood, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morrow, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northway, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valencia, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volker, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farrell, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruned plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Effect of thinning and conventional processing practices on sawn board quality and recovery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">back-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">board quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quarter-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sawlog</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawmilling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Thinned and pruned plantation-grown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> (H.Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden has potential to supplement native forest &apos;ash&apos; eucalypt logs for the Tasmanian sawmilling industry. Processing methods developed for native forest eucalypts were applied to logs from 22-year-old pruned stands thinned at age six years to 100, 200, 300, 400 stems/ha and unthinned control stands with a stocking of 700 stems/ha at harvest.&#xD;&#xD;Consistent with existing industry requirements for the two sawing methods, 42 trees with diameter at breast height over bark (DBHOB) &lt; 43 cm were selected for back-sawing (flat-sawing), and 39 trees with DBHOB &gt; 43 cm for quarter-sawing. For each sawing method, sets of trees were selected to provide trees evenly distributed across the target diameter range and, as near as possible, with sets matched across thinning treatments for size. From each tree two sawlogs, nominally 2.7 m in length, were cut from the pruned part of the stem. Both logs from individual trees were either back-sawn or quarter-sawn with single-saw log breakdown and re-saw systems. The boards were dried, dressed and graded to meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS 2796. Potential value-limiting defects were recorded, recovery calculated and measurements made of docked volume due to board end splits, flitch deflection, shrinkage and other processing related characteristics.&#xD;&#xD;Thinning treatment affected some shrinkage traits but for all other measures of processing performance was not significant, for logs of matched size. Likewise, a basal area measure of localised competition experienced by individual trees had no significant effect on processing performance. This indicates that the thinning intensity was not critical for processing with either a back-sawing or quarter-sawing strategy in conventional sawmills, as trees of equivalent size grown under different competitive regimes did not differ substantially in their processing performance.&#xD;&#xD;Quarter-sawn logs had lower total recovery, but higher recoveries of select and standard grades, than back-sawn logs. Upper logs produced higher recoveries of select and standard grades than butt logs for both sawing methods. These differences were primarily due to the severity of drying-related defects and the volume of wood docked to eliminate board end-splits. For both sawing methods the total recoveries from all logs, and the recoveries of select and standard grades from the upper logs, were similar to recent comparable studies in native forest sawlogs. However, the recoveries of select and standard grades from the butt logs were lower. Poor sawing accuracy contributed to the high occurrence of surface checking and product under-sizing for both sawing methods. Together with improved material handling during drying, greater sawing accuracy has the potential to improve not only recoveries but also product quality from both the butt and upper logs.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bannister, M. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Variation In seedlings of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">   </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-64</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupressus lusitanica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inbreeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistical analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">varieties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Seedlings from 28 lots of &quot;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Cupressus lusitanica&quot;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> seed, of indigenous provenances in Mexico and Guatemala, and of exotic provenances in Portugal, Kenya and New Zealand, were arranged to a replicated design. At one year of age a visual appraisal led to a tentative classification, the indigenous material being divided into four groups:&#xD; &#xD;1. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. lusitanica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">lusitanica, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">from a central region in Mexico; &#xD;2. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. lusitanica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">benthamii, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">from Hidalgo province in Mexico;   &#xD;3. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. lusitanica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> of uncertain status, from Guatemala; and &#xD;4. two seedlots of doubtful status, believed to be </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. arizonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> from Durango, Mexico.&#xD;&#xD;Statistical analysis suggests that Number of Cotyledons, from 2 to 6 per seedling, varied significantly (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">p</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> &lt; 0.05) from one seedlot to another and possibly varied on a regional basis in the wild. Measurements of Height, Leaning of the Stem, Length of Longest Lateral and Number of Laterals, taken as single variates, all showed significant seedlot variation within and between geographical groups. Means of the 26 seedlots (excluding the two from Durango) taken in pairs, showed significant positive correlation from 0.37 to 0.88. Many of the differences between seedlots of indigenous origin may be ascribed to differences in the intensity of inbreeding. This speculation also applies to the apparently wider variation of the seedlots from cultivated trees. Another possible source of genetic variation in cultivated material is hybridisation between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. lusitanica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">C. macrocarpa, </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">which is known to occur.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10"> </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>419</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">419</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae Novazelandiae: 8  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">The fungi described in this paper have been recorded but not fully described from New Zealand. The fungi are:&#xD;&#x9;Caulicolous hyphomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Trimmatostroma betulinum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> (Corda) S.Hughes on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Betula papyrifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> Marshall and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Betula pendula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> Roth.;&#xD;&#x9;Foliicolous coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Discula betulina </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">(Westendorp) Arx on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Betula pendula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Fusicoccum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">sp. on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Ginkgo biloba </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Linnaeus; and&#xD;&#x9;Foliicolous hyphomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Trimmatostroma abietis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Butin &amp; Pehl on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus muricata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wielinga, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raymond, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of green density values on  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stiffness estimation using a stress-wave technique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-79</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic tools</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Use of acoustic tools for assessing stiffness of green wood in standing trees relies on the assumption of a constant value for wood density. This study examined the variability in the green density of the outerwood (outer 5 rings) of 13-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don trees and determined the error introduced by using a constant value.&#xD;  &#xD;Assuming a constant green density introduced a small (~3%) error in the calculated modulus of elasticity (i.e. density &apos;as measured&apos; x acoustic velocity²). Acoustic velocity was the dominant term in the equation. Green density of the fresh core samples showed little variation (coefficient of variation = 2.8%) and was more strongly determined by the sample&apos;s moisture saturation than the amount of wood material (basic density). Modulus of elasticity was inversely related to diameter at 1.3 m (R²= 0.20). Basic density and fresh moisture content were inversely related (R²= 0.82). Basic density and fresh moisture content both influenced the acoustic velocity (R² ~ 0.07), but their effects were weak and opposite. The effect on the acoustic velocity of fresh moisture content at a level between 110% and 230% was less than found previously at lower fresh moisture contents.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todd, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rufaut, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craw, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begbie, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indigenous plant species establishment during rehabilitation of an opencast coal mine, south-east Otago, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-98</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mine rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indigenous plant species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste rock</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">loess</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">substrate chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment of nursery-raised seedlings was investigated at an opencast coal mine site near Kaitangata, south-east Otago, New Zealand. The mine was developed in quartz conglomerate interlayered with siltstones and multiple coal seams. The survival and growth of seven indigenous species were examined in two substrate types, minimally amended mine waste and loess (for comparison). Three different categories of waste were defined: quartz-rich, silt-rich, and coal-rich waste rock. Two different categories of loess were defined based on different levels of pre-planting earthworks but each with no natural soil layer. Survival of seedlings three years after planting was low (35-55%) on all substrates, but seedling deaths were particularly acute on coal-rich waste rock. Plant height growth was generally minimal on waste rock. Height growth after three years on loess was twice that on any category of waste rock. Broad nutrient and trace element profiles were generated for the different substrate categories but no specific factor could be related to better growth on loess. Poor survival on waste rock is discussed in terms of substrate acidity and potential boron toxicity in the coal. Substrate disturbance history had little influence on seedling survival or growth in the loess but potentially so on waste rock. Neither substrate type precluded indigenous species establishment  per se , as was evidenced in widespread regeneration from natural seed dispersal. Research into the physical properties of the different substrates is required to isolate primary factors limiting nursery-raised seedling performance, with a focus on soil moisture stress.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Across-sites genetic parameters of internode-length variables in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> assessed by laser measurements</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">branching pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internode index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genotype ž site interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Branching habit is extremely variable in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> (D.Don), and figures prominently in breeding goals. Branch cluster frequency (BR) scores are useful for ranking families, but do not give absolute mean internode length or internode index values. Also, comparing BR scores across different sites is complicated by large differences among site means and variances. It is desirable for the breeder to characterise families for mean internode length. Using a laser to measure internode length is potentially more precise and faster than other methods (e.g. climbing, height pole, and PhotoMARVL). We address the potential of a new laser technique to: (1) estimate genetic parameters of mean internode length and internode index; (2) quantify the relationship between BR and mean internode length; and (3) determine the optimum zone of stem for characterising whole-tree mean internode length. &#xD;&#xD;Fifty open-pollinated families, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">ca</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> 20 trees/family, were assessed at two sites, one on the Kaingaroa Plateau, and the other on Northland coastal dunes (Pouto), 38 families being common to both sites. Mean internode length of the first log (MIL1) and second log (MIL2), mean internode length in the 4-7 m height zone (MIL4-7 m), and internode index of the first log (IIX1) and second log (IIX2) were assessed at age 17-18 years using a laser. These measurements were compared with previously collected data (diameter at breast height over bark and BR scores) from an age 8 assessment of the trees.&#xD;&#xD;On average, MIL2 exceeded MIL1 (0.51 cm and 0.40 cm respectively at Kaingaroa; 0.38 cm and 0.35 cm respectively at Pouto). Across-sites narrow-sense heritability (h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="10">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">) estimates of BR, MIL1, MIL2, IIX1 and IIX2 were 0.18, 0.25, 0.23, 0.26 and 0.27 respectively, approximately half the within-site estimates. Across-sites genetic correlation estimates for these traits were ca 0.45, further indicating considerable rank-change genotype-environment interaction. Mean internode length in the 4-7 m height zone had higher estimated h</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="10">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> than BR, and a high genetic correlation (about 0.98) with BR, indicating that laser assessment could be made more cost-efficient by assessing MIL4-7 m, which might be used to compare the families for mean internode length at different sites. To convert BR scores to obtain a reliable site mean for mean internode length, 30 random trees from each BR score class could suffice at a given site.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schröder, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melton, L.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, B. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, U.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special issue: Plant cell walls: Diversity and approaches to understanding their function</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">varieties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofuel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> This Special Issue of the Journal comprises 14 selected and peer-reviewed papers from the 3rd Joint New Zealand - German Cell Wall Symposium held in Auckland, New Zealand from 13 to 15 February 2008. Primary and secondary plant cell walls are an essential component of our daily life. They are renewable biomaterials, serving as an important source of food (primary cell walls), as building materials (secondary cell walls) and energy (primary and secondary walls). In New Zealand, information about the biochemistry and physical properties of plant cell walls can have a huge impact on the economic value of horticultural products, such as kiwifruit and apples, and forestry products, such as paper and timber. Primary and secondary cell walls function in different ways: the primary wall enables a plant organ to expand and grow; and the secondary wall provides mechanical support. Understanding the nature of the links between primary and secondary cell walls is essential for a more complete understanding of cell walls and, more specifically, about the structure/function relationships of plant cell walls. For example, the composition and architecture of primary cell walls is likely to influence the architecture and properties of secondary cell walls. Thus, during wood formation, while cells are still expanding, they have only primary walls, and it is only after expansion has stopped that the secondary wall is laid down. Equally, the mechanical, and often functional, properties of cells with secondary cell walls are not only determined by the way the secondary wall develops, but also by the way some of the compounds, such as lignin, are deposited into the framework of the middle lamella and primary cell wall. In 1997, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the New Zealand Ministry of Research, Science and Technology and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). As a result of this agreement, in 2004, a group of New Zealand and German research scientists agreed to hold regular bilateral meetings on plant cell walls, combining topics of formation, structure and function of both primary and secondary walls of wood and non-wood tissues. In 2005, the first Symposium &quot;The Plant Cell Wall as a Complex Biocomposite - Linking the Primary and Secondary Walls&quot; was held in Rotorua, followed by the second Symposium &quot;The Plant Cell Wall: Recent Advances and New Perspectives&quot; held in Hamburg in 2006. The third meeting was held in February 2008 in Auckland, New Zealand. The remarkable breadth of topics was captured under the motto &quot;Plant Cell Walls: Diversity and Approaches to Understanding their Function&quot;. Six delegates from Germany and twenty-nine delegates from New Zealand attended the symposium. Twenty-five of these scientists gave presentations in their area of expertise, which formed a foundation for discussions and for exchanging information and seeking opportunities for collaboration between New Zealand and Germany. A wide variety of topics, all related to cell walls, were reported on during the Symposium. The topics included cell-wall micro-architecture; the cell walls of fruits; the uses of cell-wall components in food products; the production of biofuels from cell walls; the mechanical properties of walls; the water, mineral and heavy metal content of woods; cell wall biosynthesis and the structures and functions of specific cell-wall polysaccharides. In addition, many techniques were described that can be used to study cell walls. These included monoclonal antibodies to locate specific polysaccharides; synchrotron radiation X-ray techniques; and different types of microscopy such as UV fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) microscopy. The following 14 papers provide a permanent record of key topics discussed at the Symposium and complete Volume 39 of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.   </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>335</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">335</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eder, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ü</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ggeberg, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgert, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A close-up view of the mechanical design of arborescent plants at different levels of hierarchy - requirements and structural solutions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hierarchy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arborescent plants are highly adapted to their terrestrial environment. In competition with other land plants for light, they gain advantage by managing to establish their photosynthesis units at remarkable heights above ground. For this benefit arborescent plants have to transport water over long distances against gravity and internal friction and have to cope with high mechanical loads acting on their stems. Although faced by similar mechanical constraints, the growth strategies of arborescent plants belonging to different species and classes can vary largely. This shows that during evolution different growth concepts with different structural solutions have been successfully established. In this article, we review structure-function relationships of trees and palms. The comparison is made along different levels of hierarchy, starting from the integral level of the stem down to the biochemical composition of the cell walls. Particular attention is paid to the close interdependencies between the structural levels and to the cell wall organisation of the different arborescent plants in terms of adjusting mechanical properties for the specific growth strategy.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>141</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">141</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brummell, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">der, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xylan metabolism in primary cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruit softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softening</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xylans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides consisting of a (1-4)-</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">β</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-xylan backbone, which is substituted in all land plants with short side chains (usually monosaccharide) of </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">α</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">L</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-arabinose and/or </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">α</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-glucuronic acid residues. The glucuronic acid residues are frequently 4-</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-methylated. Xylans are found in the primary cell walls of all higher plants, and are a major component of secondary cell walls. Highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylans are the major cross-linking structural hemicellulose in the primary walls of monocots of the commelinoid group, except in growing tissues of the grasses (Poales) where their function is temporarily replaced by a mixed linkage (1-3),(1-4)-</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">β</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">D</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-glucan. In non-commelinoid monocots and dicots, glucuronoarabinoxylans are a minor component of primary cell walls, and xyloglucan is the major structural hemicellulose. During cell growth in grasses, the degree of substitution of the xylan backbone declines and xylans become increasingly firmly attached into the wall by ester and ether links. In dicots, a proportion of the xylan may become increasingly associated with pectin and xyloglucan in complexes as growth ceases. In both grasses and dicots, evidence for depolymerisation of the xylan backbone during the wall loosening associated with growth is lacking. In cereal grains, germination is accompanied by complete degradation of arabinoxylan-rich primary cell walls, involving substantial cytosolic endo-(1-4)-</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">β</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-xylanase activity. This is, however, a specialised case of programmed cell death rather than cell wall loosening for growth. Nevertheless, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arabidopsis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> possesses four putative endo-(1-4)-</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">β</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-xylanase proteins with a predicted signal sequence for secretion to the apoplast, suggesting that xylan depolymerisation is involved in some aspects of plant development. A large increase in endo-(1-4)-</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">β</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-xylanase activity accompanies fruit ripening in papaya, indicating that in some species xylan depolymerisation may be a component of the wall disassembly leading to fruit softening. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>997</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">997</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, A.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dawson, B. S. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rickard, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomodification of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood to enhance penetrability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruit softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Softening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Pits form a major pathway for liquid flow in wood. In conifers, such as radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> D.Don), pits between axial tracheids are highly specialised structures, with cell walls overarching a membrane. The membrane consists of a central impervious torus, which is suspended in the pit cavity by a highly porous margo. The bordered pits in radiata pine become aspirated during drying of timber, a condition where the torus becomes lodged against the pit aperture and seals it, thus influencing timber permeability/ penetrability. To enhance timber treatability we have employed an environmentally compatible biological process to remove pit membranes, thus facilitating greater flow of applied wood property enhancing solutions through pits. The biological modification process we employed involved placing freshly sawn radiata pine boards in water in plastic troughs in a glasshouse, and keeping them submerged for periods sufficient for the natural bacterial microflora to colonise wood and destroy pit membranes.&#xD;&#xD;The boards were removed from the troughs after 2-12 weeks and examined by a range of microscopy techniques, including fluorescence confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which provided evidence of bacterial colonisation of pit membranes and pit membrane destruction. The microscopic assessment of wood permeability indicated that penetration depth of applied coating was significantly greater in the ponded wood compared with the unponded (control) wood. A fruitful extension of the work presented here would be to develop a biological pre-treatment process using enzymes that will specifically target pit membranes and can be produced cost-effectively for industrial scale operations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>783</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">783</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melton, L.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, B. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibrahim, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">der, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mannans in primary and secondary plant cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-160</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A brief overview of the structure of mannans in plant cell walls and other organisms is presented. In particular, mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans in seed endosperm and vegetative tissues such as bulbs and tubers, galactoglucomannans (GGMs) in primary cell walls, and glucomannans and GGMs in secondary walls of hardwoods and softwoods are covered. Possible roles of mannans in primary plant cell walls other than as storage polysaccharides are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>320</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">320</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunocytochemistry of xylem cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-168</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls,xylem</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">immunocytochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antibody</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbohydrate binding module</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorescence microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electron microscopy l å</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunocytochemistry uses labelled antibodies to localise specific cell wall components, either by fluorescence microscopy or by electron microscopy. Antibodies have been developed to detect both polysaccharides and lignin moieties, allowing visualisation of cell wall components with high resolution and specificity. Similar techniques have been developed to use enzymes or carbohydrate binding modules with specific affinity to cell wall components. This review summarises progress in this field as applied to xylem cell walls, outlining current knowledge and exploring the scope for future investigations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson (pp. 161-168) reviews progress in the field of immunocytochemistry as applied to xylem cell walls, outlining current knowledge and exploring the scope for future investigations&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>843</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">843</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Donoghue, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerfield, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant cell wall polysaccharides: A commentary on their role as agents for food structure and for health</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cellulose,dietary fibre,food,gelation,hydrocolloids,mannans,pectin,viscosity,stabiliser,thickener</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The plant cell wall protects cells, provides structural support, assists with regulation of growth and provides a mechanism for cells to adhere to and communicate with each other. In plants eaten as food, the cell wall contributes texture and mouthfeel, and is a barrier which, when broken, allows flavours and moistness to be released and perceived in the mouth. The functional properties of polysaccharides that enable them to provide structural support around a cell also make them attractive hydrocolloids for improving texture, sensory and nutritional qualities of food. Isolated pectin, cellulose (modified) and a range of structural and storage polysaccharides (including galactomannans, glucomannans, xyloglucans) located in the cell walls of land plants can provide mouthfeel, viscosity, stabilisation, pouring properties and assistance in manufacture. They achieve these effects through interactions with water as well as their capacity to form gels through self-association or through inter-polymeric relationships. These same properties also determine their usefulness as non-digestible dietary fibre. In this review, we will outline the uses and functions of isolated land plant cell wall polysaccharides added to food products as ingredients to improve texture, and also summarise what is currently known about the mechanisms underlying the health benefits they provide as dietary fibres.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Donoghue and Somerfield (pp. 169-185) review the role of plant cell wall polysaccharides as agents for food structure and for health.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>578</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">578</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsieh, Y. S. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paxton, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ade, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural diversity, functions and biosynthesis of xyloglucans in angiosperm cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-196</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell expansion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eudicotyledons</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasses and cereals (Poaceae)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monocotyledons</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">xyloglucan biosynthesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xyloglucans occur in the primary cell walls of all angiosperms where they are thought to have a structural role and be involved in the control of cell expansion. They also occur in the thick, non-lignified secondary cell walls of seeds of some species of eudicotyledons where they serve as reserve carbohydrates. The xyloglucans in the primary cell walls of most eudicotyledons have similar structures with side chains containing galactose and fucose. However, in one group of eudicotyledons, the asterids, there is considerable structural variability in the xyloglucans, with many containing arabinose. There is also variability in the xyloglucans of the monocotyledons, with those in the family Poaceae containing no fucose and only small proportions of galactose. The xyloglucans of the thick, secondary cell walls of seeds are similar to those in the primary walls of most eudicotyledons, but contain no fucose. The functional significance of these structural variations is unknown. A number of genes and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been identified as being involved in the biosynthesis of the xyloglucans of the model eudicotyledon </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arabidopsis thaliana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsieh et al. (pp. 187-196) review the structural diversity, functions and biosynthesis of xyloglucans in angiosperm cell walls.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1043</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1043</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutherland, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallett, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probing cell wall structure and development by the use of antibodies: A personal perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">immunocytochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorescence microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antibody</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pectin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunolabelling is a powerful technique that can visualise the spatial and temporal arrangement of polysaccharides within plants, providing detail of localisation within tissues, cell types and individual cell walls not obtainable through chemical extraction methods. An increasing number of highly characterised antibodies to cell wall antigens are now becoming available. When using any of these antibodies there is a need for careful interpretation of the labelling patterns, and adequate controls to ensure specific labelling. This review examines some of the issues involved in obtaining meaningful results based on examples from our own work. We focus in particular on immunolabelling of fixed resin embedded material, providing a basic protocol and illustrating the results that can be obtained using it. We also review precautions that must be taken to verify that the results obtained are meaningful and how to troubleshoot if things go wrong.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutherland, Hallett and Jones (pp. 197-205) review the analytical technique of immunolabelling and examine some of the issues involved in obtaining meaningful results based on examples from their own work.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atkinson, R. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, N. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallett, I. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnston, S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schr</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">der, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Actinidia eriantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: A parental species for breeding kiwifruit with novel peelability and health attributes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-216</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Actinidia eriantha</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kiwifruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peelable</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vitamin C</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glucomannans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heteroxylans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicinal plant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pectins,rhamnogalacturonan I</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">xyloglucans.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Consumers will pay a premium for fruit that have excellent flavour, high nutritional value, store well and are convenient to eat. In kiwifruit, the opportunity to breed fruit with these characteristics exists within the ~50 species that make up the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Actinidia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> genus. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Actinidia eriantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> has been identified as having desirable convenience and health attributes that could be introgressed into commercial kiwifruit species by conventional breeding. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Actinidia eriantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10"> has an &apos;easy-to-peel&apos; phenotype that increases the level of convenience associated with kiwifruit by making fruit easier to eat. In this review we describe analysis of biochemical and chemical differences in cell walls of easy-to-peel versus poor-peeling genotypes, and how these relate to their mechanical, structural and chemical features. We also discuss the health attributes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">A. eriantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">, including its content of vitamin C, oxalate, triterpenoids and allergens.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this review, Atkinson et al. (pp. 207-216) describe analysis of biochemical and chemical differences in cell walls of easy-to-peel versus poor-peeling genotypes of kiwifruit, and how these relate to their mechanical, structural and chemical features. They also discuss the health attributes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Actinidia eriantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, including its content of vitamin C, oxalate, triterpenoids and allergens.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>577</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">577</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsieh, Y. S. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liao, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, W. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biologically active polysaccharides in medicinal plants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-223</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glucomannans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heteroxylans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicinal plant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pectins,rhamnogalacturonan I</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">xyloglucans.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biologically active polysaccharides from medicinal plants have been studied for many years. In addition to immuno-modulating effects, human clinical studies have shown that some polysaccharides have certain benefits for human health. Most studies have focused on the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), particularly the Type II arabinogalactans, which have been isolated and shown to have anti-complementary and other immuno-activities. These studies have provided valuable information about how carbohydrate moieties induce certain biological events.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsieh et al. (pp. 217-223) review biologically active polysaccharides from medicinal plants. In addition to immuno-modulating effects, human clinical studies have shown that some polysaccharides have certain benefits for human health. Most studies have focused on the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), particularly the Type II arabinogalactans, which have been isolated and shown to have anti-complementary and other immuno-activities. These studies have provided valuable information about how carbohydrate moieties induce certain biological events.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ü</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polle, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging of lignin and cellulose In hardwood using Fourier Transform Infrared microscopy - comparison of two methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-231</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier transform infrared imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FPA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier transform infrared microscopy combined with a focal plane array detector was used to illustrate the distribution of cellulose and lignin in wood of European beech (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fagus sylvatica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.). Two independent methods were used for data analysis: (a) an integration; and (b) a correlation method. In method (a), the typical range of wave-numbers for cellulose (1390-1350 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%"> -1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) or lignin (1530-1490 cm</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) was integrated in each spectrum and the distribution of the measured intensities was recorded. For the correlation method (b), reference Fourier transform infrared spectra for isolated beech lignin and cellulose were generated. The spectra obtained with the focal plane array detector in beech wood were correlated with reference spectra for cellulose or lignin, respectively illustrating the tightness of the correlation in each measuring point in the wood cross-section. Both methods gave similar results, but the integration method yielded higher resolution than the correlation method. Since structural properties of wood such as wall thickness and lumen width affected the results, the optimum method needs to be evaluated for each species separately.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ü</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ller and Polle (pp. 225-231) used Fourier transform infrared microscopy combined with a focal plane array detector to illustrate the distribution of cellulose and lignin in wood of European beech. Two independent methods were used for data analysis: (a) an integration; and (b) a correlation method. Both methods gave similar results, but the integration method yielded higher resolution than the correlation method.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">968</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koch, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterisation of wound reaction compounds in the xylem of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tilia americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  L. by electron microscopy and cellular UV-microspectrophotometry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233-241 &#xD; </style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wound reactions,xylem,vessels,parenchyma cells,cell wall,electron microscopy,UV-microspectrophotometry,Tilia americana L.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transmission electron microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell wall</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Wound reactions in cells of the boundary layer in the xylem of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Tilia americana </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">L. were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and cellular ultraviolet (UV)-microspectrophotometry. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that in vessels and fibres wound reaction compounds are deposited in the lumen as balloon-like structures and/or as wall attachments. Parenchyma cells frequently show atypical innermost wall layers, either similar to regular wall layers or as a nearly electron transparent structure resembling suberinised cell wall layers. UV-microspectrophotometry allowed for a closer chemical characterisation of the wound reaction compounds. According to their absorbance behaviour with a distinct maximum beyond 300 nm, these were identified as flavonoid compounds. Precursor substances with an additional maximum at 278 nm were found in parenchyma cells. The combination of transmission electron microscopy and UV-microspectrophotometry also revealed that wound reaction compounds are attached to but do not impregnate the vessel walls.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt and Koch (pp. 233-241) investigated wound reactions in cells of the boundary layer in the xylem of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tilia americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. by transmission electron microscopy and cellular UV-microspectrophotometry.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>821</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">821</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nair, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butterfield, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density, microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity as indicators of intra-ring checking in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> wood</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243-250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intra-ring checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood quality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MFA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Intra-ring checking (checking) is a wood quality defect that can develop sometimes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">D.Don (radiata pine) wood during the drying process. The aim of this small study was to examine various mechanical properties of intra-ring-checked wood to determine how they differed from non-checked wood. This would help understand which of these mechanical properties (if any) might make wood susceptible to checking. Three mechanical properties of wood (density, microfibril angle (MFA) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) were examined in oven-dried radiata pine disks that displayed different degrees of checking. These measurements were made using SilviScan-2 equipment. Microfibril angle was also examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) while MOE data was also obtained using a modified version of a Fullam micro-test stage. &#xD;&#xD;None of the data obtained for any of the mechanical properties showed significant differences relative to checking. However, some trends could be observed that helped draw some conclusions about the mechanical properties observed in checked and non-checked wood. The checked wood samples had a lower density than the non-checked wood samples by SilviScan-2 analysis. When measured by XRD, the MFA of checked wood was higher than that of non-checked wood. However, when measured by SilviScan-2, the MFA of checked wood and non-checked wood did not show such clear differences. There was also no significant difference in the MOE of checked and non-checked wood obtained by either SilviScan-2 or by Fullam micro-test stage equipment. In summary, the three properties measured were insufficient predictors of checking in this small set of radiata pine samples.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nair et al. (pp.  243-250) undertook a small study to examine various mechanical properties (density, microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity) of intra-ring-checked wood to determine how they differed from non-checked wood. These three properties were found to be insufficient predictors of checking in this small set of radiata pine samples.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, S. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franich, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callaghan, P. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newman, R. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature&apos;s nanocomposites: A new look at molecular architecture in wood cell walls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-257&#xD;</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glucomannan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nuclear magnetic resonance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A widely-accepted model for the molecular architecture of wood fails to account for the stick-slip deformation process, in which wet wood shows permanent plastic deformation without significant mechanical damage. A proposed model interposes a layer of water molecules between cellulose microfibrils and the surrounding matrix. Results from proton spin diffusion, monitored via </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">13</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C NMR signal strengths, supported the new model. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don latewood was soaked in D</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O and a timescale of 10 ms was measured for proton spin diffusion between cellulose and glucomannan. This observation was interpreted in terms of a layer of D</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O molecules creating a spin-diffusion barrier between the microfibrils and the matrix.      </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill et al. (pp 251-257) propose a new model for the molecular architecture of wood which interposes a layer of water molecules between cellulose microfibrils and the surrounding matrix. Results from proton spin diffusion, monitored  via </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">13</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C NMR signal strengths of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don latewood, supported the new model.   &#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review - Williams, C.G. 2009: Conifer reproductive biology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon (p. 259) has reviewed a new book,  Conifer Reproductive Biology  by Claire G. Williams which is published by Springer&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falshaw, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-3</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> will have a biosecurity focus this year. Volume 40 will include the proceedings of the IUFRO* International Forest Biosecurity Conference held in Rotorua, New Zealand from 16 to 20 March 2009. A special supplement to Volume 40 will also be published. This supplement will contain the proceedings of a biosecurity workshop, held at the Conference on 17 March 2009. This workshp was sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to explore the different perspectives of scientists, policy makers and forest managers. Overall, the scope of the Journal continues to cover the breadth of forestry science. Plantation forestry remains a particular focus but manuscripts on a wide range of forestry topics, such as tropical species, climate change, and policy will also be considered.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NZJFS editor, Dr Ruth Falshaw, introduces volume 40 (p. 3).&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1158</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1158</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weng, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tosh, K.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fullarton, M.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining and projecting realised genetic gains: Results from early-stage spruce improvement programmes in New Brunswick, Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-17</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black spruce</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">white spruce</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">large-plot gain test</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual-tree</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea mariana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plot size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed orchard</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site index</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two series of realised genetic gain tests of large plots, one for black spruce ( Picea mariana  (Mill.) B.S.P.) and one for white spruce ( Picea glauca  [Moench] Voss), were established in the early 1990s in New Brunswick, Canada, to investigate realised gains from planting improved seedlots representing early-stage tree improvement activities. Individual-tree growth was recorded up to age 15 (one-quarter of their rotation age). Four improved seedlots were included in the black spruce gain test. Planting the superior stand seedlot (CAN101) could obtain moderate gain (7.0% in volume/tree and 3.5% in volume/ha at age 15). Growth improvement for the seedlot (UNROG) collected from a seedling seed orchard (FRA_SSO) established using phenotypically selected plus trees was negligible but genetic roguing improved the FRA_SSO seedlot&apos;s growth, resulting in 3.3 and 2.1% increase in 15-yr volume per tree and per hectare, respectively. The highest gain was observed by deploying the elite half-sib family (01-15), which resulted in a gain of 27.6% in 15-yr volume/ha. Three improved seedlots were included in the white spruce realised-gain test. The seedlot (OVSSO) collected from a provenance seedling seed orchard had 9.2% more volume/ha at age 15 years. Much higher gains were observed in the seedlots collected from an unrogued clonal seed orchard (DNR_CSO). Mixed cone collections from the DNR_CSO achieved 25.6% more volume/ha at age 15 than the unimproved seedlot. Practicing supplemental mass pollination with unimproved pollen in the DNR_CSO greatly reduced its seedlot gains, i.e. 12.9% in 15-yr volume/ha. In both tests, the gain varied with age or site index. Realised gains in this study differed greatly from those observed in the corresponding genetic tests using small-plots. This suggests that using a small plot size for trials could greatly bias the actual gains possible on a plantation-scale, particularly when using seedlots obtained from orchards.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weng et al. (pp  5-17) investigated realised gains from planting improved seedlots in large plots representing early-stage tree improvement activities for Black Spruce and White Spruce in New Brunswick, Canada. Realised gains in this study differed greatly from those observed in the corresponding genetic tests using small-plots. This suggests that using a small plot size for trials could greatly bias the actual gains possible on a plantation-scale, particularly when using seedlots obtained from orchards.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>620</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">620</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McConnochie, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing and grade recovery of 25-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. globoidea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. muelleriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. pilularis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-31</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quarter-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flat-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globoidea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The processing characteristics of 25-year-old  Eucalyptus fastigata  Deane et Maiden,  E.globoidea  Blakely,  E. muelleriana  Howitt and  E. pilularis  Sm. from Rotoehu Forest, New Zealand, were evaluated to determine if these species could be used to produce high-quality timber on shorter rotations. The butt- and second logs of 15 trees of each species were quarter-sawn and flat-sawn respectively, and the boards assessed for shrinkage and distortion, visual and mechanical properties, and surface hardness. Growth-stress release during sawing, combined with end-checking during drying, resulted in board end-splitting that reduced the sawn recovery in  E. fastigata  compared with the other species, and produced high levels of crook in the quarter-sawn boards of all species. There was no surface checking and little or no drying collapse and internal checking. The proportions of visual clears and No.1 cuttings grades were low, particularly for  E.muelleriana  and  E. pilularis, due to the presence of knots. The boards of all species had high values of density, modulus of elasticity and surface hardness, and machine stress grades of MSG10 to MSG15. These species have the potential to produce high-quality timber on 25-year rotations, but pruning will be required to improve visual grades so that a higher proportion of boards can be used in appearance applications.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones et al. (pp. 19-31) evaluated the processing characteristics of four Eucalyptus species at 25 years of age to determine if these species could be used to produce high-quality timber on shorter rotations. The butt- and second logs of 15 trees of each species were quarter-sawn and flat-sawn respectively, and the boards assessed for shrinkage and distortion, visual and mechanical properties, and surface hardness.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1036</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1036</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beveridge, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of New Zealand kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  (D.Don) Lindl.): Its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collapse</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crook</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grade recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grading</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrinkage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quarter-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flat-sawing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus fastigata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globoidea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus muelleriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus pilularis.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauri ( Agathis australis  (D.Don) Lindl.) is endemic to New Zealand, where it is the only indigenous member of the Araucariaceae. It has the most southerly distribution of any species in the genus and is currently confined to the warm temperate areas of the North Island. At the time of European settlement, forests containing kauri covered 1 000 000 ha or more in New Zealand. Following uncontrolled logging, land clearance for alternative land use and destruction by fire, only 7500 ha of virgin or primary forest remain, mainly in conservation reserves. An additional 60 000 ha of scrub/shrubland and secondary forest contain varying amounts of regenerating kauri. Kauri is reputed to produce greater volumes of wood from single stems than any other timber tree in the world. Its timber is regarded as one of the finest due to qualities of decay resistance and dimensional stability under moist conditions. A wide range of products was developed by Maori and European settlers. Kauri timber and gum made a substantial contribution to the physical and economic development of New Zealand between 1830 and 1900.  Agathis australis  shares a number of biological characteristics with lowland  Agathis  species found in the tropics and subtropics. These include a juvenile form with narrow tapering crown; mature emergent trees with massive, spreading, dome-shaped crowns and upwardly-arched branches; self-pruning in sapling and pole-stage trees; flaking bark; wind-dispersed, small-winged seeds formed in cones that disintegrate at time of seed maturity while still on the tree; and only a few months of seed viability after shedding. Juvenile trees with taproots and mature trees with wide-spreading lateral roots and descending peg roots are windfirm, assisting longevity. Although surviving trees of massive dimensions (3-5 m diameter) are usually hollow, their life span may be 1500 years or more. Large kauri have a podsolising effect on some acidic soils, making them less fertile. Efficiency in the use of water and nutrients has enabled the species to become dominant on infertile and drought-prone ridge tops. Observations of growth in natural stands indicate mean annual increment of 2.5-6.0 mm in diameter and 0.3 m in height. Interplanting of kauri in scrub and shrubland developed on former kauri forest sites has produced poor results. Mean annual increments of 6.9 mm in diameter and 0.44 m in height have been recorded in young untended plantations. Greater success has been achieved through attention to site selection, improved establishment techniques and silvicultural tending. The most suitable sites for planting are those with fertile, well-drained, light-textured soils, a warm, humid climate, and a history of previous occupation by broadleaved (angiosperm) plant species. Current research suggests that rotation length can be reduced by best-practice management, and that planted stands could be a continuing source of kauri timber in the future.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward &amp; Beveridge (pp. 33-59) review the ecology, history, growth and uses of kauri ( </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(D.Don) Lindl.), the only member of the Araucariaceae indigenous to New Zealand.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>682</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">682</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivkovi</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="238" size="11">ć</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility to intra-ring checking in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Potential for genetic improvement</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-70</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype-environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heartwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intra-ring checking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intra-ring (&quot;internal&quot;) checking is one of several wood phenomena that downgrade appearance-grade products of  Pinus radiata  D.Don. A recently developed increment core-based method has proved cost-effective for large-scale non-destructive assessment. The main objectives of this paper were to document assessment methods and genetic parameters (heritability, genotype-environment interaction, genetic correlations) of internal checking. The greatest incidence of internal checking appears in sapwood outside the heartwood zone, while the heartwood itself is usually check-free. The frequency of internal checking generally decreases with log height. Estimated heritabilities (mostly &gt; 0.30) indicated a moderate genetic control, and the estimated between-site genetic correlations (ca. 0.75) suggested that the magnitude of genotype-environment interactions would be lower compared to those generally observed for diameter, but higher compared to those for wood density. Prior estimates of genetic correlations of internal checking with diameter and wood density had been near-zero and about -0.50, respectively. Strategies for culling undesirable genotypes from the breeding and production populations are also discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar et al. (pp.  61-70) document assessment methods and genetic parameters (heritability, genotype-environment interaction, genetic correlations) of internal checking. The frequency of internal checking generally decreases with log height. Estimated heritabilities indicated a moderate genetic control, and the estimated between-site genetic correlations suggested that the magnitude of genotype-environment interactions would be lower compared to those generally observed for diameter, but higher compared to those for wood density. Strategies for culling undesirable genotypes from the breeding and production populations are also discussed.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>717</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">717</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="11">ό</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pez Bernal, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arre, J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlichter, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bava, J. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of incorporating the height of bordering trees on gap size estimations: the case of Argentinean </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus pumilio</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-81</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Group selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">incident radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">saplings growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guidelines</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For forests of  Nothofagus pumilio  (Poepp  et  Endl.) of Chubut province, Argentina, the Forest Office recommends a type of group selection as the system of regeneration. This method involves the creation of gaps in the canopy. Gap size determines seedling recruitment and sapling growth in these forests as a result of dry summers. However, in the context of  N. pumilio  forest management, there is no consensus on the best methodology for gap size measurement and this leads to an inaccurate link between ecological studies and management guidelines. This study aimed to produce an experimental method for determining gap size which may be suitable for both forest management and ecological analysis. The sizes of fourteen artificially created forest gaps were determined under a range of scenarios involving two definitions of gap limit, six calculation methods and using either the gap surface or the ratio between the gap diameter and canopy height. These scenarios were compared based on their correlation with three ecological variables (incident radiation, soil moisture and sapling growth). No differences between gap limit definitions or between calculation methods were found. The use of the gap diameter/canopy height ratio significantly improved the correlation with ecological variables. Also, the correlation between dominant height and soil moisture was better than average height with soil moisture. Based on these results, we propose the use of polygonal expanded gap diameter/dominant canopy height ratio as a gap size parameter for the measurement of gap size in  N. pumilio  forests. This parameter will be applicable to both ecological research and forest management.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is currently no consensus on the best methodology for gap size measurement in Argentinian  Nothofagus pumilio  forests, which leads to an inaccurate link between ecological studies and management guidelines. This study aimed to produce an experimental method for determining gap size which may be suitable for both forest management and ecological analysis. Based on the results obtained, L¢pez Bernal et al. (pp. 71-81) propose the use of polygonal expanded gap diameter/dominant canopy height ratio as a gap size parameter for the measurement of gap size in  N. pumilio  forests.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1130</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1130</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford, G. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapman, J. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note: Evaluation of the strength of shaved steamed </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> poles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knot diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulus of elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending strength of  Pinus radiata (D.Don) poles is critical in a range of structural applications, such as retaining-walls.  Pinus radiata  poles in a wet, shaved and steamed condition were obtained from five suppliers located across the central North Island of New Zealand. This sample of poles met the stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity) value expected of normal-density poles according to New Zealand Standard3603, but their characteristic bending and compression stresses were 40% and 39%, respectively, lower than expected. Applying a maximum allowable knot size restriction (measured as the knot diameter ratio) made little difference to the results. Applying a minimum stress-wave velocity (measured using a HM-200 device) also had little effect on the derived characteristic values until the value was raised to 3.2 km/s, which would eliminate about 20% of the sample. A minimum stress-wave velocity reading of 2.8 km/s is recommended. At this level, some poles from two of the five suppliers would have to be rejected. These results indicate that pole selection based on the basic density of outer-zone wood is less effective than that using stress-wave velocity measured using a HM-200 device. It is recommended that New Zealand Standard3603 should be amended in the light of these findings.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walford and Chapman (pp. 83-90) found that stress-wave velocity was more effective than basic density of outer-zone wood for selectiing Pinus radiata poles for structural uses. A minimum stress-wave velocity reading of 2.8 km/s is recommended. The authors conclude that New Zealand Standard3603    should be amended in the light of these findings.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest editorial:  Special Issue:  IUFRO International Forest Biosecurity Conference 16-20 March 2009, Rotorua, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-92</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield &amp; Richardson (pp.91-92) introduce a special issue of the  New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science  on the proceedings of the IUFRO International Forest Biosecurity Conference held from 16 - 20 March 2009 in Rotorua, New Zealand.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1341</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1341</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinger, E. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rose, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Initial fall-spring vegetation management regimes improve moisture conditions and maximise third-year Douglas-fir seedling growth in a Pacific Northwest plantation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-108</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Competition for soil moisture can limit seedling growth and survival during the initial years of plantation establishment. Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Mirbel) Franco.) seedlings growing in the Mediterranean climate of western Washington (USA) contend with early-seral vegetation for soil moisture held in the upper soil layers. While research has documented improvements in seedling growth due to reductions in competition, this is the first study to present results showing how operationally oriented vegetation management regimes impact growing conditions for planted Douglas-fir seedlings in the Pacific Northwest. This paper presents third-year results quantifying seedling growth response to six herbicide treatment regimes applied during the first two years of plantation establishment. Soil moisture and seedling xylem water potential, measured during the initial two seasons were improved when competitive cover was maintained below 20%. In response to this low level of competition, height to diameter ratio of seedlings decreased below 50 and has remained low despite rapid colonisation of the vegetation community one year post-herbicide use. Third year (2008) stem volume growth was maximised by the most intense treatment. The volume increase was 808.8 cm3,  a 470% improvement when compared with 141.8 cm3 in the no-action control. Herbicides restrained vegetation community growth during the years applied and, while they altered the dominance of the community, they did not eradicate any of the six plant growth habits found on the site. Results from this study demonstrate how vegetation management prescriptions can ensure successful establishment under different climatic conditions while providing a biosecurity safety net that minimises injury to plant community biodiversity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinger &amp; Rose (pp. 93-108) present third-year results quantifying the growth response of Douglas-fir seedlings to six herbicide treatment regimes applied during the first two years of plantation establishment. Their results demonstrate how vegetation management prescriptions can ensure successful establishment of Douglas-fir under different climatic conditions while providing a biosecurity safety net that minimises injury to plant community biodiversity.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">133</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton, K. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kramer, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hudler, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new approach to stopping the spread of invasive insects and pathogens: Early detection and rapid response via a global network of sentinel plantings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organisation specifies that countries cannot regulate against unknown pests, yet many alien invasive forest pests are unknown to science prior to discovery in a new land. Many of these pests are introduced via nursery stock, but lack of pest information makes this pathway difficult to mitigate. Botanic gardens and arboreta worldwide offer a unique opportunity to help detect potential invasive threats to forest health before they spread. Monitoring pests in gardens with international collections could inform prevention activities as well as help promote early detection and rapid response to new pest incursions. While recognising the inherent value of single country-pair studies currently ongoing, and the scientific integrity expected of resulting peer-reviewed publications, we believe opportunities for synergy across these efforts and for more immediate response to new host-pest associations should be explored. The strengths and weaknesses of various current approaches to sentinel plant monitoring are described, as well as a strategy for developing a worldwide network of gardens sharing information on pests that would extend the lessons learned and direct timely information to National Plant Protection Organisations to enhance protection of natural resources.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton et al. (pp. 109-114) promote the development of a worldwide network of gardens sharing information on pests in order to enhance biosecurity.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>180</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">180</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation and management of potentially resistant tree germplasm: A key but easily neglected part of a robust biosecurity strategy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-122</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comprehensive biosecurity strategy must contain due provision for living with uncontained incursions of injurious organisms. Collectively termed pests, these organisms include fungal pathogens and certain insects. Provision for living with such pests includes availability of genetic material that offers pest resistance. For that, genetic diversity is a widely agreed requirement, especially as pests can appear with no prior record of being significant. While breeding for resistance is a rear line of defence, it poses a special need for forward preparation. Maintaining and structuring the appropriate genetic diversity, however, can be very challenging. Genetic improvement of preferred species can accentuate their preferred status, making it even less attractive to retain stocks of potential back-up species. By creating the preferred species, genetic improvement can escalate the opportunity costs of retaining unimproved or less-improved material containing much more genetic diversity than the main commercial crops. Also, importing fresh germplasm poses some border security risks. Furthermore, globalisation compounds certain institutional factors that militate against retaining genetic diversity. These issues particularly affect countries where commercial forestry depends on exotics. New Zealand is a notable example. About 90% of its commercial forest estate is in one greatly preferred, exotic species,  Pinus radiata  (D.Don). This species is the subject of intensive genetic improvement, which has very strong industry uptake, while it is widely grown on sites of relatively high disease hazard. Stringent quarantine and general regulatory restrictions greatly hinder the importation of fresh germplasm. Other complications include: global interests and strong international risk spread of foreign forest owners; and rapid changes in forest ownership and management. Unfortunately, the current Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Forest Biosecurity Strategy does not really address forward provision for breeding for resistance. A solution must be multi-pronged, with commitment from various parties.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon (pp. 115-122) argues that the availability of pest-resistant genetic material is a critical part of a robust biosecurity strategy yet stringent quarantine and general regulatory restrictions greatly hinder the importation of fresh germplasm into New Zealand. Commitment from various parties will be required to achieve a solution to this issue.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>497</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">497</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emerald ash borer first detector: A volunteer early detection programme</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis  Fairmaire) is a serious forest pest in the United States and its range is expanding. In June 2008, emerald ash borer was confirmed in six US states. As of July 2009, it was confirmed in 13 American states, including Minnesota. Detecting its presence early in an infestation will allow forest managers more management options. University of Minnesota Extension partnered with Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and the United States Department of Agriculture Federal National Plant Diagnostic Network, to develop the Emerald Ash Borer First Detectors Programme to help identify the first incidence of emerald ash borer in Minnesota and each Minnesota county. First Detector volunteers are one of the first lines of defence against the establishment of emerald ash borer in Minnesota by helping to identify the first occurrence of emerald ash borer. They can visit properties, collect and safely mail samples to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, collect seed for genetic conservation, and help educate and inform the public about emerald ash borer. In 2008, 180 First Detector volunteers state-wide were trained in six full-day workshops to identify emerald ash borer and the signs and symptoms of an emerald ash borer infestation. In 2009, the First Detector programme was broadened to include three additional forest pests: gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar  Linnaeus), Asian longhorned-beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis  Motschulsky), and  Sirex  woodwasp ( Sirex noctilio  Fabricius). In 2009, programme organisers trained 233 individuals in the Forest Pest First Detector programme.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta (pp. 123-132) explains the details and benefits Emerald Ash Borer First Detectors Programme, which is helping to identify new infestations emerald ash borer in Minnesota.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burnip, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voice, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brockerhoff, E. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interceptions and incursions of exotic </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sirex</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species and other siricids (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-140</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision-support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirex noctilio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The family Siricidae has more than 100 species in about 11 genera. Nearly all species are native to the Northern Hemisphere although there is an endemic genus ( Afrotremex ) in southern Africa. Collectively they are known as woodwasps or horntails. All siricids are wood borers and several species are forestry pests to varying degrees. New Zealand has a single species of siricid woodwasp,  Sirex noctilio  F., thought to have been accidentally introduced around 1900. Two recent and noteworthy siricid incursions are presented as case studies, with an emphasis on the science used in decision support. The first case study describes the advantages of using morphological and molecular diagnostic approaches in combination. This case resulted in the first published host record association between  S. noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum  (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin in  Cedrus atlantica  (Endl.) Manetti. The second case study reports the application of published life cycle developmental data to assess establishment risk, and profiles the entry of  Sirex juvencus  (L.) into New Zealand within timber stamped with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 15 mark, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand&apos;s actions to mitigate this high-risk pathway. Historical records of siricid interceptions at New Zealand&apos;s border are examined and discussed, in relation to patterns of interception records over time and the key species intercepted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burnip et al. (pp. 133-140) examine and discuss historical records of siricid interceptions at New Zealand&apos;s border, in relation to patterns of interception records over time and the key species intercepted. They also present two recent and noteworthy siricid incursions as case studies, with an emphasis on the science used in decision support.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>999</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">999</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davey, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cole, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications of climate change for forests, vegetation and carbon in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-152 </style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that the level of threats to forests and vegetation will increase in the 21st century. Rising temperatures, drought, forest fires, heavy rains, humidity and cyclones will render forests and vegetation more prone to many threats, including pests and diseases. Pests and diseases adapted to warmer conditions would extend their distribution to the southern direction and higher elevations in Australia. Drought stressed plants may become more susceptible to existing pests and diseases, including bark beetles and  Phytophthora  spp. A range of exotic pests and diseases, if introduced, may cause widespread damage in Australia. Managing sustainable productivity  inter alia  requires realistic evaluation of impacts of climate change on potential threats to forests and the ecosystem services they provide, including as a carbon sink. Such evaluations of threats will assist future planning including prudent use of silvicultural practices to mitigate possible threats. Climate models can enable: better understanding of future threats to Australia&apos;s forests and vegetation and related ecosystem services; and better preparedness to safeguard Australia&apos;s natural resources in a changing climate. Forest management systems and plans can incorporate measures for mitigating the changing risks associated with pests, diseases, weeds, drought and fire. They can include contingency plans for the emergency salvage of damaged or dead standing timber to prevent damaged forest stands from becoming a source of greenhouse gas emissions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh et al. (pp.141-152) discuss how future management of sustainable and productive forests in Australia requires realistic evaluation of impacts of climate change.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>471</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">471</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gous, S. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide screening trial to control dormant wilding </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. mugo</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">during winter</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glyphosate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbicides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus mugo</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triclopyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In New Zealand, wilding conifers threaten over 210 000 hectares of land administered by the Department of Conservation in the South Island alone. Currently, the contact herbicide diquat is applied aerially at a rate of 15 L/ha in 400 L of water to control  Pinus contorta  (Dougl.). As this treatment is not very effective, and has an adverse effect on non-target species, the objective of this study was to evaluate if there are more effective alternative herbicide treatments to control not only  P. contorta , but also  Pinus mugo  (Turra) and  Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Mirb.) Franco. The currently operational herbicide diquat treatment was compared with a second diquat-only treatment at the same 15 L/ha rate but applied in 150 L total volume. Seven treatments using alternative herbicides were also studied. All treatments were applied during winter in a pot-based trial. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between herbicide treatments (F 8,32 = 53.3,  p &lt;0.0001), between species (F2,72 =71.8,  p &lt;0.0001) and also detected a significant interaction between species and treatment (F16,72 = 9.8,  p &lt;0.0001). When averaged across all treatments, damage to  Pinus contorta  and  Pseudotsuga menziesii  was 84%, which significantly exceeded that to  Pinus mugo , at 68%. Due to the significant interaction, each species was also analysed individually. Overall, the most effective treatment contained two selective systemic herbicides, triclopyr, and picloram, which caused a minimum of 98% damage for all species. Results indicate that treatments containing the non-selective systemic herbicide glyphosate controlled  Pinus contorta  and  Pseudotsuga menziesii  very effectively.  Pinus mugo , however, was only moderately affected by these treatments. Treatments containing diquat were generally more effective than those containg glyphosate but less effective than treatments containing triclopyr/picloram.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilding conifers are a serious threat to conservation land in New Zealand. The current herbicide (diquat) treatment is not very effective, and has an adverse effect on non-target species. Gous et al. (pp. 153-159) compared this herbicide treatment with eight other herbicide treatments to evaluate if there are more effective alternative herbicide treatments to control three wilding conifer species. Treatments were compared using a pot-based trial conducted during winter. Overall, the most effective treatment contained two selective systemic herbicides, triclopyr, and picloram, which caused a minimum of 98% damage for all three species.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>326</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">326</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ducey, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Brien, K. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential applications of Randomised Graph Sampling to invasive species surveillance and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-171</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IUFRO Biosecurity Conference Proceedings</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many invasive plants and animals disperse preferentially through linear networks in the landscape, including road networks, riparian corridors, and power transmission lines. Unless the network of interest is small, or the budget for surveillance is large, it may be necessary to draw inferences from a sample rather than a complete census on the network. Desired features of a surveillance system to detect and quantify invasion include: (1) the ability to make unbiased statements about the spatial extent of invasion, the abundance of the invading organism, and the degree of impact; (2) the ability to quantify the uncertainty associated with those statements; (3) the ability to sample by moving within the network in a reasonable fashion, and with little wasted non-measurement time; and (4) the ability to incorporate auxiliary information (such as remotely sensed data, ecological models, or expert opinion) to direct sampling where it will be most fruitful. Randomised graph sampling (RGS) has all of these attributes. The network of interest (such as a road network) is recomposed into a graph, consisting of vertices (such as road intersections) and edges (such as road segments connecting nodes). The vertices and edges are used to construct paths representing reasonable sampling routes through the network; these paths are then sampled, potentially with unequal probability. Randomised graph sampling is unbiased, and the incorporation of auxiliary information can dramatically reduce sample variances. We illustrate RGS using simplified examples, and a survey of  Polygonum cuspidatum  (Siebold &amp; Zucc.) within a high-priority conservation region in southern Maine, USA.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accuracy and reliability demand that surveillance and monitoring of invasive species be statistically sound. However, realistic budget constraints demand that those activities be efficient and feasible. This means that it may be necessary to draw inferences from a sample rather than a complete census. In this paper, Ducey and O&apos;Brien (pp. 161-171) describe a type of sampling called Randomised Graph Sampling and illustrate this approach using simplified examples.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1030</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1030</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stackpole, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joyce, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potts, B. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harwood, C. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlated response of pulpwood profit traits following differential fertilisation of a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clonal trial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-183</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype-environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvicultural treatments that are aimed at increasing plantation growth rate may also impact directly or indirectly on wood properties. We examined this impact in a fertiliseržclone trial in northwestern Tasmania, Australia. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers were applied at planting to three  Eucalyptus nitens  (Deane et Maiden) Maiden clones and one F 1 hybrid clone of  E. nitens  and  E. globulus  Labill. in a factorial design with each clone exposed to two levels of nitrogen (0 and 23 kg N/ha) and two levels of phosphorus (0 and 21 kg P/ha) spot-applied close to each seedling. The trial comprised four replicates per treatment with 5 ž 5 tree clonal plots. Height was measured at ages one and two years, and diameter at breast height over bark at age 11 years. Increment cores at breast height were obtained from one fast- and one slow-growing ramet within each clonal plot to determine corewood basic density, near infrared-predicted kraft pulp yield, cellulose content, and extractives content. No significant interactions among main treatments were detected for any of the growth- or wood-property traits. Nitrogen application increased cellulose content ( p  &lt; 0.05). Phosphorus application significantly increased diameter ( p  &lt; 0.01), but resulted in lower wood density ( p  &lt; 0.001). Within clonal plots, large trees had lower wood density ( p  &lt; 0.001) and a higher extractives content ( p  = 0.004) than the corresponding small trees. Pulpwood production per hectare (calculated from plot volume, mean whole-tree adjusted density and mean plot kraft pulp yield) indicated that: (i) the choice of germplasm had a much larger effect on plantation profitability than did the starter fertiliser application; and (ii) that failure to account for adverse changes in wood properties in calculating pulp fibre production would result in over-estimation of the gain in pulp production due to starter phosphorus application by up to 0.6 t/ha or 20% per 12 year rotation.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stackpole et al. (pp. 173-183) examined the response of pulpwood profit traits following differential fertilisation of a  Eucalyptus nitens  clonal trial. Pulpwood production per hectare indicated that: (i) the choice of germplasm had a much larger effect on plantation profitability than did the starter fertiliser application; and (ii) the gain in pulp production due to starter phosphorus application could be over-estimated by up to 0.6 t/ha or 20% per 12-year rotation due to adverse changes in wood properties.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>683</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">683</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement of stiffness of radiata pine: Synthesis of results from acoustic assessments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-197</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clone</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype-environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heritability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increment cores</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulpwood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood properties</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood property</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber stiffness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seedlings</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype by environment interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silviculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main objectives of this study were to: (i) review results from various published and unpublished studies on genetic parameters of stiffness of  Pinus radiata  D.Don (radiata pine); and (ii) evaluate potential for simultaneous genetic improvement of quantity and quality of structural timber. Standing-tree acoustic velocity data were first converted to average butt-log timber stiffness (Log1MOE), and were used for genetic parameter estimation and genetic gain predictions. Results from a number of different-aged seedlings and clonal trials were summarised. Average Log1MOE varied from 5.4 to 9.1 GPa with phenotypic coefficients of variation ranging from 11 to 16%. On average, the additive genetic control of Log1MOE in the trials aged 9 - 12 years appeared moderate ( h  2 0.35). Estimated between-sites genetic correlations generally ranged from 0.60 to 0.90, indicating relatively low genotype-by-environment interaction. Results from trials aged 11 - 15 years indicated that Log1MOE could be increased on average by about 11% when the top 5% of families are selected. This level of improvement would only push the average corewood MOE of the production population to about 7.0 GPa. Indications are that simultaneous genetic gains for MOE and timber volume should not be seriously affected by a negative genetic correlation. A mix of tools, namely genetics, siting, silviculture and segregation, would need to be adopted to maximise quality and quantity of structural grade timber from radiata pine plantations in New Zealand.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar and Burdon (pp. 185-197) reviewed results from various studies on genetic parameters of stiffness of radiata pine and evaluated potential for simultaneous genetic improvement of quantity and quality of structural timber. They concluded that a mix of tools, namely genetics, siting, silviculture and segregation, would need to be adopted to maximise quality and quantity of structural grade timber from radiata pine plantations in New Zealand.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>854</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">854</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orellana, I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The spread of the exotic conifer </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Austrocedrus chilensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests and shrublands in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-209</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas-fir</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive introduced species are among the most severe threats to biodiversity and the functioning of natural ecosystems. In this study we analysed whether  Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Mirb.) Franco is an invader species of two common types of native communities (native  Austrocedrus chilensis  (D.Don) Pic. Serm. &amp; Bizzarri forests and mixed shrublands) of the subantarctic region of Argentina. We determined the density and the age structures of both  P. menziesii  and  A. chilensis  regeneration at the edges of  P. menziesii  plantations adjacent to native forests of  A. chilensis  and mixed shrublands. The invasion of  P. menziesii  was recorded in both types of native communities. In  A. chilensis  forest, the establishment of  P. menziesii  was significantly higher than in the shrublands. Also,  P. menziesii  showed a greater spread than  A. chilensis  inside and outside the plantations. The increased abundance of  P. menziesii  plantations, in addition to its invasive characteristics could lead to the replacement of native communities at a regional scale in the long or medium term.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive introduced species are among the most severe threats to biodiversity and the functioning of natural ecosystems.Orellana and Raffaele (pp. 199-209) found that the establishment of the invasive, introduced species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Douglas-fir) was significantly higher in native </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Austrocedrus chilensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forest than in shrublands of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>274</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">274</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrington, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bourreau, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haug, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variation in spiral grain: a single stem of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-224  </style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disc</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juvenile wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Log sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiral grain angle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweep</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twist</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A single 18-year-old  Pinus radiata  D.Don tree was felled and log sections (2.5 m) removed at intervals up the stem for intensive spiral grain measurements. All logs were assessed externally with a laser dot scanner to quantify grain direction at 16 radial positions circumferentially, and subsequently four discs were removed from each log - two representing internodal sections and two close to branch whorls. Grain angles were measured by scribing at each growth ring boundary along 16 radii corresponding to the external measurements. The study highlighted the degree of variation in grain angles determined using a disc &quot;scribing method&quot; and the log surface grain angles determined using a laser dot scanner. The former method of &quot;point sampling&quot; does not reveal the small-scale (mm) spatial variation quantified by higher intensity sampling such as is possible with dot laser scanning. Both approaches confirmed an average &quot;generic&quot; pattern of within-stem variation in grain angle (i.e. higher values in juvenile wood and at higher levels in the stem) but also quantified the spatial variation radially, circumferentially and longitudinally in a mid-rotation stem. Average angles increased rapidly over about the first 5 rings from the pith to an average of 6 to 10 degrees and thereafter decreased outwards to the bark at all levels. Circumferentially, grain angles were highly variable and varied by several degrees within a matter of millimetres. The degree of variation recorded here for radiata pine was much greater than had previously been reported for other species and the results highlight the limitations of studies which only examine single radii or widely spaced disc samples. Even the average values around the stem for individual radii were observed to vary by up to 6 degrees, at least partly due to some tilting of the disc with respect to the stem axis. Within individual growth rings, grain angles did not show a strong consistent longitudinal pattern up the stem, apart from an increase from the lowest log to the upper logs. In the sample discs, grain angles above the lowest log were, on average, 2 degrees greater at equivalent growth rings. In this study, the impact of branches and knots was found to be very localised. When discs from within 50 mm of visible branch whorls were analysed, the effect on grain angle was not obvious. The disc scribing and log laser dot scanning methods were compared and found to give similar grain angle values - the averages were generally within 2 degrees with no obvious bias. Given the documented spatial variation, and the difficulty of referencing &quot;true&quot; grain angles, it is a moot point as to what can be considered a reasonable level of sampling accuracy for a particular study. In the authors&apos; opinion, 2 degrees is a very acceptable level. The implications for spiral grain sampling were discussed. For comparative purposes, studies of silvicultural and breeding effects require cost-effective sampling. Assessment of spiral grain angles along single radii (as from breast height cores or discs) is not recommended, unless a minimum of two radii can be averaged to compensate for possible tilt in relation to the stem. The current study showed that there can be real variation in radial median values of up to 4 degrees. Dot laser scanning is the most practical option for assessing log and timber surface grain angles in processing plants, where deviations around knots and branches and due to log sweep can be screened out to reveal important average trends for timber twist prediction.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown et al. (pp. 211-224) studied spiral grain in logs from a radiata pine tree. Two methods - disc scribing and laser dot scanning - were used. The results showed that there can be real variation in radial median spiral grain values of up to 4 degrees. Consequently, assessment of spiral grain angles along single radii (as from breast height cores or discs) is not recommended, unless a minimum of two radii can be averaged to compensate for possible tilt in relation to the stem.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>929</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">929</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreword</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S3-S4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson and Hood (pp. S3-S4) introduce the the proceedings of a workshop at the IUFRO International Forest Biosecurity Conference held in Rotorua, New Zealand on 17 March 2009 sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1343</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1343</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, P.S. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest biosecurity - a policymaker&apos;s viewpoint</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S5-S9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1344</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1344</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammond, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest biosecurity - a forest manager&apos;s viewpoint</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S11-S14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>123</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">123</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonello, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential of induced resistance as a tool for the management of pathogens and insects in trees - an ecological viewpoint  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S15-S24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Induced resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic induced resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic acquired resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant defence theory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resistance mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Under natural conditions, forest ecosystems are usually stable, despite the constant presence of arthropods and pathogens inherently capable of killing their tree hosts. It is likely that the phenotypic plasticity of trees, which includes inducible resistance mechanisms against attacking organisms, plays a crucial role in these interactions. Systemic induced resistance may be a common and important phenomenon in forest trees, one that allows for balanced partitioning of available resources between growth and defence. However, such physiological tradeoffs are affected by environmental variables, such as resource availability (e.g. nutrients, water, light) as well as by silvicultural activities. There is also evidence that systemic induced resistance or its counterpart, systemic induced susceptibility, may be operative concurrently in the same tree, depending on the specific organs under attack. Lastly, all these host responses can be strongly modulated by systemic cross-effects between pathogens and/or insects. While it is established that trees possess systemically inducible defences, it is still uncertain how this knowledge might be applied to control forest pathogens and insects. This is complicated by the classic approaches used for the silvicultural control of pests, which are fundamentally centred on the assumption that plants characterised by higher vigour are also less stressed and thus more resistant to attack. In many cases, this is a fallacious premise.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonello (pp. S15-S24) discusses the potential of induced resistance as a tool for the management of pathogens and insects in trees.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>704</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">704</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liebhold, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobin, P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploiting the Achilles heels of pest invasions: Allee effects, stratified dispersal and management of forest insect establishment and spread</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S25-S33</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eradication</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">containment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Given the increasing problem of invasions by forest insects, there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies for managing them. Trends of escalating globalisation impede ongoing efforts to limit the arrival of new species. Consequently, either preventing establishment (through eradication) or limiting the spread of alien species are likely to play increasingly important roles. Here we argue that two traits common to many invading species can be exploited in the design of eradication and containment strategies. The first trait is the Allee effect, in which per capita growth rates decline with decreasing abundance. Allee effects can arise from several different mechanisms and are capable of driving low-density populations to extinction. Strategies to eradicate newly established populations should focus on either enhancing Allee effects or suppressing populations below Allee thresholds such that extinction proceeds without further intervention. The second trait is stratified dispersal, in which occasional long-distance dispersal results in the formation of isolated colonies ahead of the continuously infested range boundary. These colonies grow, coalesce and greatly increase spread rates. An efficient approach to containing the spread of invading species focuses on locating and eradicating these isolated colonies. Thus, Allee effects and stratified dispersal both represent &apos;weak links&apos; in the invasion process that can be exploited in invasion management strategies.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liebhold and Tobin (pp.S25-S33) argue that two traits common to many invading species can be exploited in the design of eradication and containment strategies. The first trait is the Allee effect, in which per capita growth rates decline with decreasing abundance. The second trait is stratified dispersal, in which occasional long-distance dispersal results in the formation of isolated colonies ahead of the continuously infested range boundary.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>348</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">348</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, H. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis - organisms or pathways?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S35-S44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathway</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">risk mitigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood packaging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plants for planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis is central to determining both country risks from potential biotic threats and identifying the nature and scale of measures the country puts in place to address the identified threat. International Plant Protection Convention procedures, described in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 11, are the basis for pest risk analysis and recognise three elements; initiation, pest risk assessment and pest risk management. Among the components of the initiation phase, the decision on whether to base the pest risk analysis on a pest or a pathway for movement of a pest is fundamental. However, it must be recognised that the two are inextricably linked, although the tendency to concentrate on the pest is dominant. A pest-based approach has the advantage of focus on a named organism but, increasingly, there is recognition that other pest organisms that might be associated with the same pathway will tend to be missed. Such a &apos;list-based&apos; approach has been valuable in raising awareness and in tackling recognised threats, but it is probably true to state that most pest-based pest risk analyses have been retrospective and only initiated when a pest has actually been found in a new geographic area. It is, therefore, important to recognise that a range of organisms in addition to those on a phytosanitary list can move along a given pathway. This suggests the need for a more generic approach to risk mitigation of high-risk pathways so that organisms not on current phytosanitary lists are accounted for. In this context, live plants for planting pose the greatest threats and the greatest challenge in development of effective phytosanitary measures. In attempting to manage multiple threats on a given pathway, a philosophy of &quot;manage once remove many&quot; needs to be developed as a component of pest risk analysis aimed at maximum pest risk reduction.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans (pp. S35-S44)suggests that a philosophy of &quot;manage once remove many&quot; needs to be developed as a component of pest risk analysis aimed at maximum pest risk reduction. In this context, live plants for planting pose the greatest threats and the greatest challenge in development of effective phytosanitary measures. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1155</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis and invasion pathways for plant pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S45-S56</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic induced resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic acquired resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant defence theory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resistance mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross effects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examples of the accidental introduction of pathogens are commonplace. When released from hosts and habitats where they have co-evolved over millennia, some pathogens have proved to be highly invasive and extremely damaging to many plant species, including long-lived woody perennials such as trees. Opportunities for such introductions have grown hugely in recent decades with the vast increase in global trade, particularly the trade in living plants and timber products, as well as through the international movement of people. Although most introduced organisms are unlikely to establish when transferred to new regions, the potential for damage is large if they do and the impact on habitats and ecosystems is long term and usually irreversible. Our challenge is to understand and predict the likelihood of invasive behaviour, and to manage the pathways along which these organisms move to prevent their arrival at new destinations. Management of the risk posed by exotic pathogens is embedded in plant health regulations, which have their basis in the International Plant Protection Convention and the World Trade Organisation Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards. The tool for assessing risk - the Pest Risk Analysis - is initiated if a pathway is identified as a potential pest hazard, or if phytosanitary policy is revised, but most often when an organism is recognised as a potential threat. Unfortunately this is usually only when a severe disease problem becomes apparent elsewhere, because of a newly escaped or emerging pathogen. Therefore, Pest Risk Analyses tend to be reactive, applied to named taxa, and assume that species are relatively homogeneous and genetically stable. With short generation times, this may be a critical over simplification for pathogens especially as introducing these organisms to new environments and hosts exposes them to episodic selection which drives genetic change and adaptation. Once an organism is identified as a significant threat, biosecurity measures rely on treatments to destroy it such as kiln drying or pasteurisation, as well as inspection to detect it. Drawbacks in this &apos;pest-by-pest&apos; regulation, with its reliance on inspection to intercept potentially damaging pathogens, are probably greatest with the global trade in live plants. To combat this, the International Union of Forestry Research Organisations Working Party on Alien Invasive Species and International Trade recently suggested focussing regulation and management on pathways rather than on specific individual pests. This entails placing emphasis on detecting pests at the origin of pathways, coupled with better understanding of what potential pests and pathogens might already occur there. However, although the global trade in plants and wood undoubtedly presents high risk pathways, other potential routes are often ignored or considered too difficult or sensitive to regulate. Better education about all these risks, plus new approaches to biosecurity, are needed if we are to avoid more destruction of our forests and natural ecosystems as a result of introduced pathogens.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber (pp. S45-S56) argues that better education about the various risks of plant pathogens, plus new approaches to biosecurity, are needed to avoid further destruction of forests and natural ecosystems as a result of introduced pathogens.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>582</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">582</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humble, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis and invasion pathways - insects and wood packing revisited: what have we learned?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S57-S72</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood packing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISPM 15</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood borer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The transport of adventive arthropods associated with rapidly expanding global trade has led to an ever increasing list of quarantine pests establishing beyond their native ranges. A significant number of these taxa have become serious forest pests, and some are directly threatening the viability of native tree species across their introduced ranges. The global movement and establishment of bark- and wood-borers such as  Anoplophora glabripennis  (Motschulsky),  Tetropium fuscum  (F.) and  Tomicus piniperda  (L.) in multiple international jurisdictions led to the recognition of the importance of solid wood packing (e.g. crating, pallets) as an introduction pathway. Regulatory inspections and rearing studies targeting wood packing pathways have identified both the diversity of taxa and the potential magnitude of pest movements associated with this route. Concurrently, surveillance programmes initiated to detect invasive bark- and wood-borers in Canada and the United States have identified previously undetected establishment of multiple species of ambrosia- and bark-beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and woodborers (Cerambycidae) across North America. This paper reviews the lines of evidence that were used to support the development of the first pathway-based international standard for phytosanitary measures (ISPM), that for wood packing (ISPM 15). This standard requires mandatory treatment of wood used as dunnage, packaging, crating or pallets in international trade in order to mitigate populations of bark- and wood-borers potentially present in the raw wood.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humble (pp. S57-S72) reviews the lines of evidence that were used to support the development of the first pathway-based international standard for phytosanitary measures (ISPM), that for wood packing (ISPM 15). This standard requires mandatory treatment of wood used as dunnage, packaging, crating or pallets in international trade in order to mitigate populations of bark- and wood-borers potentially present in the raw wood.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>714</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">714</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lonsdale, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment and invasion pathways: Invasive weeds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S73-S76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">base-rate effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemiology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood packing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISPM 15</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood borer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For pathogens and insect pests, risk assessments are carried out to determine to what extent they are likely to enter  accidentally , as passengers on an imported commodity. By contrast, risk assessments of potential weeds are typically conducted on plants that people actually  want  to introduce, either as ornamentals, or for agriculture. Here, the focus is on determining whether a species, unknown elsewhere as a weed, could become invasive in the country of proposed introduction. A proper assessment of risk here, therefore, requires us to understand what triggers a species to become invasive. Such understanding still eludes us, and indeed is at the frontier of ecology, yet weed risk assessment systems are already being implemented or adopted all over the world. I present concepts from the epidemiological literature, that are relevant to the assessment of such systems.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lonsdale (pp. S73-S76) presents concepts from the epidemiological literature, that are relevant to weed risk assessment systems.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>950</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">950</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roques, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alien forest insects in a warmer world and a globalised economy: impacts of changes in trade, tourism and climate on forest biosecurity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S77-S94</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">base-rate effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemiology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plants</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bonsais.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood packing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISPM 15</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood borer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines the effects of changing world trends on the introduction, establishment and spread of exotic insects associated with woody plants. Three aspects are considered: (i) commercial trade; (ii) tourism and consumer behaviour; and (iii) climate change.  The current literature indicates that there are two key pest pathways: movement of wood ( (including solid-wood packaging), and the ornamental plant trade. The number of pests introduced along these routes is positively correlated with the volume and source of imports. It is likely, therefore, that improvements in regulation of the movement of wood will lead to a decrease in pest entry via this pathway. However, complexities associated with the ornamental plant trade will ensure that it remains a high risk route. There is evidence to suggest that numbers of interceptions at airports are positively related to the volume of air traffic from the countries from which passengers originate. Shifts in climatic conditions are likely to affect the survival, fecundity, development and dispersal of native insect species. However, it is difficult to entirely disentangle the effect of climate change from that of other physical or chemical factors, and/or other biotic causes. Improved monitoring of imports/exports, more knowledge about possible pests, and the impacts of climate change are needed to prevent the arrival of foreign pests in the future</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roques (pp. S77-S94) examines the effects of changing world trends on the introduction, establishment and spread of exotic insects associated with woody plants. Three aspects are considered: (i) commercial trade; (ii) tourism and consumer behaviour; and (iii) climate change.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingfield, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slippers, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingfield, B. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel associations between pathogens, insects and tree species threaten world forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S95-S103</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">base-rate effect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemiology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutch elm disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest entomology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">symbiosis.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gain</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect pests</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plants</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bonsais.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pest risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarantine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weeds</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood packing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytosanitary treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISPM 15</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood borer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is well recognised that pests and pathogens are increasingly threatening both natural woody ecosystems and plantation forestry world-wide. This threat is largely connected to the increasing movement of people and products globally, with concomitant introductions of pests and pathogens into new environments. Typically, these invasive alien organisms are accidentally transferred from areas where they are native to the same or closely related tree hosts, to elsewhere in the world. For tree pathogens, there are many well known examples such as those for the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, white pine blister rust and pine wilt caused by the pine wood nematode. Equally well known examples for insect pests are the gypsy moth, the Asian longhorn beetle, various conifer infesting bark beetles and the emerald ash borer. In addition to these pests and diseases, the introduction of which should be easier to predict given knowledge of patterns of introduction, there is growing evidence that novel host, pest and pathogen interactions are evolving. In this situation, host shifts are apparently occurring where pests and pathogens are able to infest or infect trees that would previously have been considered as non-hosts. There are also intriguing, yet very worrying, new associations emerging between insects and pathogens that are able to cause substantially greater damage to the host trees than has been known for these organisms in the past. In general, these novel associations are poorly understood and due to their unpredictable nature, they seriously complicate quarantine efforts. There is clearly an urgent need to gain knowledge regarding patterns and processes underlying the emergence of host shifts as well as novel pest and pathogen interactions. Research regarding novel associations and host shifts, which might in the past have been considered esoteric, should clearly gain vigorous support in order to reduce an emerging new threat to global forests and forestry.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingfield et al. (pp. S95-S103) argue that research regarding novel associations and host shifts between pathogens, insects and tree species should be vigorously supported in order to reduce an emerging new threat to global forests and forestry.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes, T. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confronting challenges to economic analysis of biological invasions in forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S105-S116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological invasions of forests by non-indigenous organisms present a complex, persistent, and largely irreversible threat to forest ecosystems around the globe. Rigorous assessments of the economic impacts of introduced species, at a national scale, are needed to provide credible information to policy makers. It is proposed here that microeconomic models of damage due to specific invading organisms be aggregated across the forest landscape by considering the rate at which acute, short-run economic impacts accumulate over time and space. By estimating the economic costs and damages associated with the most consequential pests within each pest guild and each sector of the forest economy, a better indication of the economic consequences of biological invasions can be obtained and used to inform policy analysis.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes (pp. S105-S116) proposes that microeconomic models of damage due to specific invading organisms be aggregated across the forest landscape by considering the rate at which acute, short-run economic impacts accumulate over time and space.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>136</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">136</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brockerhoff, E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liebhold, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suckling, D. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eradication of invasive forest insects: concepts, methods, costs and benefits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S117-S135</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive exotic insects can cause substantial damage to trees and the environment, and may reduce biodiversity. They can have a large negative economic effect on the forest industry, urban amenity trees and numerous other sectors, and they may necessitate extensive management expenditures. For such high-impact invaders, eradication is desirable but also difficult and often highly controversial. It requires substantial input of resources and commitment from managers and stakeholders, including the general public. Appropriate tools for surveillance and control of the target species must be available if success is to be achieved. This review outlines the sequence of steps required in well-managed operations; examines characteristics of successful and unsuccessful eradication campaigns; describes methods and tools known to be effective against specific pests; and discusses the analysis of costs and benefits of eradication programmes. Feasibility of eradication is increased by early detection, which is facilitated by systematic surveillance. A strong positive relationship exists between size of the affected geographical area and the cost of eradication. Treatment costs for large populations may be prohibitive. Five recent campaigns against lepidopteran species in New Zealand have provided substantial economic benefits, despite the fact that various non-market values were not considered. Although progress has been made in the development, utilisation and integration of eradication tools, some insects are still not amenable to treatment. There is a need for new methods shown to have a minimal effect on other organisms, including human beings. Public attitudes to eradication programmes must always be taken into account during planning and deployment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this review, Brockerhoff et al. (pp. S117-S135) outline the sequence of steps required in well-managed operations; examine characteristics of successful and unsuccessful eradication campaigns; describe methods and tools known to be effective against specific pests; and discuss the analysis of costs and benefits of eradication programmes.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>930</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">930</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horner, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summary of facilitated discussion: Managing the biosecurity threat to forests in a changing global environment: links between science, policy, regulation and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S137-S143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deployment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosecurity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) workshop was to provide a forum to bring together scientists and policy makers along with the stakeholders that have to implement these policies. The discussion focused on the following questions:  How can scientists be more effective in their contributions to policy and operational management? In a changing global environment, what are important future forest biosecurity challenges from both a science and policy perspective?  and   How can international collaboration help to meet these science challenges?   Richardson et al. (pp. S137-S143) summarise the main points that arose in response to these questions.  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1362</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1362</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowell, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreword</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-1</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Chairman of Scion&apos;s Board of Directors introduces the fortieth anniversary volume of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand  ournal of Forestry Science</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1363</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1363</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chikumbo, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valance, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining profitability for Ngati Whakaue Tribal Lands Inc. farms by developing a sustainable land management plan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-40</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management alternatives</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management plan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profitability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is a challenge for farmers to manage sustainable development in order to achieve financial, social and environmental objectives feasibly and simultaneously. This paper describes the use of a systems-approach framework for addressing such a complex problem. Three farms were evaluated using this framework. The model used simultaneously optimised financial, social and environmental objectives by selecting from a range of land use and management alternatives over a specified period of time. The result was a financial performance that could be linked to the environmental benefits rather than a simple balance sheet. It contained not only financial information but also an account of both environmental impacts and implicit social and cultural concerns of the farms&apos; manager and owners. The results obtained from this evaluation are now in the process of being implemented to all three farms. These positive results indicate that a systems-approach framework could be successfully applied to resolving other complex land use situations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chikumbo et al. (pp.3-40) evaluated sustainable development of three New Zealand farms by selecting a range of land use and management alternatives over a specified period of time. They used a systems-approach framework in order to simultaneously determine optimal financial, social and environmental ob ectives. Positive results were obtained which indicate that a systems-approach framework could be successfully applied to resolving other complex land use situations.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1364</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1364</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donaldson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of resin features in radiata pine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-60</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between-tree variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inventory system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latewood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pruning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In pine trees, resin is formed in an interconnecting system of tube-like structures known as resin canals. In radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don) these are most common in the earlywood/latewood transition zone and within the latewood. Within- and between-tree variation in resin canal occurrence has been poorly documented and little is known about factors controlling canal frequency or the relationship between canal distribution and the formation of timber blemishes. The presence of resin canals is often associated with the formation of resinous defects of various kinds which can cause major losses in timber production of particularly appearance-grade wood products. This review summarises recent studies of radiata pine, which have shown that: the formation of resin canals and resinous blemishes on stems and in wood is more frequent in hotter, drier sites subject to water stress. It is also influenced by silvicultural procedures (stocking rate and thinning) and genetic constitution; external signs of resin bleeding on stems may indicate the presence of internal resin blemishes that degrade timber products. Some companies now record external resin bleeding in forest inventory systems in order to improve harvest planning. Such data are used to guide pruning intensity and the selection of genotypes in breeding programmes; resinous blemishes on log ends can be an indication of internal defects in radiata pine timber. These include resin pockets, resin patches, galls, blemishes and intra-ring checks. Some companies now segregate logs in the log yard by visual inspection of log ends; and certain types of resin features are sometimes associated with external lesions and dimpling on the log surface.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cown et al. (pp. 41-60) review the types and occurrence of resin features in radiata pine. They discuss possible causes for the formation of resin features and links between external log characteristics and resin defects in wood.  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1365</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1365</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stovold, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternatives to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the New Zealand high-country: early growth and survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and their F 1 hybrid  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fifteen families of each of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus attenuata x P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids and their open-pollinated pure-species controls were tested across three trial sites in the South Island of New Zealand. These hybrids were produced to combine the cold and snow resistance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with the faster growth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. At ages four and eight, the hybrids were the tallest taxon at the two semi-continental sites and had the most acceptable crop trees when compared with the pure species. At the mildest site, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was the tallest and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was the shortest. After an exceptional snowfall, snow damage was recorded to be the greatest in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata, P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> had the least, and the hybrids had damage recorded which was intermediate between the two parent species. The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata x P.  radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrid offers a real alternative to pine species that are prone to spreading (e.g. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. contorta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in the New Zealand high country.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey et al. (pp. 61-69) tested </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus attenuata x P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids and their open-pollinated pure-species controls across three trial sites in the South Island of New Zealand. They concluded that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. attenuata x P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrids offer a real alternative to pine species that are prone to spreading in the New Zealand high country.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1366</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1366</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pearce, S. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrett, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon accumulation in two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands in the North Island of New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-86</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branches</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Height</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root/shoot ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody debris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon stocks in two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D.Don) stands in the North Island of New Zealand were determined at 5-years-old and again at mid-rotation (15-years-old at Kinleith; 16-years-old at Tarawera). Above-ground tree biomass was measured at both ages. At the mid-rotation, dead organic matter pools were also assessed. Below-ground live roots were not directly measured but estimated from a published root/shoot ratio to indicate the relative sizes of the stand carbon pools. At Kinleith (15-years-old) and Tarawera (16-years-old), carbon in the four pools: above-ground biomass; live below-ground biomass; dead wood; and forest floor litter; were estimated to be 79.4 t/ha and 105.6 t/ha, 15.9 t/ha and 21.1 t/ha, 17.2 t/ha and 23.6 t/ha, 13.7 t/ha and 14.6 t/ha, respectively. The total carbon stocks at Kinleith (15-years-old) and Tarawera (16-years-old) were 126 (</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">±</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 5.1) t/ha and 165 (</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">±</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 5.5) t/ha, respectively. At mid-rotation, 63 - 64% of total carbon stock at both sites was in live above-ground biomass plus attached dead branches; 16% was in stems, live and dead stumps, dead roots and branch woody debris from the second thinning operation, 7 - 8% was in the forest-floor litter, and 13% was estimated to be in live roots. Carbon (C) accumulation in above-ground biomass averaged 5.3 t C/ha/year by age 15-years at Kinleith and 6.6 t C/ha/year by age 16-years at Tarawera, and increased to 6.4 t C/ha/year at Kinleith and 7.9 t C/ha/year at Tarawera when  Pinus radiata  live root biomass was included. Further, when dead organic matter pools were included with the  Pinus radiata  biomass, the mean C accumulation rate increased to 8.4 t C/ha/year at Kinleith and 10.4 t C/ha/year at Tarawera. Overall weighted mean carbon concentration of above-ground biomass was estimated as 51.4 g/100 g and 52.0 g/100 g of dry matter at Kinleith and Tarawera, respectively. At Kinleith (15-years-old) and Tarawera (16-years-old) respectively, mean diameter at breast height was 27.1 cm and 30.8 cm, mean total height was 22.7 m and 28.2 m, mean basal area was 33.1 m </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and 39.4 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha, and mean volume inside bark was 299 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha and 397 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/ha.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver et al. (pp.71-86) measured carbon stocks in two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> stands (Kinleith and Tarawera) in the North Island of New Zealand. Mean weighted carbon concentration of all mid-rotation above-ground live tree components plus attached dead branches was 51.4 and 52.0 g/100 g of dry matter at Kinleith and Tarawera, respectively, suggesting that post-1989 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation carbon stocks in New Zealand may be underestimated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default value of carbon concentration as 5% of dry matter.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1405</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1405</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi silvicolae novazelandiae: 9.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-94</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fungi described in this paper have been recorded but not fully described from New Zealand. The fungi are:&#xD;&#xD;Caulicolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heptameria obesa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Durieu &amp; Montagne) Saccardo on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pittosporum tenuifolium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Solander ex Gaertner; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudovalsa lanciformis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Fries) Cesati &amp; De Notaris on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Roth; </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudovalsa longipes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Tulasne) Saccardo on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> f. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">laciniata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Loudon) C.K.Schneider.&#xD;&#xD;Corticolous coelomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia scrobiculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> J.de Wet, Slippers &amp; M.J.Wingfield on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don.&#xD;&#xD;Foliicolous Ascomycota: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Guignardia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. (aff. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Guignardia aesculi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Peck) Stewart) on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Macropiper excelsum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (G. Forster) Miquel.&#xD;&#xD;Xylophilous hyphomycetes: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> W.Gams, Crous &amp; M.J. Wingfield on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melia azedarach</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Linnaeus.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil and Dick (pp. 87-94) describe a number of fungi that have been recorded but not fully described from New Zealand.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1370</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stovold, G. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corrigendum: Alternatives to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the New Zealand high-country: early growth and survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata, P. attenuata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and their F</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> hybrid  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corrigendum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrids</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1371</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hargreaves, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeves, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Find, K. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gough, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mullin, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overcoming the challenges of family and genotype representation and early cell line proliferation in somatic embryogenesis from control-pollinated seeds of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata  </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clonal forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryopreservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Families</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megagametophyte</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-pollinated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zygotic embryo</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The principal aim of this investigation was to test improved methods for initiation of embryogenic cell lines developed with open-pollinated seeds, on control-pollinated material, and furthermore to improve early cell line proliferation prior to cryopreservation. A total of 20 control-pollinated seed families, many with unrelated parents, were tested. Three cone collections were made between 15 December 2008 and 5 January 2009. Two zygotic embryo explant-preparation techniques were tested; embryos with retained megagametophytes, and excised embryos. Initiation medium was a modified Litvay medium (Glitz). Following initiation, growth of embryogenic tissue was tested on two proliferation media; a modified Litvay medium (Glitz2) and a modified Verhagen and Wann medium (BLG1). Initiation was obtained from both explant-preparation techniques. The best initiation treatment used excised embryos, with 52% of all explants from all collections and all families giving rise to proliferating embryogenic tissue. At the optimum collection time for each of the families, this treatment resulted in a range of 44% - 93% initiation success with a mean of 70% per family. Continued proliferation of initiated cell lines was high with 99% of cell lines initiated from excised embryos continuing to proliferate. After 28 days of growth on the two tested media, Glitz2 and BLG1, the embryogenic mass showed mean increases of 25 and 29 fold, respectively. This represents a major improvement over our previous work.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hargreaves et al. (pp. 97-114) tested improved methods for initiation of embryogenic cell lines developed with open-pollinated seeds, on control-pollinated radiata pine seed. Peak initiation rates of 70% for all families were equivalent to those achieved previously with open-pollinated seed. Significant improvements were made in early cell line proliferation of initiated cell lines for control-pollinated seed compared with open-pollinated seed. These successes should have positive applications to commercial clonal forestry operations.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">ö</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ck, B. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial description of potential areas suitable for afforestation within New Zealand and quantification of their productivity under </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The demand for carbon credits to offset greenhouse gas emissions is likely to stimulate afforestation rates throughout the world. The development of maps that describe suitable new areas for plantation forestry and quantify potential productivity for these regions will be of considerable value to planners and growers. Using nationally available spatial data sets, the objectives of this study were to: (i) identify areas within New Zealand that could be afforested in the future; and (ii) compare productivity between current </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plantations and potential areas suitable for afforestation. Productivity for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was defined by 300 Index, which describes the stem volume mean annual increment at age 30 years under a reference regime of 300 stems ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Within New Zealand, three potential afforestation scenarios were developed in which delineated areas ranged from ca. 0.7 million ha (Scenario 1) to 1.1 M ha (Scenario 2) and 2.9 M ha (Scenario 3). All three scenarios targeted non-arable land classes for afforestation that have limitations for sustainable use under perennial vegetation. For the current plantations the mean national 300 Index was 27.4 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> yr</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Compared to the current plantations, at the national level, 2 to 6% increases in 300 Index were predicted for areas established under these three scenarios. Such afforestation would also significantly reduce the rate of soil loss by erosion.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using spatial data sets, Watt et al. (pp. 115-129) developed three potential afforestation scenarios for New Zealand that targeted non-arable land. Compared to the current plantations, at the national level, 2 to 6% increases in 300 Index were predicted for areas established under these three scenarios.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1374</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1374</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burdon, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter to the Editor.  Shoot dieback epidemics in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand:is there an endophyte story? </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-139</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afforestation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fertiliser</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malformation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient deficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantation forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUMMARY: Shoot dieback, specifically leader dieback, has caused considerable stem malformation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in New Zealand. While seldom totally absent, it has also occurred in some major episodes. Immediate causes of the dieback have included: pathogens, climatic damage, and nutrient deficiencies, acting individually or in combinations. Pathogens can be identified by isolating the organism(s) from affected material, backed up by confirming pathogenicity. Climatic injuries can be addressed by planting on appropriate sites, and good establishment and tending. Nutrient deficiencies, if identified, can be corrected by applying appropriate fertilisers. I focus here on two spectacular episodes of dieback on the North Island volcanic plateau, one in the early 1930s, and the other with an initial peak around 1967. Of special scientific interest is that these major outbreaks affected first-crop stands, but not second crops. While the evidence is largely anecdotal, this difference has been stark and calls for explanation. To account for the difference fully seems to require some additional biotic effect or effects. Recent appreciation of the prevalence, diversity and potential influence of fungal endophytes in pine needles suggests that changes over time in endophyte populations may have played a role in the observed difference. Various lines of study are readily possible for investigating this postulate, and some are listed. Also, possible wider implications are outlined.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1375</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1375</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruce, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottenschlaeger, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownlie, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xue, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leckie, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smaill, S. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterisation of within-tree and within-ring resin-pocket density in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> across an environmental range in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-150</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conifers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ring width</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin pockets are found in the xylem of conifers belonging to four main genera and can generally be classified into two types. Type 1 are radially narrow discontinuities in the wood while type 2 are radially flattened, contain less callus tissue, and are open to the external environment at early stages in their development. Although resin pockets are a major cause of degrade for appearance grade timber little is known about how the frequency of type-1 and type-2 resin pockets varies within trees and within rings. In this study, we collected data from 15- to 18-year-old </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don stands at four sites covering a wide environmental gradient. Resin pocket frequency was determined by cutting the lower 5 m of six trees at each site into 50 mm sections. Each of these sections was then imaged. Resin pockets were identified as type 1 or type 2 and the location of the resin pockets in three dimensions was recorded. Using these detailed measurements, the objectives of this study were to characterise: (i) three-dimensional variation in type-1 and type-2 resin pocket frequency within trees; and (ii) the position of type-1 and type-2 resin pockets within rings. The frequency of type-2 resin pockets was double that of type-1 resin pockets, and this ratio did not vary significantly between sites. Within trees, resin pocket density varied markedly in the radial but not the longitudinal or circumferential dimensions. At all four sites, variation in the radial dimension was characterised by an absence of resin pockets in the inner rings and fluctuating resin pocket densities in the outer rings. The age at which substantial resin pocket formation began ranged from 4 years on the fastest growing site to 8 years on the slowest growing site. On the driest sites, resin pocket incidence consistently peaked in the latter part of the growth ring in all trees, but on the windiest and wettest site the distribution was more irregular and varied between trees. The distribution of type-1 and type-2 resin pockets was highly segregated within the growth ring with mean positions occurring respectively at ca. the 30th and 80th percentile of the growth ring width.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt et al. (pp. 141-150) found differences in the frequency and distribution of type-1 and type-2 resin pockets within </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees.&#xD; &#xD;    &#xD;  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1383</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1383</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McIvor,I. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedderley, D. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hurst,S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fung, L. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival and growth to age 8 of four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus maximowiczii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> × </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones in field trials on pastoral hill slopes in six climatic zones of New Zealand.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-163</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In New Zealand, poplars are commonly planted on moist, unstable pastoral hill country to combat soil erosion. Four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus maximowiczii × P. nigra </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental clones, bred for soil stabilisation, were trialled on pastoral land in six different climatic zones. The experimental clones (identified as NZ5033, NZ5034, NZ5035, NZ5036) were planted together with six New Zealand-bred commercially available clones (four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. deltoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> × </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones, either ‘Toa’ (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. × euramericana × P. yunnanensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) or ‘Kawa’ (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. deltoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> × </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. yunnanensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), and ‘Shinsei’ (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nigra </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">× </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. maximowiczii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)). The clones were planted as unrooted 3-m poles on open, generally sloping (and often broken) terrain. Replication was 5 or 10 poles per clone/site/year subclass. Survival, height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured six to eight years after establishment. Survival of the experimental clones was similar to that of the commercial clones. For height and DBH, NZ5034 was a superior clone, NZ5035 was an average clone, NZ5033 was an average to below-average clone, and NZ5036 was a below-average clone, compared with the commercial clones tested in the trials.&#xD;&#xD;The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. maximowiczii × P. nigra </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clones are considered particularly suitable for colder sites subject to severe winter frosts and to warmer sites with regular rainfall, where their high rust resistance is an advantage. They also showed a high tolerance to wind. They are less suited to sites prone to salt spray and to summer drought.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McIvor et al. (pp. 151-163 ) trialled four experimental </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Populus maximowiczii × P. nigra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> clones in six different climatic zones.  The results suggest that these clones are particularly suitable for colder sites subject to severe winter frosts and to warmer sites with regular rainfall, where their high rust resistance is an advantage. These clones also showed a high tolerance to wind. They are less suited to sites prone to salt spray and to summer drought.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1392</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolando, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gous, S. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary screening of herbicide mixes for the control of five major weed species on certified </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantations in New Zealand.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The herbicides terbuthylazine and hexazinone are widely used by the New Zealand forest industry to control a range of weeds during first year vegetation management operations. These herbicides do not comply with certain eco-certification criteria and have been placed on a list of prohibited pesticides by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Currently they cannot be used on FSC-certified land unless an approval is obtained. A pot trial was conducted to test for a combination of herbicides, not currently prohibited by FSC, that might have the potential to provide control of a wide range of weeds, including both broadleaves and grasses, with low phytotoxicity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.Don. Two groups of active ingredients were included in mixes used in the trial: (1) triclopyr, clopyralid and picloram for control of broadleaves; and (2) haloxyfop and quizalofop for control of grasses. Terbuthylazine was also included in the trial in the event that an approval is obtained for continued use there-of in New Zealand. We tested the herbicide combinations at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended rates on six species: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata, Cytisus scoparius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (broom)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, Buddleja davidii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franchet (buddleja)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, Ulex europaeus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (gorse)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">, Holcus lanatus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (fogg grass)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> and Cortaderia selloana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schult) Asch. et Graeb. (pampas).&#xD;&#xD;The results indicated that potential replacements for hexazinone and terbuthylazine during year one for the control of fogg grass, pampas, broom and gorse are haloxyfop, clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram. Terbuthylazine used in combination with triclopyr and picloram was the only combination of herbicides tested that caused mortality of buddleja. The herbicide combinations and rates require further testing both in pot and field trials before robust recommendations for field application can be made.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolando et al. (pp. 165-175) conducted a pot trial to test for a combination of herbicides as potential replacements for hexazinone and terbuthylazine. Suitable alternatives needed to be effective against a wide range of weeds while having low phytotoxicity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> The results indicated that haloxyfop, clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram are potential replacements for the control of fogg grass, pampas, broom and gorse during year one.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1385</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul, T. S. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrett, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planted Forest Carbon Monitoring System - forest carbon model validation study for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-189</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A plot based inventory system in conjunction with models is being used to facilitate predictions of carbon stocks and changes in New Zealand’s planted forests. The models include the 300 Index Growth Model for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don to predict stem gross and net volume under bark over a rotation using plot data, linked with a wood density model to convert stem volume to carbon, and C_Change to calculate carbon stocks annually in four pools - above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead wood and litter. This linked suite of models is called the Forest Carbon Predictor version 3.&#xD;&#xD;This model validation paper aims to empirically determine the accuracy and precision of carbon stock and change estimates and predictions from the Forest Carbon Predictor, using independent above-ground biomass measurements acquired at permanent plots located in 39 stands throughout New Zealand and dead organic matter measurements from 14 stands. Model error was assessed using plot inventory data acquired in the same year that biomass measurements were made (model estimation error), and using plot measurements made nominally 5 years before or 5 years after the biomass measurement (model prediction error).&#xD;&#xD;Model bias and 95% confidence interval of the bias averaged -1.2% ± 2.6 m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for stem volume, -0.8% ± 1.9 kg m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for wood density, 3.7% ± 7.9 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for total carbon (excluding mineral soil carbon), -0.9% ± 5.6 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for above-ground biomass carbon, and 4.7% ± 12.6 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> for dead organic matter. The model prediction error was similar to the model estimation error over growth projection intervals of ± 5 years. Total carbon stock estimates at the inventory date and stock change projections over a 5 year interval are expected to average within 5% of actual values.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets et al. (pp. 177-189) empirically validated the accuracy and precision of carbon stock and change estimates and predictions from the Forest Carbon Predictor model. Total carbon stock estimates at the inventory date and stock change projections over a 5-year interval are expected to average within 5% of actual values.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1394</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penman, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining an optimal model for processing lidar data at the plot level: results for a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> plantation in New South Wales, Australia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-205</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small-footprint, discrete return airborne laser scanning (ALS or lidar) data is increasingly being used by forest managers to assist forest inventories. In this study, airborne lidar and plot-based data were collected from a 5</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="128" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">000 ha study site within Green Hills State Forest, a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plantation in southern New South Wales, Australia. A series of area-based lidar metrics were extracted and modelled against four inventory attributes (mean tree height, stem density, basal area and stand volume) obtained from 63 ground plots. For all response variables, regression tree models had the best model fit compared to Random Forest and Bayesian Model Averaging modelling techniques. The best regression tree models were based on the lidar metrics: the 5</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">th</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and 95</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">th</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> height percentiles, minimum vegetation height, density of non-ground returns and a measure of spatial variation, the rumple index. All these metrics can be easily derived from the lidar data. The best regression tree models for each inventory attribute produced the following R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">values: for mean tree height (m), R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.94; stocking (trees ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.85; basal area (m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.81 and for stand volume, R</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">= 0.81 (m</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) while the corresponding relative RMSEs were 5.8%, 23.4%, 15.5% and 22.3%, respectively. These models were then used to produce prediction maps over a 50 m grid across the 5</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="128" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">000 ha study site. Results from this study support the operational inclusion of airborne lidar data within </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> resource inventory systems.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone et al. (pp. 191-205) collected airborne lidar and plot-based data from a radiata pine plantation in New South Wales, Australia. They extracted a series of area-based lidar metrics and these modelled against mean tree height, stem density, basal area and stand volume using various modelling techniques. The best models were used to produce prediction maps of these four inventory attributes. These results support the operational inclusion of airborne lidar data within </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> resource inventory systems.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1406</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1406</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the severity of Dothistroma needle blight on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under future climate in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-215</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dothistroma needle blight is a very damaging foliar disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species. An existing model for predicting spatial variation in Dothistroma needle blight severity was used to predict disease severity (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) under current and future climate. &#xD;&#xD;Spatial predictions of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under current climate varied widely throughout New Zealand. Values of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were highest in moderately warm wet environments in the North Island and on the west coast of the South Island. In contrast, relatively low values of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were predicted in drier eastern and southern regions of New Zealand. &#xD;&#xD;Changes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from current climate were predicted to be low to moderate under climates projected for 2040. However, over the longer term, to 2090, projected changes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, resulting from climate change, ranged from moderate to high. Over both projection periods, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was predicted to decline in the North Island and increase within the South Island. Surfaces such as those presented here are a critical element for decision support systems that provide information on site suitability for plantation species under increasing rates of global warming.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt et al. (pp. 207-215) predicted possible changes in severity of Dothistroma needle blight over the next eighty years using a range of climate scenarios. Their results suggest that climate change is likely to have a significant effect on severity of Dothistroma needle blight over the long term. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1407</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1407</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dutkowski, G. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joyce, K. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potts, B. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meta-analysis of racial variation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> E. denticulata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden is widely planted in temperate regions of the southern hemisphere, principally for pulpwood production. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus denticulata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> I.O. Cook &amp; P.Y. Ladiges was previously recognised as an informal variant of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and, accordingly, was included in many ‘</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">’ field trials. We reviewed data from 85 </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. denticulata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> field trials, located in Australia, Chile, China, Italy, Lesotho, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe and ranging in age from less than one year to 14 years, to investigate racial (among population groups) genetic variation in growth, wood-property, tree-architecture, fitness and morphological / developmental traits. Meta-analyses were undertaken on these data to gauge the significance of differences among races across trials. Race × rainfall zone interaction was also investigated by categorising field trials as summer-rainfall, winter-rainfall or nursery-based. Race × rainfall zone interaction was significant for growth traits only. In general, Central Victorian </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">populations outperformed New South Wales </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> populations in winter-rainfall zones, but this ranking was reversed in summer-rainfall zones. On average, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. denticulata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grew less rapidly than the best-performing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> races, particularly in winter-rainfall zones. Differences among races were detected in basic density, a commercially important trait, but these differences were small in magnitude. Significant differences among races were also evident in branch size and stem form (straightness). </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus denticulata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> races had significantly thinner branches than all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">races except Southern Central Victorian, and Central Victorian </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> races generally had the straightest stems. The small number of trials represented for most traits limited the power of meta-analyses but significant differences among races detected in our study are likely to represent consistent and robust differences across a broad range of environments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton et al. (pp. 217-230) reviewed data from 85 southern hemisphere </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. denticulata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> field trials to investigate racial (among population groups) genetic variation in growth, wood-property, tree-architecture, fitness and morphological/developmental traits. Significant differences among races were detected.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1408</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1408</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falshaw, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: past and present.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-235</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falshaw et al. (pp. 231-235) briefly review the first forty years of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1367</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1367</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsfield, T. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guest editorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S1-S1</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> &#xD;    &#xD;S  </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1368</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1368</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meadows, I. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colburn, G. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeffers, S. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of a copper hydroxide-based algicide to eliminate propagules of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. in naturally-infested streams in South Carolina, USA: A preliminary report</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S3-S5</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algicide</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stream</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many algicides are registered for use in potable water, irrigation ponds, and swimming pools. Because oomycetes, including species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Bary, are closely related to brown algae, algicides also may prove to be effective at eliminating propagules of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. from water. In laboratory studies, we have shown that two copper-based algicides were lethal to zoospores, sporangia, and chlamydospores of several species of  </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. These algicides also were lethal to propagules of species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">naturally occurring in six streams in the northwest region of South Carolina, USA. Recently, we have investigated the effects of season and temperature on the efficacy of an algicide containing copper hydroxide (Cu[OH]</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) as the active ingredient on natural populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. in two streams. Water samples of 10 L were collected monthly in February, April, June, August, and November 2009 and were maintained at 5, 10, or 22 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C during treatment. Propagules usually were not detected at 2 h after treatment and never were detected at 4 h after treatment. The copper hydroxide algicide was effective in all five months and over a range of temperatures; therefore, it may provide an effective management strategy for species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> present in some waterways.  </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meadows el al. (pp. S3-S5) investigated the effects of season and temperature on the efficacy of an algicide containing copper hydroxide (Cu[OH]</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) as the active ingredient on natural populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. The algicide was effective in all five months and over a range of temperatures tested. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1369</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1369</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodward, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vannini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">ß</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wald, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonnants, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COST Action FP0801: Established and emerging Phytophthora - increasing threats to woodland and forest ecosystems in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S7-S13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International trade</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable management</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the rapidly growing international trade in plants and ongoing impacts of climate change, impacts of plant pathogens in the genus  Phytophthora  are increasing, threatening the biodiversity and sustainability of European forest ecosystems. Through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) framework Action FP0801, scientists and disease-control experts are working on phytophthora in forest ecosystems with the overall aim of increasing understanding of the biology and ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species with potential to cause damage to European forestry. This knowledge will be used in the development of effective control and management protocols for the problems caused. Outcomes of the Action will be promoted in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the problem by disseminating information to end-users and authorities in the forestry sector, and to the general public. Four interrelated working groups have been established to (i) examine the ways in which </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species spread into and within Europe; (ii) determine how phytophthoras kill woody plants and elucidate mechanisms for host resistance; (iii) disseminate state-of-the-art rapid molecular diagnostic techniques, and (iv) seek sustainable protocols for management and control of the diseases. The project is expected to increase understanding of threats to forest ecosystems by phytophthora, improve the ability to rapidly detect phytophthora in environmental samples, and provide sustainable management solutions to the diseases caused by these destructive organisms.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) framework Action FP0801, scientists and disease-control experts are working on phytophthora in forest ecosystems with the overall aim of increasing understanding of the biology and ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species with potential to cause damage to European forestry.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of temperature on survival of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora kernoviae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> oospores, sporangia, and mycelium</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S15-S23</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora kernoviae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Brasier, Beales &amp; Kirk</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">,</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> recently found in the UK and New Zealand, is a pathogen of more than 30 host species. It is not known to produce chlamydospores, but is homothallic and produces abundant oospores and sporangia.&#xD;&#xD;This study was conducted to examine long-term survival of oospores, sporangia, and mycelium buried in sand at different temperatures. Viability of oospores buried in sand kept at 4, 10, 20 or 30 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C was assessed by staining with tetrazolium bromide solution. After 1 year at these temperatures, 82, 81, 79, and 58% of oospores of a New Zealand isolate respectively had survived. Corresponding values for an English isolate were 86, 75, 82, and 78%. Necrosis was observed on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. leaf discs exposed to oospores that had been buried for 1 year at temperatures below 30 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. Oospores exposed for 1 and 6 h at 50 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C and 24 h at 40 and 50 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C were less viable than controls and did not germinate.&#xD;&#xD;Sporangia or mycelium of two New Zealand and two English isolates introduced to moist sand and kept at different temperatures showed a population decline within 1 week. Numbers of colony-forming units then remained at a low but steady level over time. Sporangia and oospores were formed at 4, 10 and 20 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">but not at 30 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. The ability of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. kernoviae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to persist in sand for long periods of time at different temperatures is likely to be one of the factors determining the rate of spread of this pathogen.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer (pp. S15-S23) found that some oospores of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora kernoviae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> can survive in sand for at least a year at temperatures up to 30 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C but individual sporangia and mycelial fragments do not survive in sand at 30 </style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">o</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C for more than 1 or 2 weeks, respectively. Persistence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. kernoviae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in soil at lower temperatures is most likely related to the ability to produce new propagules (oospores and sporangia).</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1373</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1373</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davison, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How do </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. de Bary kill trees?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S25-S37</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalypts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. de Bary are being increasingly recognised as pathogens that cause tree death, without necessarily having any clear understanding of how this happens. Suggested mechanisms include: extensive fine-root necrosis especially on wet or drought prone sites, leading to reduced water uptake, crown decline and death, e.g. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora quercina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> T. Jung infection of European oaks; root and stem cankers resulting from phloem invasion and cambial death, leading to death of basal buds and carbon starvation of the root system, e.g. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora alni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Brasier &amp; S.A. Kirk infection of alders; xylem invasion, leading to reduced conduction, hydraulic failure and death, e.g. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in &apos;t Veld infection of tanoaks; and hormonal imbalance and/or damage from toxins, e.g. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Rands infection of eucalypts. These possible mechanisms are reviewed, together with different hypotheses of why trees die, and the predisposing environmental stresses that contribute to tree death. Extensive xylem invasion provides a mechanistic explanation of how death occurs, but is the least frequently reported symptom of Phytophthora infection. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davison (pp. S25-S37) reviews possible mechanisms for how </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. kill trees, together with different hypotheses of why trees die, and the predisposing environmental stresses that contribute to tree death.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1376</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1376</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meadows, I. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeffers, S. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution and recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in soils of mixed hardwood-pine forests of the south-eastern USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S39-S47</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Storage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inconsistent recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Rands from forest soils has been documented in climates with seasonally wet and dry periods. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> can be recovered when soils are moist or wet but can be difficult to recover from dry soil. Recovery may be complicated further by the physical location of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in soil. Our objectives were: (1) to investigate factors that might affect recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from dry soil-i.e. length of time remoistened soil was stored, storage temperature, and presence of host tissue; and (2) to determine the spatial distribution of this organism in forest soil. Recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from soil samples that had been dried and then remoistened was very rare (1/90 samples); therefore, additional studies are needed to better understand the factors that affect recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from, and the viability of propagules present in, dry soil. Spatial distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was examined using three grids at each of three forest sites. Horizontal distribution was determined at 30-cm intervals along the soil surface of each grid. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was found in soil samples in seven of the nine grids and was recovered in 14 to 97% of the samples from those grids. Vertical distribution at standard depths (0, 6, 23, 40, 57, and 74 cm) was studied in 13 soil cores collected at the three forest sites. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was present in 85% of vertical cores, occurred more frequently near the soil surface than at any other depth, was detected up to 74 cm below the surface, and often was not contiguous in a core.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meadows and Jeffers (pp. S39-S47) found the distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in soil at three sites to be the widespread and random to depths well below the surface. They also found that the recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from soil samples that had been dried and then remoistened was very rare.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1404</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1404</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, J.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphite for control of Phytophthora diseases in citrus: model for management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species on forest trees?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S49-S56</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphite (PO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">3</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">3-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) is well known for its ability to induce pathogen and host-mediated resistance to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. in a wide range of plants. This review addresses how phosphite moves in citrus trees, fate of phosphite when applied to soil, how phosphite controls Phytophthora</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infection of citrus tissues, phosphites as fungicides for control of Phytophthora</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diseases in citrus and their applicability for management of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species on forest trees. Experimental data from citrus is presented to illustrate these properties. As an example, phosphite is rapidly taken up by leaves and highly systemic enabling phosphite applied to the tree canopy to move to fruit and provide protection against citrus brown rot of fruit caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora palmivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Butler) Butler for several months after application. Foliar-applied phosphite also moves readily to the trunk and roots for control of collar and root rot caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. nicotianae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Breda de Haan for several weeks after application. Soil application of phosphite is more effective for control of root rot than foliar applications due to higher concentrations of phosphite in roots, but soil-applied phosphite may be oxidised to phosphate by soil bacteria before root uptake. Because phosphite moves readily to metabolically active root-, shoot- and reproductive tissues, foliar-, stem- or soil applications are highly effective for the long-term, above- and below-ground protection of trees against Phytophthora infection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham (pp. S49-S56) reviews the use of phosphite for control of Phytophthora diseases in citrus plants and discusses the potential applicability for phosphites to control of Phytophthora diseases in forest trees.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1379</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, M.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serdani,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curtis,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angima,S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora leaf blight - a new disease of California wax-myrtle (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Morella californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in Oregon, USA caused by a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S57-S63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In spring, 2009, the Oregon State University Plant Clinic received reports of severe defoliation of California wax-myrtle plants (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Morella californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Cham. &amp; Schlecht.) Wilbur) on the north-central coast of Oregon, in western North America. Isolations from necrotic leaf tissue yielded an organism which, from morphological characteristics and a genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was identified as a species of the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Total DNA was extracted from hyphal tip-derived cultures from leaf or twig tissue and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction process aimed at species identification. Sequencing techniques revealed a ≥99.7% match with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. syringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> although our isolates differed from published descriptions of this species in some respects. Inoculation of healthy plants with cultured mycelium resulted in symptoms similar to those originally observed in the field, and reisolations produced colonies of the same organism. This is the first report of a species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> causing disease in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">M. californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Leaf blight of California wax-myrtle is now widespread on the north-central coast of Oregon. This disease is serious and is adversely affecting the health of this native understory species which is frequently used for amenity plantings.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam et al. (pp. S57-S63) report on a species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> causing disease in California wax-myrtle plants in Oregon, USA.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeser,P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton,W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen,E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species in tanoak trees, canopy-drip, soil, and streams in the sudden oak death epidemic area of south-western Oregon, USA.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S65-S73</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="11">Various </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species were recovered from tanoak trees, tanoak canopy drip, soils, and streams, which were sampled as part of a larger survey and management effort aimed at limiting the spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in’t Veld (the causal agent of sudden oak death) in an epidemic area encompassing native forest and urbanised forest areas in south-western Oregon. Environmental samples were analysed by baiting with either green pear fruits or rhododendron and tanoak leaves. Tanoak bark samples and baits from environmental samples were plated on media semi-selective for the isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> spp. After incidence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> growing on isolation plates was recorded, other </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species growing on the isolation plates were sub-cultured for identification.  DNA sequencing was used to identify the unknown </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species. A total of seventeen </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species and one </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Halophytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species were identified across all substrates. Over an 8-year period, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> was detected in cultures from 41% of samples from over 1600 diseased tanoak trees, while other </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species were detected in 14% of these samples. Of 5189 tanoak canopy drip samples collected over a 4-year period, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species other than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> were detected in 106 samples (2.0%). Of 5967 soil samples baited over an 8-year period, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species other than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> were detected in 71 samples (1.2%). </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> was detected in ca. 10% of 642 stream samples over a 3-year period, and other </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> species were detected in ca. 86% of these stream samples.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeser et al. (pp. S65-S73) report on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species diversity and distribution in forest areas of south-western Oregon, USA. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species were relatively rare in the forest landscape, except for the invasive species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1381</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1381</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="238" size="100%">Černý</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomšovský,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mrázková,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strnadová,V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present state of knowledge on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. diversity in forest and ornamental woody plants in the Czech Republic.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S75-S82</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Issues concerning Phytophthora diseases in woody plants and Phytophthora diversity were overlooked in the Czech Republic until 2000. The investigation of a number of important problems concerning Phytophthora diseases of woody plants was initiated in the past decade, including problems related to alder decline caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora alni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, the identification of the spectrum of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species affecting forest and amenity trees, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. diversity in ericaceous plants (especially rhododendron) as an infection reservoir in nurseries and ornamental greenery.&#xD;&#xD;Between 2006 and 2010, parasitic oomycetes were isolated from more than 20 host taxa, particularly from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp.,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Alnus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fagus sylvatica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fraxinus excelsior</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp., </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acer</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp., and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tilia cordata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. In total, more than 360 isolates of pythiaceous oomycetes have been acquired and deposited in our culture collection. Sixteen </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species have been found thus far: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. alni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cactorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cambivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. citrophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gallica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gregata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gonapodyides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. megasperma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. multivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. taxon oaksoil, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. polonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. taxon raspberry,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. taxon salixsoil. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora alni</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cactorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are the most frequently detected species in the country.&#xD;&#xD;Phytophthora-induced alder decline is the most important of the problems caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species in the Czech Republic, and it has become a devastating epidemic. To date, this disease has been detected in approximately 300 sites throughout the Czech Republic. The severity of the disease and its impact on riparian alder stands in the western part of the Czech Republic is comparable to the situations in Great Britain, northeastern France and Bavaria.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" charset="238" size="100%">Černý</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> et al. (pp. S75-S82) investigated the diversity and geographic range of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species in the Czech Republic. Between 2006 and 2010, 16 species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species were detected and these were found on more than 20 host taxa.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1384</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1384</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hwang, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak, S. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeffers, S. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species from drainage points and tributaries within two forest stream networks: a preliminary report.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S83-S87</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To evaluate the number of stream sample sites needed to effectively survey a given stream network for species of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, two stream networks, Davidson River and Cathey’s Creek, in western North Carolina (USA) were studied. One-litre water samples were collected from the terminal drainage points and most of the tributaries in each stream network and filtered through polycarbonate membrane filters with 3-µm pores. Ten taxa of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were detected in the two stream networks: six species-</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. citricola</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. citrophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. gonapodyides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. heveae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-and four distinct groups of isolates based on morphological and molecular characters. A total of nine taxa were detected in the Davidson River network on two sample dates in 2007, and five of these taxa eventually were found downstream at the drainage point. In the Cathey’s Creek network, a total of seven taxa were found on two sample dates in 2008, and five of these taxa eventually were found at the drainage point. Even though all the taxa found within a stream network were not detected at the terminal drainage point, all of the taxa in the network that represented at least 10% of the total population were detected at the drainage point. More intensive sampling throughout a stream network may be necessary to detect a species with a low population density.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hwang et al. (pp. S83-S87) observed spatial and temporal variations in populations of taxa of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within two forest stream networks. Sampling at the terminal drainage point of the main stream in a forest stream network detected all of the more common taxa present throughout the network but not for some taxa present at low population densities in the overall stream network.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1386</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Giesbrecht, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Hansen, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kitin, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notholithocarpus densiflorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bark tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S89-S100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonisation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notholithocarpus densiflorus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook. and Arn.) Rehder tissues by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in’t Veld is not well understood. The pathogen is able to colonise nearly all tissues of this host but it is unclear how a tree is ultimately killed. In this research, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. densiflorus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bark tissues were examined using various microscopic techniques to better understand the role of bark infection in killing a tree. Host responses to infection were detected by histological methods in conjunction with examining </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colonisation. Results of this work indicate that the pathogen can colonise nearly all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. densiflorus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bark tissues but that phellogen and parenchyma of the inner bark are the most frequently and densely colonised. Pathogen specific elicitin labelling of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum-</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infected </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. densiflorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sprouts caused hyphal cell walls to fluoresce in plant tissues, allowing specific identification of hyphae. Findings of this research show that nearly all bark tissues are capable of being colonised, that this host responds to infection with callose deposition, tissue discoloration, and cell collapse; and that elicitins are present in cell walls of hyphae in infected bark tissues.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using various microscopic techniques, Giesbrecht et al. (pp. S89-S100) show that nearly all tanoak bark tissues are capable of being colonised by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> that this host responds to infection with callose deposition, tissue discoloration, and cell collapse; and that elicitins are present in cell walls of hyphae in infected bark tissues.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1389</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson-Brousseau, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henkes, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kosta, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suslow, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Posadas, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghosh, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="11">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="11"> research at the National Ornamentals Research Site at the Dominican University of California</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S101-S113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="10">P</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">hytophthora ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in‘t Veld, causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) and ramorum blight, has been detected in container-grown plants, soil and irrigation ponds in various United States’ nurseries. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> has also been detected in runoff water from some nurseries and adjoining streams. Despite emergency regulatory actions, there is concern that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infected nursery stock may further spread the disease in the United States of America (USA), particularly to previously unaffected wildlands. If established in the south-eastern USA, it could cause damage similar to that occurring in the coastal forests of California and Oregon. To develop solutions for nurseries that trade plants susceptible to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a quarantine nursery was established in Marin County, California, to investigate pathogen eradication and disease management. More than four years of collaborative efforts between the California Department of Food and Agriculture, California county Agriculture Commissioners, the California Oak Mortality Task Force, US National Plant Board, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine and nursery industry resulted in locating a suitable site for developing the National Ornamentals Research Site (NORS) at the Dominican University of California (DUC). Funding to set-up and run the research nursery was awarded in 2008 through congressionally approved, Farm-bill (Section 10201) funding. The site is designed to perform research on quarantine pests and pathogens while safeguarding plant health and the surrounding natural environment. Research initiatives on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> have commenced at the NORS-DUC. Research grants are awarded to undertake research at the  NORS-DUC and proposals can be submitted through www.dominican.edu/norsduc.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson Brousseau et al. (pp. S101-S113) describe the establishment and operation of the National Ornamentals Research Site (NORS) at the Dominican University of California (DUC). This special facility allows nursery research to be performed on quarantine pests and pathogens (such as </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">while safeguarding plant health and the environment. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1390</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1390</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalio, R. J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fleischmann, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oßwald, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparing virulence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> towards </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fagus sylvatica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> seedlings using a method ensuring equal growth of both pathogens.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S115-S119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> T.Jung &amp; T.I.Burgess and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> T.Jung &amp; Delatour exhibit different potential to colonise host plants. In order to clarify whether </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> is more aggressive than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> simply because of its faster growth and sporulation, a method for root infection was developed ensuring equal growth and sporulation for both pathogens during infection of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">F. sylvatica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. seedlings. Infection with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> strongly reduced CO</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> uptake of seedlings and five out of eight seedlings died by the end of the experiment. In contrast, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">did not alter physiology of infected plants and no mortality was recorded. The DNA contents of roots infected by either pathogen were similar at the end of the experiment, which indicated that a similar amount of fungal material was present for each species. This indicates that the greater aggressiveness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in comparison to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cannot be explained by its faster growth compared to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at a given temperature.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalio et al. (pp. S115-S119) found that the greater aggressiveness of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora plurivora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> compared with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. pseudosyringae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> cannot be explained by its faster growth at a given temperature.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunne, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crane, C. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Massenbauer, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrett, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comer, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freebury, G. J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utber, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shearer, B. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of the catchment approach techniques used to manage a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infestation of native plant communities of the Fitzgerald River National Park on the south coast of Western Australia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S121-S132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Fitzgerald River National Park (FRNP) is an International Biosphere Reserve on the south coast of Western Australia. The National Park is recognised for its high biodiversity with over 2000 plant species (including many endemics), threatened ecological communities and rare fauna. In contrast with many other areas of high biodiversity value in the region, the FRNP remains largely free of the introduced plant pathogen, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rands, with less than 0.1% of the Park currently infested.&#xD;&#xD;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was introduced to the FRNP in 1971 with the construction of the unauthorised Bell Track. Currently, the pathogen is located within an internally draining catchment giving some opportunity for limiting its spread into the rest of the FRNP. In recognition of this, a multi-disciplinary integrated management plan has been implemented to contain </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within the current infested catchment. The management plan aimed to accurately identify the area infested with the pathogen, contain it within the current catchment boundaries and reduce the impact on the native plant communities within the infested area. Containment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within the current catchment protects tens of thousands of hectares of healthy heathland within the Park from the impact of the pathogen.&#xD;&#xD;This review summarises a range of management techniques that have been used to contain the infestation. These techniques include: delimitation with remote sensing technologies; construction of hydrological engineering controls for management of overland flow; installation of vehicle-wash facilities; installation of an animal exclusion perimeter fence and animal control within the fenced area; implementation of strict hygiene and access protocols; installation of root impervious membranes; the application of fungicides and fumigants; rehabilitation of the infested area; and controlled wildfire management.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunne et al. (pp. S121-S132) summarise a range of management techniques that have been used to contain an infestation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to the Fitzgerald River National Park on the south coast of Western Australia.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1395</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britt, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracking populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within trees and across the South-western Oregon tanoak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notholithocarpus densiflorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) forest with DNA fingerprinting and the relative fitness of dominant and rare individuals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S133-S141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the discovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Werres, De Cock &amp; Man In’t Veld in south-western Oregon forests in 2001, newly infected areas are detected each year. Yet, there are still gaps in our knowledge about how the pathogen spreads or where new infections come from. Our study aims to track the spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P.</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Oregon forests and within individual trees using DNA fingerprinting. We examined the genetic diversity of 1589 samples collected from 2001 to 2008 on several temporal and spatial scales. We identified 60 novel multilocus genotypes (MGs) with 9 to 44 MGs found in each year. While the majority of MGs were present in very low numbers (&lt; 1%) one MG was dominant in all years representing 39 to 73% of isolates. The dominance of one MG was not attributable to higher fitness by any measure examined. Frequency of the dominant MG declined with time. This supports the hypothesis that it represents the founder genotype, and is being progressively diluted by new genotypes that arise through mutation. Our data also demonstrate that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> populations in Oregon forest are genetically distinct from those in nurseries and in California forests.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britt and Hansen (pp. S133-S141) used DNA fingerprinting to investigate the spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in south-western Oregon forests. Their results indicate that there was a single founder genotype, which is being progressively diluted by new genotypes arising through mutation. They also found that </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> populations in Oregon forest are genetically distinct from those in nurseries and in California forests.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1399</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1399</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coelho,A.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horta,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebadzad,G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cravador,A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">- </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> interaction: a hypothetical molecular mechanism model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S143-S157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rands</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">is involved in the decline and mortality of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L.</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in Southern Europe, in particular in Portugal and Spain. The presence and spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in these regions</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">is</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a severe threat to these oak ecosystems leading to expectable severe consequences for the production of cork and acorns in the near future.&#xD;&#xD;Molecular mechanisms underlying oomycete-host interactions are poorly understood. As a first step to identify transcripts involved in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber - Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> interaction, we applied complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) methodology to cork oak seedlings infected with zoospores or mycelium of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi.&#xD;</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD;Forty-four </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> genes that were differentially expressed when exposed to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were selected and sequenced. Several of these genes were fully sequenced and the deduced aminoacid sequences showed consistent homology with proteins involved in the defence mechanism of other plant species. These findings led to the design of a simplified hypothetical model that illustrates the initial events of the interaction between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Q. suber</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coehlo et al. (pp. S143-S157) have designed a hypothetical model that illustrates the initial events of the interaction between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1400</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1400</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frankel, S. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Phytophthora diseases in the Americas: 2007 - 2010</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S159-S167</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent findings, policy, regulation, and management relating to tree disease caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species in wildlands and nurseries of North and South America are reviewed. These include the isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">alni uniformis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Brasier &amp; S.A.Kirk in Alaska, and detection of population shifts in NA1,</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NA2 and EU1 clonal lineages of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Werres, de Cock, &amp; In’t Veld. The dissemination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from infested nurseries in water run-off presents a challenge for forest and plantation management. In the United States, forest Phytophthoras are viewed as a biosecurity threat and are monitored by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service but tools designed to protect forests and nurseries need refinement. In Mexico, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Rand is recognised as a threat to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> forests. The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora pinifolia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alv. Durán, Gryzenh. &amp; M.J.Wingf. epidemic in Chilean </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don plantations has receded. Work with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora austrocedrae </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gresl. &amp; E.M.Hansen continues in Argentina.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frankel &amp; Hansen (pp. S159-S167) review recent findings, policy, regulation, and management relating to tree disease caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species in wildlands and nurseries of North and South America.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1401</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1401</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michaels Goheen, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osterbauer, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McWilliams, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laine, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savona, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timeus, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woosley, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeser, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schultz, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hilburn, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress of the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> eradication programme in south-western Oregon forests, 2001 - 2009</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S169-S175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudden Oak Death (SOD) disease caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Werres, de Cock &amp; Man in ‘t Veld was first discovered in Oregon forests in July 2001. Since then, an interagency team has been attempting to eradicate the pathogen though a programme of early detection (aerial and ground surveys, stream baiting) and destruction (herbicide treatment, felling and burning) of infected and nearby host plants, which has evolved over time. Post-treatment monitoring has indicated that although the disease has been eliminated from many of the sites and spread of inoculum may have been reduced, the disease continues to spread slowly. The quarantine area has expanded from 23 km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in 2001 to 420 km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in 2009. We attribute continued spread of the disease to the slow development of recognisable symptoms and to delays in treatment application associated with inconsistencies in funding. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie et al. (pp. S169-S175) monitored the spread of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Oregon forests between 2001 and 2009. During this period, the area quarantined expanded from 23 km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to 420 km</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">2</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeser, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choquette, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of phosphonate to prevent sudden oak death in south-western Oregon tanoak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notholithocarpus densiflorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S177-S187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41 Suppl.</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We conducted four experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphonate application to tanoak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notholithocarpus densiflorus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hook. &amp; Arn.) Manos, Cannon &amp; S.H.Oh) forests in south-western Oregon: (1) aerial application to forest stands; (2) trunk injection; (3) foliar spray of potted seedlings; and (4) foliar spray of stump sprouts. We compared aerial spray treatments: (1) no treatment (unsprayed); (2) low-dose (17.35 kg a.i. ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">); and (3) high dose (34.5 kg a.i. ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), applied by helicopter in a carrier volume of 188 L ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to 4-ha treatment plots. Treatments were applied in November 2007, in May 2008, and in December 2008 and May 2009 (double treatment). At the same time as the aerial application we injected phosphonate into the trunk of nearby mature tanoak trees at the standard label rates of 0.43 g a.i. cm-dbh</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. We used three different biological assays to measure uptake of phosphonate: (1) canopy twig dip in zoospore suspension; (2) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bole inoculation with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora gonapodyides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Petersen) Buisman;</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and (3) laboratory inoculation of log bolts with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cock &amp; W.A. Man in ‘t Veld and</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> P. gonapodyides. </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We also simulated an aerial spray of potted seedlings, comparing an untreated control, a low dose (2.9 kg a.i. ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">applied in 935 L spray solution ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), and a high dose (17.35 kg a.i. ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">applied in 187 L spray solution ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">). &#xD;&#xD;Aerial spray with phosphonate consistently resulted in smaller bole lesions on trees challenge inoculated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora gonapodyides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and in logs inoculated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. This effect persisted for 18 months post treatment. Results from detached canopy twig assays were variable and showed only small treatment effects. Trunk injection consistently reduced bole lesion size in trees and logs, but gave inconsistent results in the canopy twig assay, possibly due to the twig assay methodology. In the spring and autumn trunk injection treatment, canopy twig lesion length was reduced by 32 percent compared to untreated controls, indicating that trunk-injected phosphonate was mobilised to the outer twigs of the tree crown. Trunk injection with phosphonate resulted in a greater reduction in bole lesion area than aerial spray. Spray application of phosphonate to tanoak seedlings did not protect them from infection when exposed to artificial or natural inoculum of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. ramorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Foliar application of phosphonate to stump sprouts reduced lesion length by 44% of control in a shoot-dip assay three months post-treatment. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie et al. (pp. S177-S187) evaluated the effectiveness of phosphonate application to prevent sudden oak death in tanoak trees. All the treatments reduced visible symptoms but did not prevent seedlings from becoming infected.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki, C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowell, E.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dykstra, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, D.G. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maps and models of density and stiffness within individual Douglas-fir trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial maps of density and stiffness patterns within individual trees were developed using two methods: (1) measured wood properties of veneer sheets; and (2) mixed effects models, to test the hypothesis that within-tree patterns could be predicted from easily measurable tree variables (height, taper, breast-height diameter, and acoustic velocity). &#xD;&#xD;Sample trees comprised an assortment of 25 coastal Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirb.) Franco) trees grown on three sites under a range of thinning regimes. At harvest, trees were 36 years old on one site, and 45 and 51 on the other two. After felling and crosscutting, bolts were peeled into veneer, labelled, dried, weighed, measured, and non-destructively tested using a Metriguard 2600</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">TM</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> veneer tester. The labels allowed each sheet to be tracked back to the peeler bolt and consequently to the position within the parent tree from which it came, and the measurements allowed calculation of veneer density and, after application of the fundamental equation for propagation of sound, veneer stiffness.&#xD;&#xD;Maps of each parent tree created from the veneer data clearly demonstrated regions of higher density and stiffness. Furthermore, within each tree, density was approximately normally distributed, while stiffness tended to have moderate negative skew. Maps developed using mixed effects models showed very good correspondence between measured and predicted patterns, particularly for density. Despite differences in age, site and silviculture, results from this study suggest that it is possible to predict within-tree wood properties using easily measurable tree variables.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todoroki et al. (pp. 1-13) developed spatial maps of density and stiffness patterns within individual Douglas-fir trees that could be used to predict within-tree wood properties using easily measurable tree variables. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1411</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1411</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Epenhuijsen, C. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerfield, K. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedderley, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rearing and storing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> life stages in the laboratory for experimental purposes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-23</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It can be difficult to provide large numbers of fresh forest insects for use in fumigation experiments. This paper reports on studies aimed at providing large numbers of fresh burnt pine longhorn beetles (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arhopalus ferus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Burnt pine longhorn beetle is one of the most important pests of quarantine concern associated with export of New Zealand radiata (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) logs, particularly to India, China and other Asian countries. &#xD;&#xD;The timing of the collection of hundreds of adults, obtaining eggs from them and then storing the eggs for use in fumigation trials must be synchronised with the timing of the trial itself. Three separate experiments were conducted to improve rearing and storage of burnt pine longhorn beetles. In the first experiment, burnt pine longhorn beetle eggs were laid by field-collected adults. Larvae were successfully reared on an artificial (huhu) diet at 20 °C ± 1.5 °C and pupated after 216 days (males) and 227 days (females). Adults emerged after a further 2.5 weeks. These adults stayed alive in the laboratory for up to 46 days at 20 °C. In a second experiment field-collected burnt pine longhorn beetle adults of mixed age were stored at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 °C for up to 10 weeks. The longest survival time was at 6 °C (50% still alive after 28 days). In a third study we found 12 - 14 °C was the best temperature for storing eggs. The total life times, times to pupation and adult survival times were not significantly different between males and females. Males tended to be more variable than females particularly in the time spent as larvae and as adults.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quality and exportability of radiata pine logs can be adversely affected by burnt pine longhorn beetle infestation. Van Epenhuijsen et al. (pp. 15-23) found suitable conditions for storing eggs, for storing live adults, and for rearing larvae of this pest for use in fumigation trials.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1413</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1413</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason, E. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sewell, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evison, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Validation of an individual-tree volume equation for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook f.) Oerst in Southland, New Zealand.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A tree volume equation for New Zealand’s </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species was validated using sectional measurements from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hook f.) Oerst trees at Alton Valley in Southland. Upper stem diameters of 60 trees were measured using a Tele-Relaskop within three plots that had been thinned to stockings of 150, 1500 and 8228 stems ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Bark thickness measurements were obtained from a range of heights up tree stems. Merchantable under-bark volumes of stems calculated from sectional measurement were compared with merchantable volumes predicted by a model developed by Ellis (1979). The model was found to predict volumes with minimal bias even though errors were kurtotic and a little outside the range predicted. The correlation between predicted and estimated volumes was 0.97.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mason et al. (pp. 25-28) tested the validity of a generalised individual-tree volume equation specifically for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nothofagus menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The correlation between predicted and estimated volumes was 0.97.</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1414</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1414</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norton, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating carbon stocks in stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the eastern South Island high country of New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector of the Kyoto Protocol requires New Zealand to monitor changes in the country’s carbon stocks, including those within indigenous forests. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Colenso was, in pre-human times, a dominant tree species within the forests of the South Island high country. Anthropogenic disturbance, primarily fire, has converted most of these forests to grassland. Despite this mass deforestation, remnant stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> still exist, and may represent important point sinks of carbon. This study provides first estimates of existing above- and below-ground carbon stocks in high country stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and presents a preliminary model of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> carbon sequestration rate. Carbon stocks within high country stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> range from 7.3 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the drylands to 130.1 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in the wetter areas. Estimates based on tree ring widths indicate a high country-wide </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon sequestration rate of 0.1 - 0.5 t ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> yr</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1 </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">for 250 - 1000 stems ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, respectively. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams and Norton (pp. 29-38) provide the first estimates of existing above- and below-ground carbon stocks in high country stands of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and present a preliminary model of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus cunninghamii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> carbon sequestration rate. </style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1415</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1415</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottenschlaeger, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruce, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Type 1 and 2 resin pockets in New Zealand radiata pine: how do they differ?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-46</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resin pockets are a significant source of wood-quality degrade in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don (radiata pine) logs for many forests around New Zealand. Low rainfall and windy conditions coupled with stony soils and poor soil water-holding capacity have been implicated in their occurrence. Resinous defects have little impact on the structural properties of timber and consequently their occurrence may be underestimated in plantations grown for purposes other than appearance grade timber. It has been common in industry trials to describe resin pockets according to three distinct categories; Types 1, 2 and 3. This paper builds on a series of existing studies directed at understanding the physiological causes of resin pocket occurrence and suggests that current distinctions drawn between different types of resin pockets represent a developmental continuum. Specifically, it argues that a morphological continuum exists between what is generally categorised as Type 1, and Types 2 and 3 resin pockets. It is not intended that the proposed gradation replace the current classification of resin pockets. Rather it is suggested that there is a common physiological cause to better focus research directed at managing their occurrence.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottenschlaeger et al. (pp. 39-46) suggest that current distinctions drawn between different types of resin pockets actually represent a single developmental continuum with a common physiological cause.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1416</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1416</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henley, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coker, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smaill, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of boron application on tree form and growth in young </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> trees at montane sites in the South Island of New Zealand </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas-fir) is a preferred timber species for sites in the South Island of New Zealand above about 500 m elevation where precipitation exceeds 800 mm. However young stands often exhibit leader tip death, leader break and stem distortion that result in poor tree form. These symptoms may be caused by chemical factors such as boron deficiency or by environmental factors such as frost, snow, wind, insects or disease. Trials were installed in two young Douglas-fir stands at Lake Hill in the Rakaia Valley (570 m elevation) and Balmoral Station in the Mackenzie Basin (870 m elevation) to determine if tree form could be improved by applying boron in the form of hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide (ulexite). Stem malformation (stem forking or multi-leadering) was 48% and 88% at Lake Hill and Balmoral respectively. Stem malformation was not reduced by boron application at Balmoral, and only reduced at Lake Hill by the highest boron application rate (32 kg B ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">), which also greatly reduced tree stem volume growth. These results indicate that stem malformation was not due to boron deficiency. Boron applied at 4 kg ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> significantly increased tree stem growth at Lake Hill, but reduced stem growth at Balmoral, and higher rates reduced stem growth at both sites. Boron rates of 1 - 2 kg ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> may be more appropriate for young Douglas-fir. This study indicates that a foliar boron concentration of 12 mg kg</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> may be adequate for good form of Douglas-fir, but may not be adequate for optimum growth. It is concluded that further studies are needed to better understand the link between climate and Douglas-fir tree form in montane environments, as well as to better understand relationships between rate of boron application, foliar boron concentration and growth and form of Douglas-fir in different environments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis et al. (pp. 47-55) found that stem malformation in young Douglas-fir trees at two sites was not due to boron deficiency.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> </style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1441</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of an occlusion adjustment model for predicting hidden stems when using terrestrial laser scans in natural and plantation forests in Australia and USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technologies are now being used to provide detailed forest inventory information at the tree or plot scale. A major problem to overcome when using TLS is occlusion by surrounding trees, lower branches and understorey. An occlusion adjustment model was evaluated in 24 stands in Oregon, USA and Australia. The model can be used to predict stand-level tree count densities with minimal errors, especially if an appropriate plot radius is selected. The optimal plot radius may be dependent on the stand-type in which the TLS is being undertaken. Other approaches are likely to be more appropriate if accurate stem counts are required at the individual plot level.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy (pp.57-63) evaluated an occlusion adjustment model that can be used to predict stand-level tree count densities with minimal errors based on terrestrial laser scanning data.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y</style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1446</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrison, D. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the severity of Cyclaneusma needle cast on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under future climate in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclaneusma needle cast is a very damaging foliar disease of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species. It is particularly widespread and detrimental to the growth of planted forests in New Zealand. The influence of climate change on the spatial distribution of disease severity (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) would provide forest managers with insight into where to deploy disease resistance planting stock in the future. Here we use an existing model of Cyclaneusma needle cast severity, developed from an extensive dataset, to spatially predict disease severity under current and future climate to 2040 and 2090. &#xD;&#xD;Spatial predictions of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> under current climate varied widely throughout New Zealand. Values of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were highest in moderately warm, wet and humid high elevation environments located in the central North Island. In contrast, relatively low values of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> were predicted in drier eastern and southern regions of New Zealand.&#xD; &#xD;Projections within the North Island show relatively little change in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from current climate over the short term and low to moderate reductions in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> within most areas over the long term. In contrast, within the South Island, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was predicted to markedly increase over both projection periods, with more pronounced increases in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">sev</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> projected by 2090. Surfaces presented here are a critical element of decision support systems that describe how climate change is likely to influence plantation productivity and vulnerability to abiotic and biotic risk factors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt et al. (pp. 65-71) predicted the possible severity of Cyclaneusma needle cast disease in New Zealand to 2090. They tested a range of current and future climate scenarios in an existing model of Cyclaneusma needle cast severity developed from an extensive empirical dataset. &#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1447</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1447</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generic dose response curves for predicting effects of herbicides on weeds or sensitive plant species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-80</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-based decision support systems are an important tool for ensuring good practice in the aerial application of pesticides. By providing access to herbicide-plant dose-response curves through such systems, users are able to predict the effects of herbicides on sensitive plants outside of the spray area and weeds within the target area. However, difficulties arise when the operational scenario requires input of a herbicide/plant combination that is not found within the dose-response database. The purpose of the study described here was to evaluate whether the existing dose-response database could be used to derive generic dose-response curves for use in agriculture, horticulture or forestry.&#xD;&#xD;Each dose-response curve was characterised using a term labelled “</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">s</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">”, the ratio of herbicide doses required to give a 5% and a 95% yield reduction of the test plant species, and an index dose (in this case the dose giving a 50% yield reduction). The value of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">s</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> differed considerably between trials with a range from 4.8 to 2800 (e.g. the upper extreme indicates that the dose required to give 5% yield reduction must be increased by a factor of 2800 for a 95% yield reduction).  &#xD;&#xD;Three generic dose-response curves were derived based on the mean value and the upper and lower extremes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">s</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. With this information plus an estimate of the index dose (i.e. the dose required to reduce plant yield to 50% or some other selected value) an average, or extreme dose-response curve can be generated.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson et al. (pp. 73-80) developed generic herbicide-plant dose-response curves using data from an existing dose-response database.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y</style></custom2></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1448</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the spatial distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sequoia sempervirens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> productivity in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-89</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from a nationwide set of permanent sample plots and interpolated climate and nutrition surfaces were used to develop multiple regression models describing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sequoia sempervirens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(D.Don) mean top height at age forty (referred to as Site Index) and volume mean annual increment at age forty for a stocking of 400 stems ha</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (referred to as 400 Index). The final Site Index model explained 82% of the variance in the data using mean annual daily air temperature and mean summer vapour pressure deficit, with the variables accounting for 71 and 11% of the variance, respectively. The final 400 Index model accounted for 76% of the variance in the data. Independent model variables for the 400 Index include mean spring air temperature, subsoil acid soluble phosphorus, and mean summer vapour pressure deficit, with these variables respectively accounting for 55, 16 and 5% of the variance in the data. A one-at-a-time validation procedure indicated both final models were relatively unbiased and accurate.&#xD;&#xD;For Site Index, partial response curves show a positive linear relationship with mean annual daily air temperature and a downward facing parabolic relationship with summer vapour pressure deficit that reached an optimum Site Index at 0.53 kPa. Partial response curves show a positive relationship between 400 Index and mean spring air temperature, and acid soluble phosphorus, and a negative linear relationship with summer vapour pressure deficit. Maps illustrating the spatial variation in 400 Index and Site Index for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">S. sempervirens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> across New Zealand are provided.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer et al. (pp. 81-89) developed Site Index and 400 Index models for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sequoia sempervirens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">to assist in predicting spatial variation in productivity of this species across New Zealand.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1449</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chikumbo, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payn, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lessons from the global financial meltdown: minimising risk by enhancing value creation in land and water management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-105</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">“Risk intelligence” is a necessary adjunct to management and planning in land and water resource protection and productivity. Following a brief review of how risk is quantified, packaged and sold in the financial sector, risk management in land and water resource management in New Zealand is assessed in the light of the 2007–2009 global financial meltdown. Conventional planning approaches for scenario planning do not accommodate the wide complexities of risk management because of their inability to adequately quantify and forecast risk for value creation. A case study using a farm in Rotorua, New Zealand, is employed to explore how farming risks in terms of nitrate leaching, phosphorus loss, sedimentation and biodiversity loss, may be minimised in exchange for value creation. Historical variance and trends of simulated variables is estimated through random sampling for future trends using Beta, Triangular and Two-sided Power distributions and Monte Carlo simulations. Despite all three statistical distributions performing relatively well, the choice of the most appropriate one will ultimately be determined by expert judgement.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chikumbo and Payn (pp. 91-105) compared three statistical-distribution models to assess risk management in New Zealand&apos;s land and water resources. All three models performed well. Expert judgement is a critical factor in the choice of appropriate model and in risk quantification.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1450</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1450</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gough, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hargreaves, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzies, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micropropagation of kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don.) Lindl.): in vitro stimulation of shoot and root development and the effect of rooting hormone application method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauri (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis australis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (D.Don.) Lindl.) is a coniferous forest species endemic to New Zealand. This unique resource is currently under threat from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxon </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Agathis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> infection that causes kauri die-back. This situation highlights the need not only for reliable clonal propagation methodologies to amplify genotypes exhibiting disease resistance but also the development of protocols that could be used for mature material for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ex situ</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> conservation of important genotypes. Understanding the viability of previously stored seed for culture initiations is also critical if trees subsequently die.&#xD;&#xD;Six agar-based culture media were compared for their effects on shoot production from </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> germinated mature zygotic kauri embryos. All root and some hypocotyl tissue was removed from the germinated embryos prior to initiation onto the culture medium. The number of shoots produced was highest (10 per embryo) in a full-strength, modified Quiorin and Lepoivre medium containing 3.5 g L</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> activated charcoal. &#xD;&#xD;Four treatments incorporating use of rooting hormones were compared for their effects on root development from shoots produced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The dipping of stem ends in rooting powder containing talc plus 2% indole-3-butyric acid before transfer to potting mix stimulated root development in 68% of the shoots. Only 5 – 14% of shoots maintained in agar-based cultures with added rooting hormones before transfer to potting mix produced roots. Rooted plants continued to grow vigorously when transferred to standard nursery conditions. Variability among seed sources was high and there was no evidence that genotype influenced </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">in vitro</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> production of either shoots or roots.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gough et al. (pp. 107-116) have developed improved methods for the production of shoots and roots in micropropogated kauri embryos.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1451</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1451</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of thinning and pruning on selected wood properties in individual radiata pine trees in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-129</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees are complex living organisms that are continuously laying down new cells with a structure appropriate for survival (including mechanical reliability) in their current environment. Trees need to adapt to new environmental conditions following silviculture operations and one adaptive response is alteration of their wood properties. This study examines how wood density and microfibril angle in individual radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) trees changed in response to seven different pruning and thinning regimes.&#xD;&#xD;Pith-to-bark wood samples were taken from just above stump height (approx. 0.3 m above the base of the tree) in 28-year-old trees that were part of a silvicultural experiment. Ring-average values of wood density and microfibril angle were obtained using SilviScan-3.&#xD;&#xD;A comparison of these radial profiles indicated that severe pruning, together with moderate to heavy thinning resulted in an increase in microfibril angle around the time of thinning which interrupted the commonly observed downward trend in microfibril angle with increasing ring number from the pith. Most trees showed an increase in ring-average wood density in the year following the final thinning, however this may be related to environmental conditions rather than thinning as the increase also occurred in the untreated control.&#xD;&#xD;Near the end of the rotation, average microfibril angle and average wood density for rings 21 to 26 were not influenced by the historic silvicultural treatments.&#xD;&#xD;These results support our understanding that the developmental history of a tree must be taken into account when estimating the overall wood structure and properties and that tree DBH alone is insufficient.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace and Evans (pp.117-129) examined changes in wood density and microfibril angle in individual radiata pine trees in response to seven different pruning and thinning regimes. Severe pruning combined with extensive thinning resulted in an increase in wood microfibril angle around the time of thinning but younger wood was not influenced by historic silvicultural treatments.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin,D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimberley, M. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reliability of increment core growth ring counts as estimates of stand age in totara (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Totara (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Podocarpus totara</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) is an important indigenous timber tree in New Zealand. Old-growth stands have been depleted, but totara regeneration is a prominent feature of the rural pastoral landscape in many parts of the country. These young stands have not been well described or quantified. A method for determining their age is essential if their development and timber potential is to be understood. The reliability of a commonly used procedure for estimating tree age from growth-ring counts was investigated by sampling in totara stands of known age. Increment cores were taken from 11 planted stands ranging in age from 9 to 91 years. Of the 147 cores sampled, 122 (83%) were considered to be suitable for ring counting with the aid of a stereo-microscope. Estimates of age based on latewood band counts showed least bias in stands with diameter growth rates of approximately 5 mm yr</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. There was a tendency towards underestimation in slower-growing stands because latewood bands were not formed every year. The age of seven well-stocked stands with mean diameter increment ranging between 2.8 and 4.8 mm yr</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> was underestimated by 7 – 19%. Cores obtained from faster-growing stands did not always exhibit distinct latewood bands and sometimes formed more than one growth ring per year. This led to overestimation of age. In three open-growing stands with diameter increment averaging 7.1 mm yr</style><style face="superscript" font="default" size="100%">-1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, age was overestimated by an average of 10%. The latewood-band counting method is likely to underestimate age in regenerating totara stands where intense competition and slow growth rates can be expected. Avoidance of sampling suppressed trees and rejection of core samples with indistinct latewood bands should decrease error and allow estimates of stand age to lie within 10 – 15% of actual age.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergin and Kimberley (pp.131-141) tested the reliability of a method for estimating tree age by using growth-ring counts for totara stands of known age. The method tended to underestimate age in closed stands, and to overestimate the age of open-grown trees. Avoidance of sampling suppressed trees and rejection of core samples with indistinct latewood bands should decrease error and allow estimates of stand age to lie within 10 – 15% of actual age.&#xD;</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1453</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledgard, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early growth and form of coastal provenances and progenies of Douglas-fir at three sites in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-160</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas-fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> [Mirb.] Franco) is a native of the Pacific North-west of the United States of America. In New Zealand, Douglas-fir is the prominent alternative species to radiata pine (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pinus radiata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> D.Don) and is planted widely. Original provenances were obtained from Washington USA, but after the introduction of Swiss needle cast (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaeocryptopus guaemannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> [T.Rohde] Petr.), provenances needed to be re-evaluated. Trials planted in 1957 and 1959 demonstrated that the best provenances for New Zealand sites were from coastal locations in California, USA and Oregon, USA. While selections were made from these provenance trials, the need for more genotypes was also identified. Seed, comprising of 222 open-pollinated families from 19 coastal and one inland provenance from north-western USA, was collected in 1993. &#xD;&#xD;This seed was planted in 1996 along with eight New Zealand land-race seedlots as controls. The latitude of the provenances ranged from 35° 07´N in California to latitude 44° 10´N in Oregon. The trial layout was a sets-in-replicate design of seven sets of progenies with 30 replicates of single-tree plots, planted on three sites; one in the central North Island, one at the top of the South Island and one and the bottom of the South Island. Average tree height, assessed at age four years from planting, was 2.5 metres in the central North Island, and 2.2 metres at both South Island sites, with the tallest trees reaching 4.9 metres in the central North Island.&#xD;&#xD;The tallest provenances came from between latitudes 38°and 39°N, especially the Fort Ross and Navarro River provenances in California. The height of provenances from locations going north and south of this latitude range was generally reduced, although individual provenances varied unpredictably. The New Zealand control seedlots all grew well. The seedlots originally from Fort Bragg, California were the most vigorous, followed by seedlots of Washington origin. Seedlots that grew fastest were three controlled-pollinated seedlots involving inter-provenance crossing, planted in Southland only.&#xD;&#xD;Height, stem straightness and needle retention at age four years had moderate estimated narrow-sense heritabilities (0.2 – 0.35). Tree form in these trials was highly variable with most of the variation in growth at the provenance level and somewhat less variation at the level of families within provenances. Some interaction variance for height growth was found between families and sites and also between provenances and sites, but there were stable families that ranked well across all sites. Family means showed moderate correlation (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">r</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> = 0.6) between height growth in the nursery and height at each site at age four. The trees in these trials form a very valuable resource for future breeding work.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low et al. (pp. 143-160) found that Douglas-fir seed from northern California, USA provenances produced the tallest trees at age four years when grown at three New Zealand sites.   </style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="NZJFS master230412.enl" path="Q:\Communications\NZJFS\EndNote database\NZJFS Master\NZJFS master230412.enl">NZJFS master230412.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="15.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ataawd9wdtavd3evfw45ptfuzwezwtxa9p92">1454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, C. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelbourne, C. J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henley, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of seed source of Douglas-fir at high-elevation New Zealand sites: performance at age eight years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-176</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A seed-source trial was established in 1996 using open-pollinated seed of Douglas-fir (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">menziesii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> [Mirb.] Franco). The trial involved seed from 11 native populations in coastal California, three Californian seed orchards, one Oregon seed orchard and two Washington seed orchards. Open-pollinated progeny seedlots were bulked by native population. Seed from seven New Zealand seed stands of Washington, Oregon or Californian origin was also included. This trial was conducted at five sites with a range of climatic features. &#xD;&#xD;The purpose of this trial was to test the performance of bulked Californian seedlots on four cold, high-elevation sites prone to snow and exposed to strong winds compared to a mild, low-elevation site. Overall, there were significant differences in height growth of trees from different seedlots but little difference was observed in the growth performance of trees from individual Californian provenances of varying latitude at the four trial sites with harsh climates. Also, the three New Zealand seedlots of California origin grew at about the same rate as the three seed-orchard seedlots of southern Oregon and Washington origin. At the four harsh-climate sites, the severe effect of environment on stem straightness, malformation and acceptability appear to have largely obliterated any provenance differences at the assessment age (eight – nine years).&#xD;&#xD;At the sheltered site, trees from northern Californian seedlots clearly grew best and trees from the New Zealand seedlots originating from California substantially outgrew trees from the New Zealand seedlots of Oregon and Washington origin. This result paralleled that at three progeny-trial sites featuring many of the same seed sources, which all had mild climates. The southernmost provenance from Los Padres at latitude 35° 49´ behaved differently from all other provenances. It had slower growth, but better form that may have resulted from shelter from faster-growing trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low et al. (pp. 161-176) found that the effect harsh climate on the growth of Douglas-fir at four South Island sites largely obliterated any provenance differences.</style></notes><urls></urls></record></records></xml>